Desarrollo de un modelo predictivo de vulnerabilidad al consumo de alcohol durante la adolescencia

En las últimas décadas, el rol determinante de los factores genéticos en los trastornos por abuso y dependencia al alcohol se ha visto mitigado por estudios epidemiológicos y pre-clínicos que indican que la experiencia temprana con el alcohol está significativamente asociada al consumo posterior de la droga. Ciertos estadios parecen ser períodos críticos para modular el patrón de consumo: la iniciación en el consumo de alcohol durante la adolescencia constituye un factor de riesgo para el posterior desarrollo de problemas con el alcohol. Los sujetos que empiezan a consumir a los 15 años poseen cuatro veces más posibilidades de desarrollar dependencia hacia el alcohol que aquellos que empiezan a los 21 años. Estas investigaciones han modificado nuestra conceptualización del abuso y la dependencia hacia el alcohol, los cuales son ahora considerados trastornos del desarrollo con etiología en la adolescencia. Las ratas adolescentes son, en relación a sus pares adultos, menos sensibles a los efectos sedativos y de incoordinación motora del alcohol, pero más sensibles a los efectos apetitivos reforzantes derivados de la ingesta de alcohol. Este perfil de respuesta podría poner a los adolescentes a riesgo de desarrollar problemas con el alcohol. El presente proyecto indagará, mediante el uso de modelos animales, factores de vulnerabilidad para el consumo exacerbado de alcohol durante la adolescencia y mecanismos asociados a los mismos. Se pretende generar un modelo predictivo de la ingesta adolescente de etanol en función de la evaluación de sensibilidad a los (a) efectos facilitadores de la exposición temprana al alcohol, (b) efectos motivacionales reforzantes de la droga y también en función de la (c) respuestas de búsqueda de la novedad. Se evaluara (Experimentos 1 y 2) si la iniciación adolescente al alcohol tiene un efecto facilitador sobre la ingesta posterior de la droga y si dicho efecto puede contrarrestarse por la administración de antagonistas opiáceos. Los sustratos neurales de este fenómeno son aún poco conocidos. En el presente trabajo realizaremos una caracterización anátomo-funcional de estos sustratos (Experimento 3), mediante genes de expresión temprana c-fos y delta-fos B y el marcado de células catecolaminérgicas, con especial atención a áreas que han sido relacionados con el desarrollo dependencia a drogas (corteza prefrontal y núcleo accumbens). El Experimento 4 analizará la respuesta general de activación frente a la novedad a partir de locomoción en campo abierto, y la adquisición de aprendizajes motivacionales apetitivos y aversivos durante el transcurso de un mismo episodio de intoxicación con alcohol. También se analizará (Experimentos 5 y 6) el rol mediador de el acetaldehído, un producto de la metabolización del alcohol, en la expresión de efectos motivacionales del etanol, evaluados mediante CPL. Una de las hipótesis es que la iniciación al alcohol durante la adolescencia, pero no así durante la adultez, afectará el consumo posterior de esta droga y que esto será revertido por la administración de naltrexona. Se espera proveer un mapa de las áreas cerebrales que se activan en el adolescente luego de la auto-administración de alcohol. Este conocimiento será derivado de la aplicación de marcado de genes de expresión temprana c-fos (específicamente dirigidos a la evaluación de efectos agudos) y delta fos b (que, hipotetizamos, serán expresados luego de la experiencia crónica con la droga). Los datos del Experimento 4 permitirán indagar la asociación entre diferentes rasgos conductuales del adolescente e ingesta de alcohol. Nuestra expectativa es que la ingesta de alcohol estará positivamente asociada con la reactividad a la novedad y el reforzamiento apetitivo, y negativamente asociada a los efectos aversivos de la droga. Finalmente, esperamos observar que la administración de d-penicilamina (un secuestrador de acetaldehído) bloquee la expresión de las propiedades reforzantes del alcohol.

Synthesis of integrated chemical processes for the production of single enantiomers

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Diss., 2011

Synthesis of plantwide control strategies using mixed integer optimization

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Diss., 2012

Kinetics of methanol electrooxidation on PtRu catalysts in a membrane electrode assembly

Methanol oxidation, Kinetics, Mechanism, Rate expression, MEA, PtRu catalysts, Cyclone Flow Cell

Post-Acute Coronary Syndrome Alcohol Abuse: Prospective Evaluation in the ERICO Study

Background:Some studies have indicated alcohol abuse as one of the contributors to the development of cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease. However, this relationship is controversial.Objective:To investigate the relationship between post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) alcohol abuse in the Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry Strategy (ERICO Study).Methods:146 participants from the ERICO Study answered structured questionnaires and underwent laboratory evaluations at baseline, 30 days and 180 days after ACS. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was applied to assess harmful alcohol consumption in the 12 months preceding ACS (30 day-interview) and six months after that.Results:The frequencies of alcohol abuse were 24.7% and 21.1% in the 12 months preceding ACS and six months after that, respectively. The most significant cardiovascular risk factors associated with high-risk for alcohol abuse 30 days after the acute event were: male sex (88.9%), current smoking (52.8%) and hypertension (58.3%). Six months after the acute event, the most significant results were replicated in our logistic regression, for the association between alcohol abuse among younger individuals [35-44 year-old multivariate OR: 38.30 (95% CI: 1.44-1012.56) and 45-54 year-old multivariate OR: 10.10 (95% CI: 1.06-96.46)] and for smokers [current smokers multivariate OR: 51.09 (95% CI: 3.49-748.01) and past smokers multivariate OR: 40.29 (95% CI: 2.37-685.93)].Conclusion:Individuals younger than 54 years and smokers showed a significant relation with harmful alcohol consumption, regardless of the ACS subtype.

Total synthesis of 8,9-Dehydro-Epothilone C

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2010

Progress towards the total synthesis of sorangicin

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2012

Synthesis, structure and catalytic activity of new lanthanide alkynylamidinates

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2015

Methane dehydro aromatization : thermodynamics, catalysts, kinetics and potential of membrane reactors

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2015

Taxonomy and evolution of the sinica group of macaques : 6. Interspecific comparisons and synthesis / Jack Fooden.

n.s. no.45(1988)

Alcohol and relatively pure cannabis use, but not schizotypy, are associated with cognitive attenuations

Elevated schizotypy relates to similar cognitive attenuations as seen in psychosis and cannabis/polydrug use. Also, in schizotypal populations cannabis and polydrug (including licit drug) use are enhanced.These cognitive attenuations may therefore either be a behavioral marker of psychotic (-like) symptoms or the consequence of enhanced drug use in schizotypal populations.To elucidate this, we investigated the link between cognitive attenuation and cannabis use in largely pure cannabis users (35) and non-using controls (48), accounting for the potential additional influence of both schizotypy and licit drug use (alcohol, nicotine). Cognitive attenuations commonly seen in psychosis were associated with cannabis and alcohol use, but not schizotypy. Future studies should therefore consider (i) non-excessive licit substance use (e.g., alcohol) in studies investigating the effect of cannabis use on cognition and (ii) both enhanced illicit and licit substance use in studies investigating cognition in schizotypal populations.

Promoter rearrangements cause species-specific hepatic regulation of the glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase gene by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha.

In liver, the glyoxylate cycle contributes to two metabolic functions, urea and glucose synthesis. One of the key enzymes in this pathway is glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR) whose dysfunction in human causes primary hyperoxaluria type 2, a disease resulting in oxalate accumulation and formation of kidney stones. In this study, we provide evidence for a transcriptional regulation by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) of the mouse GRHPR gene in liver. Mice fed with a PPARalpha ligand or in which PPARalpha activity is enhanced by fasting increase their GRHPR gene expression via a peroxisome proliferator response element located in the promoter region of the gene. Consistent with these observations, mice deficient in PPARalpha present higher plasma levels of oxalate in comparison with their wild type counterparts. As expected, the administration of a PPARalpha ligand (Wy-14,643) reduces the plasma oxalate levels. Surprisingly, this effect is also observed in null mice, suggesting a PPARalpha-independent action of the compound. Despite a high degree of similarity between the transcribed region of the human and mouse GRHPR gene, the human promoter has been dramatically reorganized, which has resulted in a loss of PPARalpha regulation. Overall, these data indicate a species-specific regulation by PPARalpha of GRHPR, a key gene of the glyoxylate cycle.

Synthesis of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates in arabidopsis thaliana using intermediates of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a family of polymers composed primarily of R-3-hydroxyalkanoic acids. These polymers have properties of biodegradable thermoplastics and elastomers. Medium-chain-length PHAs (MCL-PHAs) are synthesized in bacteria by using intermediates of the beta-oxidation of alkanoic acids. To assess the feasibility of producing MCL-PHAs in plants, Arabidopsis thaliana was transformed with the PhaC1 synthase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa modified for peroxisome targeting by addition of the carboxyl 34 amino acids from the Brassica napus isocitrate lyase. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that the modified PHA synthase was appropriately targeted to leaf-type peroxisomes in light-grown plants and glyoxysomes in dark-grown plants. Plants expressing the PHA synthase accumulated electron-lucent inclusions in the glyoxysomes and leaf-type peroxisomes, as well as in the vacuole. These inclusions were similar to bacterial PHA inclusions. Analysis of plant extracts by GC and mass spectrometry demonstrated the presence of MCL-PHA in transgenic plants to approximately 4 mg per g of dry weight. The plant PHA contained saturated and unsaturated 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids ranging from six to 16 carbons with 41% of the monomers being 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid and 3-hydroxyoctenoic acid. These results indicate that the beta-oxidation of plant fatty acids can generate a broad range of R-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediates that can be used to synthesize MCL-PHAs.

Effect of cAMP on macromolecule synthesis in the pathogenic protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi

Macromolecule synthesis of Trypanosoma cruzi in culture was monitored using radioactive tracers. Cells of different days in culture displayed a preferential incorporation of precursors as follows: 1 day for (³H)-thymidine cells; 3 days for (³H)-uridine cells, and 4 days for (³H)-leucine cells. Autoradiographic studies showed that (³H)-thymidine was incorporated in the DNA of both kinetoplast and nucleus in this order. Shifts in the intracellular content of cAMP either by addition of dibutyryl-cAMP or by stimulation of the adenylcyclase by isoproterenol, caused an inhibition in the synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins. Addition to the T. cruzi cultures of these agents which elevate the intracellular content ofcAMP provoked an interruption of cell proliferation as a result of the impairment of macromolecule synthesis. A discrimination was observed among the stereoisomers of isoproterenol, the L configuration showing to be most active.