The process of basic training, applied training, maintaining the performance of an observer

In the field of observational methodology the observer is obviously a central figure, and close attention should be paid to the process through which he or she acquires, applies, and maintains the skills required. Basic training in how to apply the operational definitions of categories and the rules for coding, coupled with the opportunity to use the observation instrument in real-life situations, can have a positive effect in terms of the degree of agreement achieved when one evaluates intra- and inter-observer reliability. Several authors, including Arias, Argudo, & Alonso (2009) and Medina and Delgado (1999), have put forward proposals for the process of basic and applied training in this context. Reid y De Master (1982) focuses on the observer's performance and how to maintain the acquired skills, it being argued that periodic checks are needed after initial training because an observer may, over time, become less reliable due to the inherent complexity of category systems. The purpose of this subsequent training is to maintain acceptable levels of observer reliability. Various strategies can be used to this end, including providing feedback about those categories associated with a good reliability index, or offering re-training in how to apply those that yield lower indices. The aim of this study is to develop a performance-based index that is capable of assessing an observer's ability to produce reliable observations in conjunction with other observers.

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and recommendations for management

Peutz¿Jeghers syndrome (PJS, MIM175200) is an autosomal dominant condition defined by the development of characteristic polyps throughout the gastrointestinal tract and mucocutaneous pigmentation. The majority of patients that meet the clinical diagnostic criteria have a causative mutation in the STK11 gene, which is located at 19p13.3. The cancer risks in this condition are substantial, particularly for breast and gastrointestinal cancer, although ascertainment and publication bias may have led to overestimates in some publications. Current surveillance protocols are controversial and not evidence-based, due to the relative rarity of the condition. Initially, endoscopies are more likely to be done to detect polyps that may be a risk for future intussusception or obstruction rather than cancers, but surveillance for the various cancers for which these patients are susceptible is an important part of their later management. This review assesses the current literature on the clinical features and management of the condition, genotype¿phenotype studies, and suggested guidelines for surveillance and management of individuals with PJS. The proposed guidelines contained in this article have been produced as a consensus statement on behalf of a group of European experts who met in Mallorca in 2007 and who have produced guidelines on the clinical management of Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis.

Biomecánica de las afecciones neurológicas del pie. Tratamiento ortopodológico

Presentamos un caso de pie neurológico secundario a una Espina Bífida Quística en región lumbosacra con afectación de L5- SI. El paciente presenta una marcha en pseudoestepagge. Pie derecho equino y pie izquierdo cavo anterior que provocan lesiones cutáneas plantares múltiples, interfiriendo todo ello el curso normal de la vida del paciente. Se realizó un tratamiento ortopodológico durante seis años, ensayándose distintos tipos de plantillas y diversos materiales, que han dado como resultado una marcha casi normal en la actualidad.

Readout electronics for low dark count pixel detectors based on geiger mode avalanche photodiodes fabricated in conventional CMOS technologies for future linear colliders

The high sensitivity and excellent timing accuracy of Geiger mode avalanche photodiodes makes them ideal sensors as pixel detectors for particle tracking in high energy physics experiments to be performed in future linear colliders. Nevertheless, it is well known that these sensors suffer from dark counts and afterpulsing noise, which induce false hits (indistinguishable from event detection) as well as an increase of the necessary area of the readout system. In this work, we present a comparison between APDs fabricated in a high voltage 0.35 µm and a high integration 0.13 µm commercially available CMOS technologies that has been performed to determine which of them best fits the particle collider requirements. In addition, a readout circuit that allows low noise operation is introduced. Experimental characterization of the proposed pixel is also presented in this work.

Low dark count geiger mode avalanche photodiodes fabricated in conventional CMOS technologies

Avalanche photodiodes operated in the Geiger mode present very high intrinsic gain and fast time response, which make the sensor an ideal option for those applications in which detectors with high sensitivity and velocity are required. Moreover, they are compatible with conventional CMOS technologies, allowing sensor and front-end electronics integration within the pixel cell. Despite these excellent qualities, the photodiode suffers from high intrinsic noise, which degrades the performance of the detector and increases the memory area to store the total amount of information generated. In this work, a new front-end circuit that allows low reverse bias overvoltage sensor operation to reduce the noise in Geiger mode avalanche photodiode pixel detectors is presented. The proposed front-end circuit also enables to operate the sensor in the gated acquisition mode to further reduce the noise. Experimental characterization of the fabricated pixel with the conventional HV-AMS 0.35µm technology is also presented in this article.

Cyanogenic polimorphysm in brackens, Pteridium arachnoideum and P. caudatum, from the northern Andes

Cyanogenesis in Pteridium caudatum and P. arachnoideum has been examined. Samples of the Andes of South America furnished from 0 to 4.63 mg of prunasin g-1 of frond dry weight (dw) in P. caudatum and from 0 to 103 mg of g-1 dw in P. arachnoideum. In both fern species the continuous distribution of prunasin suggested cyanogenic polymorphism. The frequency of cyanogenic morphs was 84.7% for P. caudatum and 98.6% for P. arachnoideum. Cyanogenic activity was highest in the young crozier and waned rapidly with frond growth. The crozier head was found to yield HCN much more than the stipe.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectral components of spin-labeled lipids in saturated phospholipid bilayers: effect of cholesterol

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to study the main structural accommodations of spin labels in bilayers of saturated phosphatidylcholines with acyl chain lengths ranging from 16 to 22 carbon atoms. EPR spectra allowed the identification of two distinct spectral components in thermodynamic equilibrium at temperatures below and above the main phase transition. An accurate analysis of EPR spectra, using two fitting programs, enabled determination of the thermodynamic profile for these major probe accommodations. Focusing the analysis on two-component EPR spectra of a spin-labeled lipid, the influence of 40 mol % cholesterol in DPPC was studied.

Chumbo e cádmio detectados em alimentos vegetais e gramíneas no município de Santo Amaro-Bahia

This study evaluated the level of the metals Pb mg kg-1 and Cd mg kg-1 found in plant species and the contribution of the levels detected in contaminated soils located in the urban area of the city of Santo Amaro, Bahia. Levels were determined by graphite furnace and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed the presence of Pb and Cd in plant species at levels ranging from 0.18 to 118.2 mg kg-1 and 0.04 to 7.29 mg kg-1, respectively. The concentration values obtained varied according to the plant species and were not strongly influenced by the concentration values detected in the soil.

Actividad insecticida sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidóptera: Noctuidae) de los compuestos aislados de la parte aérea de Piper septuplinervium (Miq.) c. dc. y las inflorescencias de Piper subtomentosum Trel. & Yunck. (Piperaceae)

The bioassay-guided purification of ethanolic extracts from inflorescences of Piper subtomentosum Trel. & Yunck and aerial part of Piper septuplinervium (Miq. ) C. DC. led to isolation of five flavonoids, uvangoletin (1), galangin (2), chrysin (5), 5-hydroxy-4',7-dimethoxy-flavone (6), pinostrobin (7); one amide, N-p-coumaroil-tyramine (4); one acylglycerol, monopalmitin (3); one derivative of acid, protocatechuic acid (8); and glycosydated sterol, daucosterol (9). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopy and spectrometry data and by comparison with data reported in the literature. The isolated compounds were tested against Spodoptera frugiperda. The results showed galangin and protocatechuic acid to be the most active (LC 50 13.63 and 17.16 ppm, respectively).

Sobrevivência de micélio e escleródios de Rhizoctonia solani tratados com Trichoderma spp., em restos de cultura de Eucalyptus sp.

Este trabalho objetivou estudar a sobrevivência de micélio e escleródios de Rhizoctonia solani AG1-1C, em restos de cultura de eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp.) e avaliar a eficiência dos isolados Trichoderma longibrachiatum (UFV-1) e T. inhamatum (UFV-2 e UFV-3), comprovadamente antagônicos a R. solani, em reduzir a sobrevivência do patógeno, em condições de campo. Ao longo de 12 meses de avaliação, a sobrevivência de R. solani em folhas de eucalipto infetadas não foi afetada por fatores ambientes e tampouco por possíveis antagonistas de ocorrência natural. Por outro lado, a sobrevivência dos escleródios decresceu progressivamente, atingindo cerca de 26%. Não se constatou influência dos isolados de Trichoderma spp. na sobrevivência de R. solani em folhas infetadas de eucalipto. Entretanto, redução significativa e contínua na viabilidade de escleródios, foi observada, equiparando-se ao tratamento com fungicida, aos 25 dias após inoculação dos antagonistas, sendo os três isolados igualmente efetivos. Já, a sobrevivência no tratamento com fungicida, atingiu níveis significativamente baixos na primeira avaliação, mas sua eficiência foi reduzida ao longo do período experimental. Redução progressiva e contínua na sobrevivência de escleródios da testemunha foi também constatada, mas inferior a quaisquer dos tratamentos.

Pathogenicity evaluation of Cytospora eucalypticola isolated from Eucalyptus spp: cankers in Uruguay

Cytospora eucalypticola has been frequently associated with twig and stem cankers and as endophyte of Eucalyptus globulus and E. grandis in Uruguay. Mycelium discs of two C. eucalypticola isolates obtained from actively growing colonies were inoculated, both superficially and on experimentally wounded stems of E. globulus and E. grandis. No inoculated and control plants have shown any discoloration, gumosis or necrosis nor did they display lesions ten months after inoculation. Callus tissue was formed, partially or wholly occluding the wounds. The ability to penetrate healthy tissues and the inability to produce lesions evidenced that the presence of C. eucalypticola in twig and stem cankers could result from saprotrophic expansion of the endophytic mycelium in dying tissues, cankers probably being produced by different environmental stress conditions.

Evaluación de accesiones cubanas de papaya (Carica papaya L.) ante la mancha anular

Se colectaron en diferentes regiones de Cuba semillas de las accesiones de papayo Tallo Morado de Nava, Amarilla de Duaba, Amarilla de Nava y Sapote de Pilón. Estas se plantaron en condiciones de campo en Jagüey Grande, Matanzas - Cuba, donde se evaluó la presencia e intensidad de síntomas de mancha anular, siguiendo una escala graduada del 1 al 5. Los resultados mostraron un incremento temporal de la proporción de plantas afectadas en todas las accesiones. La accesión Amarilla de Duaba mostró los síntomas a los dos meses después de la primera evaluación (MDPE), mientras que el resto lo hizo a los cinco MDPE, aunque con proporciones que variaron entre ellas. A los siete MDPE las accesiones Amarilla de Duaba y Amarilla de Nava mostraron proporciones idénticas de plantas enfermas, mientras que Tallo morado de Nava y Sapote de Pilón mostraron proporciones inferiores. La intensidad de los síntomas se incrementó en los diferentes órganos siguiendo el siguiente orden: tallo (1,7 a 2,66), pecíolos (2,21 a 3,03) y follaje (3,44-4,03). En los frutos la intensidad de los síntomas observados fue inferior a 2,5, considerados como leves de acuerdo a su intensidad y distribución. Se ofrecen los primeros resultados sobre la susceptibilidad a la mancha anular de estas accesiones, siendo de gran utilidad para los productores, así como para los programas de mejoramiento genético en el país.