Étude sur le biofilm et les mécanismes de résistance à la bacitracine chez Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium perfringens est ubiquitaire dans l’environnement. Ce microorganisme peut être retrouvé dans la flore normale du tractus gastro-intestinal des mammifères et peut également causer une variété d’infections intestinales. Le phénotype de résistance à la bacitracine a déjà été rapporté chez C. perfringens mais les gènes associés n’ont pas été caractérisés. Dans cette étude, 24 des 99 isolats de C. perfringens aviaires testés ont démontré une résistance à la bacitracine. Les analyses ont révélé la présence d’un transporteur ABC ainsi que d’une undécaprénol kinase surproduite. Ces deux mécanismes semblent être codés par l’opéron bcrABDR. En amont et en aval des gènes bcr, un élément IS1216-like a été identifié, celui-ci pouvant jouer un rôle dans la dissémination de la résistance à la bacitracine. Des analyses d’hybridation sur ADN ont révélé que les gènes bcrABDR étaient localisés sur le chromosome. De plus, il a été démontré que les gènes bcr étaient exprimés en présence de bacitracine. Plusieurs études ont associé la tolérance aux antibiotiques et aux désinfectants à la formation de biofilm. Dans la littérature, peu d’informations sont disponibles sur le biofilm de C. perfringens. La majorité des isolats testés dans cette étude ont démontré la formation d’un biofilm. L’analyse de la matrice a démontré que celle-ci contenait des protéines, de l’ADN extracellulaire ainsi que des polysaccharides liés en bêta-1,4. Une meilleure survie des cellules en biofilm a été observée suite à une exposition à de fortes concentrations d’antibiotiques. Une exposition à de faibles doses de certains antibiotiques semblait diminuer le biofilm formé alors que pour d’autres, le biofilm semblait augmenter. Dans la présente étude, la susceptibilité des biofilms de C. perfringens à la désinfection a été également analysée. Les résultats ont démontré que la formation de biofilm protégeait les cellules de l’action du monopersulfate de potassium, des ammoniums quaternaires, du peroxyde d’hydrogène et du glutéraldéhyde. Toutefois, l’hypochlorite de sodium a été démontré comme étant efficace contre le biofilm de C. perfringens. Il a été démontré que les biofilms mixtes de C. perfringens cultivés en présence de Staphylococcus aureus ou d’Escherichia coli étaient plus résistants à la désinfection en comparaison aux biofilms simples de S. aureus ou d’E. coli. Toutefois, le biofilm simple de C. perfringens était plus résistant à la désinfection que les biofilms mixtes. Finalement, les profils de transcription entre les populations planctoniques et en biofilm ont été analysés par séquençage d’ARN. L’analyse transcriptomique du biofilm a identifié 238 gènes différentiellement exprimés entre les deux conditions. Les gènes négativement régulés sont impliqués dans la virulence, la production d’énergie, le métabolisme des sucres ainsi que dans la biosynthèse des acides gras et des acides aminés alors que les gènes induits sont impliqués dans la réponse au stress et au stress oxydatif, dans la biosynthèse d’acides gras et de phospholipides ainsi que dans la virulence. Cette étude décrit pour la première fois la découverte des gènes associés à la résistance à la bacitracine chez C. perfringens. Elle rapporte également de nouvelles données sur la matrice du biofilm, la tolérance aux antibiotiques et aux désinfectants ainsi que sur le transcriptome du biofilm de C. perfringens.

Dynamique saisonnière des communautés nitrifiantes dans un petit lac oligotrophe

Depuis la découverte d’archées capables d’oxyder l’ammoniac en milieu aérobie, de nombreuses études ont mesuré en simultané les taux de nitrification et la diversité des organismes oxydant l’ammoniac dans la colonne d’eau des milieux marins. Malgré l’importance globale des lacs d’eau douce, beaucoup moins d’études ont fait la même chose dans ces milieux. Dans cette étude, nous avons évalué l’importance de la nitrification et caractérisé la communauté microbienne responsable de la première étape limitante de la nitrification dans un lac tempéré durant une année entière. L’utilisation de traceur isotopique 15NH4 nous a permis de mesurer des taux d’oxydation d’ammoniac à deux profondeurs dans la zone photique tout au long de l’année. Les taux d’oxydation d’ammoniac varient de non détectable à 333 nmol L-1 j-1 avec un pic d’activité sous la glace. De toutes les variables environnementales mesurées, la concentration d’ammonium dans la colonne d’eau semble avoir le plus grand contrôle sur les taux d’oxydation d’ammoniac. Nous avons détecté la présence d’archées (AOA) et de bactéries oxydante d’ammoniac (BOA) à l’aide de tests par réaction en chaîne de la polymérase (PCR) ciblant une partie du gène ammoniac monoxygénase (amoA). Les AOA et les BOA ont été détectées dans la zone photique du lac, cependant seules les AOA étaient omniprésentes durant l’année. Le séquençage du gène amoA des archées révèle que la majorité des AOA dans le lac sont membres du groupe phylogénétique Nitrosotalea (également appelé SAGMGC-1 ou groupe I.1a associé), ce qui confirme la pertinence écologique de ce groupe dans les eaux douces oligotrophes. Globalement, nos résultats indiquent l’hiver comme étant un moment propice pour l’oxydation de l’ammoniac dans les lacs tempérés. Cette étude fournit un point de référence pour la compréhension du processus d’oxydation de l’ammoniac dans les petits lacs oligotrophes.

Synthesis and Characterization Of Some Transition Metal Complexes Of Multidentate Ligands

Coordination chemistry of schiff bases is of considerable interest due to their various magnetic, catalytic and biological applications. Here it describes the spectral characterization of schiff bases and its Mn (II), Cu (II) and Ni (II) complexes. Then synthesis and spectral characterization of Zn (II), Cd (II) and Co (II) complexes of schiff base derived from 3-Formylsalicilic Acid and 1,3-diaminopropane. Then it discusses the synthesis and spectral studies of Copper (II) complexes of 2-Hydroxyacetophenone N-phenyl semicarbazone. Finally it discusses the synthesis and spectral characterization of Co (III) complexes of salicylaldehyde N-phenyl semicarbazone. The preparation and characterization of Cobalt (III) complexes of salicylaldehyde, N-phenylthiosemicarbazone containing hetrocyclic bases phenalthroline and bipyridine. Thiocyanate, azide and perchlorate ions act as coligands. Elemental analysis suggests +3 state for Cobalt. HNMR, IR and UV-visible spectra characterize the complexes.

Effect of Chromium Doping on the Diffraction Efficiency of Methylene Blue Sensitized PVA/Acrylamide Films

The effect of chromium doping on methylene blue sensitized Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Acrylamide was carried out by varying the ratios of Ammonium dichromate and methylene blue. In the case of films without ammonium dichromate, the diffraction efficiency was found to decrease on storage. On chromium doping the storage life was improved. Interestingly, a self-enhancement in efficiency was observed for a particular ratio of methylene blue and ammonium dichromate.

Ultrasonic Study Of The Elastic Properties And Phase Transitions In Selected Mixed Sulphate Crystals

The thesis investigated the elastic properties and phase transitions in selected mixed sulphate crystals – Lithium Hydrazinium Sulphate [LiN2H2SO4], Lithium Ammonium Sulphate [LiNH4SO4] and Lithium Potassium Sulphate [LiKSO4] – using ultrasonic technique. The pulse echo overlap technique has been used for measuring ultrasonic velocity and its dependence on temperature along different directions with waves of longitudinal and transverse polarizations. Two major numerical techniques and the corresponding computer programs developed as part of present work are presented in this thesis. All the 9 elastic constants of LHS are determined accurately from ultrasonic measurements and applying misorientation correction refines the constants. Ultrasonic measurements are performed in LAS to determine the elastic constants and to study the low temperature phase transitions. Temperature variation studies of elastic constant of LAS are performed for 6 different modes of propagation for heating and cooling at low temperatures. All the 5 independent elastic constants of LPS is determined using ultrasonic measurements. It is concluded that LPS crystal does not undergo a phase transition near this temperature. A comparison of the three crystals studied shows that LPS has maximum number of phase transitions and LHS has the least number. It is interesting to note that LPS has the simplest formula unit among the three. There is considerable scope for the future work on these crystals and others belonging to the sulphate family.

Effect of Different Forms of Poly o-Toluidine /Poly Vinyl Chloride Composites on Dielectric Propertiesin the Microwave Field

In this paper we report the preparation and dielectric properties of poly o-toluidine:poly vinyl chloride composites in pellet and film forms. The composites were prepared using ammonium persulfate initiator and HCl dopant. The characterization is done by TGA and DSC. The dielectric properties including dielectric loss, conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric heating coefficient, absorption coefficient, and penetration depth were studied in the microwave field. An HP8510 vector network analyzer with rectangular cavity resonator was used for the study. Sbands (2-4 GHz), C band (5-8 GHz), and X band (8-12 GHz) frequencies were used in the microwave field. Comparisons between the pellet and film forms of composites were also included. The result shows that the dielectric properties in the microwave field are dependent on the frequency and on the method of preparation.

Studies on the Dielectric Properties of Poly (o-toluidine) and Poly(o-toluidine-aniline) Copolymer

Poly(o-toluidine) (PoT) and poly(o-toluidine co aniline) were prepared by using ammonium persulfate initiator, in the presence of 1M HCI. It was dried under different conditions: room temperature drying (48 h), oven drying (at 50°C for 12 h), or vacuum drying (under vacuum, at room temperature for 16 h). The dielectric properties, such as dielectric loss, conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric heating coefficient, loss tangent, etc., were studied at microwave frequencies. A cavity perturbation technique was used for the study. The dielectric properties were found to be related to the frequency and drying conditions. Also, the copolymer showed better properties compared to PoT alone.

Effect of Drying Conditions on Microwave Conductivity of Polyaniline

ABSTRACT: Polyaniline was synthesized by using ammonium persulfate initiator in the presence of 1M HC1. It was dried under different drying conditions like room temperature drying (for 48 h), oven drying (at 50-60°C for 8 h under a vacuum), and vacuum drying (at room temperature for 16 h). The conductivities of these samples were measured at microwave frequencies. These samples were also pelletized and the measurements were repeated. The cavity perturbation technique was used for the study.

Ultrasonic measurement of the elastic constants of selected nonlinear optical /semiorganic crystals with orthorhombic symmetry

Ultrasonic is a good tool to investigate the elastic properties of crystals. It enables one to determine all the elastic constants, Poisson’s ratios, volume compressibility and bulk modulus of crystals from velocity measurements. It also enables one to demonstrate the anisotropy of elastic properties by plotting sections of the surfaces of phase velocity, slowness, group velocity, Young’s modulus and linear compressibility along the a-b, b-c and a-c planes. They also help one to understand more about phonon amplification and help to interpret various phenomena associated with ultrasonic wave propagation, thermal conductivity, phonon transport etc. Study of nonlinear optical crystals is very important from an application point of view. Hundreds of new NLO materials are synthesized to meet the requirements for various applications. Inorganic, organic and organometallic or semiorganic classes of compounds have been studied for several reasons. Semiorganic compounds have some advantages over their inorganic and inorganic counterparts with regard to their mechanical properties. High damage resistance, high melting point, good transparency and non-hygroscopy are some of the basic requirements for a material to be suitable for device fabrication. New NLO materials are being synthesized and investigation of the mechanical and elastic properties of these crystals is very important to test the suitability of these materials for technological applications

Synthesis and crystal structure of cobalt(III) complex with a Schiff base and azide

The cobalt(III) complex, [Co(L)2(N3)2]2(ClO4)2, L being a Schiff base N-[phenyl(pyridin-2-yl)methylene]aniline has been synthesized and the crystal structure determined using X-ray crystallography. The complex crystallizes in triclinic system, space group P-1 with unit cell parameters a=10.9367(9) , b=18.0817(17) , c=20.1629(16) , α=111.341(2), β=91.622(2), γ=107.5030(10), V=3499.1(5) 3 and Z=2. It crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The two cobalt atoms are hexa-coordinate and have a distorted octahedral geometry, satisfied by four nitrogen atoms from two molecules of the Schiff base and two nitrogen atoms from the monodentate azide group. The perchlorate ions are non-coordinating.

Biochemical Effects of Anionic, Cationic and Non Ionic Surfactants on a Tropical Teleost Oreochromis Mossambicus(Peters) and a Marine Cyanobacterium Synechocystis Salina Wislouch

The present work is a base line attempt to investigate and assess the toxicities of three surfactants viz. anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), non ionic Triton X-1OO (TX-IOO) and cationic cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). These compounds represent simple members of the often neglected group of aquatic pollutants i.e. the anionic alkyl sulfates, non ionics and the cationics. These compounds are widely used In plastic industry, pesticide/herbicide formulations, detergents, oil spill dispersants, molluscicides etc. The test organisms selected for the present study are the cyanobacterium Synechocystis salina Wislouch representing a primary producer in the marine environment and a fresh water adapted euryhaline teleost Oreochromis mossambicus (peters) at the consumer level of the ecological pyramid. The fish species, though not indigenous to our country, is now found ubiquitously in fresh water systems and estuaries. Also it is highly resistant to pollutants and has been suggested as an indicator of pollution in tropical region .

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of Nd203 supported V205 catalysts

A series of rare-earth neodymia supported vanadium oxide catalysts with various V205 loadings ranging from 3 to 15 wt.% were prepared by the wet impregnation method using ammonium metavanadate as the vanadium precursor. The nature of vanadia species formed on the support surface is characterized hy a series of different physicochemical techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). BET surface area, diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy (DR UV-vis), thermal analysis (TG-DTG/DTA) and SEM. The acidity of the prepared systems were verified by the stepwise temperature programmed desorprion of ammonia (NH3-TPD) and found that the total acidity gets increased with the percentage of vanadia loading. XRD and FT1R results shows the presence of surface dispersed vanadyl species at lower loadings and the formation of higher vanadate species as the percentage composition of vanadia is increased above 9 wt.%. The low surface area of the support. calcination temperature and the percentage of vanadia loading are found to influence the formation of higher vanadia species. The catalytic activity of the V205-Nd203 catalysts was probed in the liquid phase hydroxylation of phenol and the result show that the present catalysts are active at lower vanadia concentrations.

Vanadia supported on ceria: Characterization and activity in liquid-phase oxidation of ethylbenzene

Vanadia/ceria catalysts (2–10 wt% of V2O5) were prepared by wet impregnation of ammonium metavanadate in oxalic acid solution. Structural characterization was done with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area measurements, FT-IR spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic spectral analysis (51V MASNMR). XRD and 51V MASNMR results show highly dispersed vanadia species at lower loadings and the formation of CeVO4 phase at higher V2O5 loading. The catalytic activity of catalysts was conducted in liquid phase oxidation of ethylbenzene with H2O2 as oxidant. The oxidation activity is increased with loading up to 8 wt% V2O5 and then decreased with further increase in V2O5 content to 10 wt%. Different vanadia species evidenced by various techniques were found to be selective towards ethylbenzene oxidation. The CeVO4 formation associated with increased concentration of vanadia on ceria results the production of acetophenone along with 2-hydroxyacetophenone.

Electrical conductivity and thermally stimulated current in the paraelectric phase of (NH4)2SO4

Anomalous variations of d.c. electrical conductivity with temperature are observed in ammonium sulphate single crystals, suggesting a possible phase transition at 150°C. Measurements of thermally stimulated current also support these results. The mechanism of electrical conduction is explained on the basis of studies made on doped and quenched crystals.

Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio Optimization and Periphyton Development on the Production and Sustainability of Penaeus Monodon(Fabricius)in Extensive Culture System

Controlling the inorganic nitrogen by manipulating carbon / nitrogen ratio is a method gaining importance in aquaculture systems. Nitrogen control is induced by feeding bacteria with carbohydrates and through the subsequent uptake of nitrogen from the water for the synthesis of microbial proteins. The relationship between addition of carbohydrates, reduction of ammonium and the production of microbial protein depends on the microbial conversion coefficient. The carbon / nitrogen ratio in the microbial biomass is related to the carbon contents of the added material. The addition of carbonaceous substrate was found to reduce inorganic nitrogen in shrimp culture ponds and the resultant microbial proteins are taken up by shrimps. Thus, part of the feed protein is replaced and feeding costs are reduced in culture systems.The use of various locally available substrates for periphyton based aquaculture practices increases production and profitability .However, these techniques for extensive shrimp farming have not so far been evaluated. Moreover, an evaluation of artificial substrates together with carbohydrate source based farming system in reducing inorganic nitrogen production in culture systems has not yet been carried-out. Furthermore, variations in water and soil quality, periphyton production and shrimp production of the whole system have also not been determined so-far.This thesis starts with a general introduction , a brief review of the most relevant literature, results of various experiments and concludes with a summary (Chapter — 9). The chapters are organised conforming to the objectives of the present study. The major objectives of this thesis are, to improve the sustainability of shrimp farming by carbohydrate addition and periphyton substrate based shrimp production and to improve the nutrient utilisation in aquaculture systems.