979 resultados para AK-002-002


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一定元素的同位素组成被认为是该元素特有的“指纹”,同位素组成测量是地球化学、生命科学、环境化学、地质科学和核科学等领域重要的研究手段。利用同位素技术开展生命过程,地球系统中的物理、化学、生物过程及其资源、环境与灾害效应,资源勘探,污染物溯源等方面的研究,既是该技术的前沿研究主题,也使相关领域的研究更加“精细量化”,从而在新的科学纵深揭示出更加清晰的规律。 1992年多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)的问世,为同位素分析提供了一种强有力的技术手段,与传统的热电离同位素质谱相比,MC-ICP-MS具有测量速度快、操作简便、灵敏度高等优点。而且,由于等离子体源产生的高温,在理论上能测量所有的金属元素和一些非金属元素,并已很好地解决了一些高电离电位元素同位素测量的难题(如Se, Zn, Hf等),用MC-ICP-MS准确、精密测量各种元素同位素组成的方法正在逐渐得到发展和完善。目前,MC-ICP-MS比较成熟的方法主要是针对核和地质科学研究中应用较多的U, Pb, Sm, Nd, Sr, Hf, B, Li等,在硒和锌同位素测量方法学的研究还相对较少(尤其是硒),对一些测量中受各种干扰较为严重的、原子量小于80 的元素同位素的测量技术还有待进一步深入探索和研究。锌、硒元素不仅与人类健康息息相关,而且随着质谱分析技术的发展,使其在环境地球化学、生命科学等领域有着广泛的应用前景。准确测量生物、食品、环境、地质等样品中的锌、硒元素含量、各种形态及其同位素组成受到越来越多的关注。锌、硒同位素准确测量的方法学研究,不仅可以广泛应用于各相关领域,也为锌和硒同位素基、标准物质研制奠定技术基础,从而为锌、硒元素含量和同位素测量提供量值溯源保障。 本工作针对锌和硒元素同位素组成以及生物、环境等样品中成分量准确测量存在的问题,通过使用六极杆碰撞室MC-ICP-MS进行准确测量锌和硒元素同位素的技术研究,结合在化学计量研究中的长期实践及相关文献,从方法学角度和应用方面得出以下结论: 1.MC-ICP-MS仪器测量主要参数,如炬管轴向位置、载气流量、碰撞气流量、仪器稳定性等对测量结果影响很大,要获得高精度的测量结果,须优化和固定参数设置,保持仪器的稳定状态。在六极杆碰撞室MC-ICP-MS测量锌同位素时,高纯氩气碰撞气模式是较为理想的模式,64Zn/66Zn、67Zn/66Zn、68Zn/66Zn同位素丰度比测量精度达到0.002-0.008%,70Zn/66Zn 测量精度达到0.01%;在高纯氢气和氩气碰撞气按一定比例混合的模式下, 76Se/80Se、77Se/80Se、78Se/80Se、82Se/80Se同位素丰度比测量精度达到0.004-0.005%。 2.采用高纯、高浓缩64Zn和66Zn配制了8个校正样品 (64Zn/66Zn:0.6-2.2);用高纯、高浓缩同位素76Se和82Se配制了16个校正样品(76Se/82Se: 0.05-11.8),用这些样品分别测量并计算了仪器系统误差校正系数K,这些校正样品的K64/66 和 K76/82的相对标准偏差分别为0.034%和0.03%,均在仪器的测量不确定度范围内,说明在校正样品同位素变化范围内,仪器测量同位素丰度比的校正系数没有发生明显变化。 3.在硒同位素丰度比值测量中,氢气碰撞气的使用是SeH产生的重要原因之一,Ar/H在2-7之间都可以满足硒同位素比值测量的要求,即保证较高的硒灵敏度、较小的SeH生成比例、稳定的同位素比值测量结果。本工作建立了SeH的校正计算公式,在对测量结果的质量歧视进行校正时,77Se和78Se的校正更为复杂,因为它们除自身产生的SeH外,还分别受到了来自76SeH和77SeH的影响,故校正质量偏移时应首先对SeH进行校正。对于不同的SeH生成比例,经过校正后,硒的同位素丰度比校正值是一致的,并不受SeH生成比例变化影响。 4.通过对IDMS过程中的关键技术研究,明确了如何正确使用该方法以获得准确测量结果。IDMS方法在测量步骤中引入的不确定度影响因素相对于其它化学分析方法较少,并且可以被明确地表达出来,测量结果可直接溯源到国际单位,因此,该方法对化学计量学研究具有十分重要的意义。 5.建立了适用于ICP-MS测量血清、大豆粉、金枪鱼等多种复杂基体中锌和硒元素的样品前处理方法,建立了锌和硒的ICP-IDMS测量方法。将建立的方法应用于人血清标准物质研制、国家计量院之间的国际比对和合作研究中,取得的优异成绩验证了所建方法的可靠性和可比性。IDMS方法在样品前处理上不怕样品损失和高精度同位素丰度比测量的优点,使其在复杂基体中硒、锌的准确测量方面较其它分析方法具有独特的优势,可在生物、临床、环境、食品等方面的分析研究中广泛应用。

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中国南方古生代广泛分布富有机质的黑色页岩,分布层位较多(如下寒武统牛蹄塘组底部的黑色页岩、奥陶系五峰组页岩、志留系龙马溪组黑色页岩、泥盆系深水台间盆地的黑色碳质、硅质页岩,以及二叠系的黑色页岩、硅质岩等),并伴有Mo、Ni、PGE、V、Au、Ag等贵重金属元素富集层,尤其是湘黔地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组底部的黑色页岩,作为瞬时灾变沉积物,可与全球大洋缺氧事件对比。贵州省遵义地区黄家湾和湖南张家界地区柑子坪剖面为该地区较典型的剖面,前人已进行了大量的岩石地层、生物地层、元素地球化学研究工作,但沉积学方面尚缺乏系统性与较深入研究,特别是关于以黄家湾剖面为代表的浅水沉积体系与柑子坪剖面为代表的深水相黑色页岩沉积体系之间的时空关系缺乏统一的认识,且有机地球化学研究涉及甚少。因此,本文从沉积学和地球化学两方面,特别是有机地球化学方面,探讨了湘黔地区下寒武统底部牛蹄塘组黑色岩系的成因以及相应的灾变事件-大洋缺氧事件,取得如下认识: (1)本文对研究区下寒武统地层进行了较全面的清理,重新厘定了研究区下寒武统地层系统。下寒武统自下而上划分为牛蹄塘组、明心寺组、金顶山组和清虚洞组,其时代经历了梅树村阶、筇竹寺阶、沧浪铺阶和龙王庙阶,与西伯利亚地区同期沉积相比,分别对应晚Tommotian、Atdabanian、Botonian和Toyonian期。 (2)确定了研究区下寒武统岩石类型有碳酸盐岩、泥质岩和碎屑岩三大类。下寒武统下、中部泥质岩、粉砂岩及砂岩发育,且以泥质岩为主,少有碳酸盐岩发育,而上部清虚洞组灰岩(白云岩)发育。下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色岩系主要由黑色页岩、石煤、硅质页岩、硅岩、粉砂岩、磷块岩、重晶石岩等组成,主要矿物组合为石英、伊利石和黄铁矿以及少量重晶石、磷灰石和方解石。从生物地层、岩石地层、年代地层来看,牛蹄塘组底部黑色页岩与南亚、西亚、欧洲、北美等地Tommotian期广泛分布的黑色页岩有很好的可对比性。 (3)基于对地层清理、古生物以及岩石学特征的详细研究,研究区下寒武统可划分为碎屑岩海相和碳酸盐岩海相两个沉积体系组。碎屑岩海相又分为滨岸、内陆棚、外陆棚、斜坡亚相;碳酸盐岩海相主要为开阔台地亚相。从时空上看,地层由老到新,粒度逐渐变粗,水体逐渐变浅,从外陆棚-斜坡、内陆棚到滨海,最后为开阔台地相;从西向东,由浅水相区的滨岸到内陆棚,最后到深水相区的外陆棚到斜坡。 (4)晚震旦世灯影组灰白色粉晶白云岩样品的SiO2含量比较低,MgO、CaO、CO2含量较高。牛蹄塘组黑色碳质泥岩、碳质页岩以SiO2含量为主,其次为Al2O3和Fe2O3。微量元素含量具有如下特征:地层由老到新,从灯影组白云岩→牛蹄塘组磷块岩/硅质岩→多金属富集层,呈现出增加趋势,此后至黑色页岩又有回落。特征微量元素(如Mo、Ni、V、U等)及其比值(如V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th、δU等)显示这套富含有机质黑色页岩为热水沉积,其沉积环境为含氧量逐渐减少的贫氧-缺氧的还原环境。 (5)稀土元素总量(∑REE)从6.67ppm变化到481ppm,平均含量为123ppm,轻稀土相对比较富集。经PAAS标准化的稀土配分模式曲线具有近于水平或略显右倾特征。灯影组Ce异常值均小于-0.10,代表当时海水处于氧化阶段。而牛蹄塘组底部和上部Ce异常值大于-0.10,接近0,代表弱的缺氧沉积环境。对于牛蹄塘组中部,其值小于-0.10,说明缺氧环境持续了一段时间后,海洋出现了一个短暂的充氧期。根据Ce异常和参考海平面,研究区晚震旦世-早寒武世可识别出3个主要海平面升降旋回。而Eu异常为0.002-1.16,大多数样品显示负Eu异常,表明其沉积环境为缺氧的还原环境。 (6)所有样品均含丰富的正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃、萜类化合物以及甾类化合物,尤其是具有重要价值的甲基三环萜烷系列、25-降藿烷系列以及甲基甾烷。在GC谱图上,正构烷烃显示明显的单峰型分布特征,碳数分布范围为nC14-nC31,主峰碳为nC18、nC19或nC20,无明显的奇偶碳数优势分布。类异戊二烯烃、萜类化合物以及甾类化合物等的特点也表明,早寒武世黑色岩系不同层位中有机质的先质均来源于菌藻类生物,有机质类型属于腐泥型,沉积环境为强还原到弱还原环境。有机质成熟度指标显示了研究区有机质热演化程度高,一般已经达到生油门限或高成熟阶段,其中以黑色页岩的演变程度最高,但仍未达到演变的最终阶段。 (7)在地层剖面上,有机碳含量为0.05-12.31%,平均为4.97%;有机碳同位素组成(δ13Corg)从-29.49--34.41‰(PDB),发生负偏移,偏移量达到4.3‰,而δ13Ccarb值从晚震旦世的-4.6‰下降至早寒武世的-10.6‰,具有6.0‰的负偏移,δ18Ocarb值在-13.7--2.3‰(PDB)之间。δ13Corg与δ13Ccarb变化具有一致性,表明其偏移与有机质组分无关。在Tommotian晚期,海平面持续上升,海洋循环引起海洋的含氧量减少,可能是引起δ13C负偏移的一个原因。另外,加上海洋条件急剧恶化,底层水缺氧更严重。因此可确定研究区Tommotian期缺氧事件的存在。 上述研究表明,湘黔地区早寒武世黑色岩系的形成和Tommotian期缺氧事件的发生既与区域背景有关,又与有机质遭受细菌降解、生物爆发致使生物生产率的提高有关,还与海平面升降有关。扬子地台在晚震旦世-早寒武世处于全球海平面上升阶段,底层洋流活跃,大量营养物质被上升流周期性地带到表层水中使生物大量繁殖,生物生产率增加,底层水含氧量减少。在这种背景下,氧化作用缓慢,海进期间歇性的上升洋流把富有机质的缺氧水带到相对深水区,导致黑色页岩广泛分布。由于表层浮游生物大量死亡,腐烂分解吸收大量溶解氧,再加上上升洋流也分解有机质,因此底层水迅速变成“无氧状态”,导致沉积物中海洋生物死亡,有机质突然急增而大量保存下来,加强了缺氧环境。

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溶解有机物(dissolved organio matter, DOM)通常是指能够通过0.45μm滤膜的有机物质。0.45μm的定义是根据传统的过滤滤膜直径来划分的,不是一个绝对的定义。DOM在水环境中起着重要的作用,它是水环境中重要的配位体和吸附载体。DOM在水化学和生态环境中的重要作用,主要表现在它不仅可以和基本的金属离子和有机化合物结合,还可以与毒性金属离子和除草剂、杀虫剂结合(wershow ond Goldberg,1972)。湖泊水中DoM的浓度及物理化学性质能够影响水生态环境的结构及初级生产力。溶解有机物按元素组成来分,主要含有C、O、H、N、P、S以及灰分。按重量计算,其中C占总有机物的50%,其次是O(科O%)、H(一5%)、N(0.5~6.5%)、P(<1.0%)、S(<1.0%)和灰分(1.2-5.0%)(Thurman,1985)。DOM一般由多种有机化合物组成,其中腐殖物质是溶解有机质的主要组成部分,一般占有机质总量的50-80%。目前通常可人为地将腐殖物质划分为胡敏素、胡敏酸和富里酸(Aiken et oL,1 985)。其余的非腐殖类物质主要包括碳水化合物、氨基酸、叶绿素、藻类分泌物、酚酮类化合物、脂肪酸和亲水性有机酸等(Thurman,1985)a在水环境中一些金属离子和微量元素通常和DOM相结合,而这些元素的作用和在水中的迁移都受DoM的分子量分布的影响(chiou etal.,1986)。 DOM的分子量及其分布是指示水质量的一个重要参数,同时在水处理过程中对于研究DOM的去处效率有重要作用(vuorio et oL,1998)。具有不同分子量分布的DOM与金属的络合能力也不同,则它们对金属的生物有效性的作用就不同(wuetal.,2002)。分子量变化的程度可以进一步理解DOM的自然形成过程,也可以在弓!用水处理过程中优化腐殖质的去除过程。红枫湖和百花湖是贵州地区两个人工水库,通过对两湖水文条件的测量,探讨了影响DOM分子量及分布变化的环境因素,包括溶解氧的含量、水体温度、pH值、叶绿素。的含量、光照强度、藻类生长情况、生物活动等,以及溶解有机物的来源,人为污染情况等。本文采样高效体积排阻色谱法(High PerformanceSizeExclusion cbromatograP场,HPsEC)测量了红枫湖、百花湖水中的DOM的含量及分子量分布,得出了以下几点认识:1、选择HPsEC实验的最佳条件:0.03M NaCl和0.002的磷酸盐缓冲液作为流动相,pH为6.8,离子强度为0.034mol几,紫外检测波长为254nm。2、红枫湖、百花湖水中DOM主要以分子量小于3500Da的组分为主,占总溶解有机物的90%以上。根据洗脱曲线的峰面积,可以把DOM分为3个不同 分子量的组分,其中大分子量组分(MW>2000Da)的含量占总DOM的35%一68%;中等分子量组分(Z000Da>MW>1000Da)的含量为27%-57%;小分子量组分(MW<1000Da)占总DOM的3%一31%。 3、红枫湖、百花湖水中Doc含量受气候条件的影响。丰水期,水体上部DOC含量较大,下部较小‘平水期和枯水期,上下水体中DOC含量一致。各组分DOc含量变化与总DOC含量变化相似。DOC含量也表现出明显的季节性变化特征。丰水期DOC含量较高,而在平水期和枯水期含量较低。红枫湖和百花湖二者之间DOC含量没有明显的差别。4、红枫湖、百花湖水中DOM平均分子量也受气候条件的影响。丰水期,随深度的增大,DoM平均分子量增大;平水期和枯水期,上下水体DOM平均分子量一致。DO入左的季节性变化与DOC相反,丰水期,DOM平均分子量偏低;而在平水期和枯水期,DOM平均分子量偏高。5、重均分子量和数均分子量虽然变化趋势相似,但是它们的变化幅度不同,所以多分散系数也会发生变化。总的来说,在水体上部多分散系数偏大,水体下部偏小。丰水期多分散系数较大,平水期和枯水期多分散系数较小。6、随着气候条件的变化,各分子量组分的DOM含量及DOC浓度也在发生变化。大分子量组分随深度而增大,而中等和小分子量组分随深度而减小。丰水期,中等和小分子量组分含量较多,而大分子量组分较少;平水期和枯水期,大分子量组分含量较多,中等和小分子量组分含量较少。

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We introduce a new method to describe, in a single image, changes in shape over time. We acquire both range and image information with a stationary stereo camera. From the pictures taken, we display a composite image consisting of the image data from the surface closest to the camera at every pixel. This reveals the 3-d relationships over time by easy-to-interpret occlusion relationships in the composite image. We call the composite a shape-time photograph. Small errors in depth measurements cause artifacts in the shape-time images. We correct most of these using a Markov network to estimate the most probable front surface, taking into account the depth measurements, their uncertainties, and layer continuity assumptions.

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In this paper, we present an approach to discretizing multivariate continuous data while learning the structure of a graphical model. We derive the joint scoring function from the principle of predictive accuracy, which inherently ensures the optimal trade-off between goodness of fit and model complexity (including the number of discretization levels). Using the so-called finest grid implied by the data, our scoring function depends only on the number of data points in the various discretization levels. Not only can it be computed efficiently, but it is also independent of the metric used in the continuous space. Our experiments with gene expression data show that discretization plays a crucial role regarding the resulting network structure.

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Purpose: To evaluate the clinical and radiologic response of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy given low-dose orbital radiotherapy (RT) with a protracted fractionation.Methods and Materials: Eighteen patients (36 orbits) received orbital RT with a total dose of 10 Gy, fractionated in 1 Gy once a week over 10 weeks. of these, 9 patients received steroid therapy as well. Patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically at 6 months after treatment. Clinical response assessment was carried out using three criteria: by physical examination, by a modified clinical activity score, and by a verbal questionnaire considering the 10 most common signs and symptoms of the disease. Radiologic response was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging.Results: Improvement in ocular pain, palpebral edema, visual acuity, and ocular motility was observed in all patients. Significant decrease in symptoms such as tearing (p < 0.001) diplopia (p = 0.008), conjunctival hyperemia (p = 0.002), and ocular grittiness (p = 0.031) also occurred. Magnetic resonance imaging showed decrease in ocular muscle thickness and in the intensity of the T2 sequence signal in the majority of patients. Treatments were well tolerated, and to date no complications from treatment have been observed. There was no statistical difference in clinical and radiologic response between patients receiving RT alone and those receiving RT plus steroid therapy.Conclusion: RT delivered in at a low dose and in a protracted scheme should be considered as a useful therapeutic option for patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc.

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Background and purpose: Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) is the strategy that allows adjuvant treatment delivery in a shorter period of time in smaller volumes. This study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness and outcomes of APBI in breast cancer compared with whole-breast irradiation (WBI). Material and methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of WBI versus APBI. Two authors independently selected and assessed the studies regarding eligibility criteria. Results: Eight studies were selected. A total of 8653 patients were randomly assigned for WBI versus APBI. Six studies reported local recurrence outcomes. Two studies were matched in 5 years and only one study for different time of follow-up. Meta-analysis of two trials assessing 1407 participants showed significant difference in the WBI versus APBI group regarding the 5-year local recurrence rate (HR = 4.54, 95% CI: 1.78-11.61, p = 0.002). Significant difference in favor of WBI for different follow-up times was also found. No differences in nodal recurrence, systemic recurrence, overall survival and mortality rates were observed. Conclusions: APBI is associated with higher local recurrence compared to WBI without compromising other clinical outcomes. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Chemical and biological processes, such as dissolution in gypsiferous sands and biodegradation in waste refuse, result in mass or particle loss, which in turn lead to changes in solid and void phase volumes and grading. Data on phase volume and grading changes have been obtained from oedometric dissolution tests on sand–salt mixtures. Phase volume changes are defined by a (dissolution-induced) void volume change parameter (Λ). Grading changes are interpreted using grading entropy coordinates, which allow a grading curve to be depicted as a single data point and changes in grading as a vector quantity rather than a family of distribution curves. By combining Λ contours with pre- to post-dissolution grading entropy coordinate paths, an innovative interpretation of the volumetric consequences of particle loss is obtained. Paths associated with small soluble particles, the loss of which triggers relatively little settlement but large increase in void ratio, track parallel to the Λ contours. Paths associated with the loss of larger particles, which can destabilise the sand skeleton, tend to track across the Λ contours.

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This paper adapts Freeman’s measures of degree, closeness and betweenness centrality and applies them to assessing: port centrality in relation to direct connectivity; accessibility to all ports in the network (direct and indirect routes) and; as an intermediary between other ports. An additional parameter added to the formulae ensures that the relative importance of available shipping capacity and foreland market coverage are also accounted for. Validation of this adapted measure is provided by the results obtained from an empirical application. These reveal that foreland market coverage exerts a particularly strong influence on a port’s demand and closeness centrality

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Toivonen, H., Srinivasan, A., King, R. D., Kramer, S. and Helma, C. (2003) Statistical Evaluation of the Predictive Toxicology Challenge 2000-2001. Bioinformatics 19: 1183-1193

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Urquhart, C. (2006). From epistemic origins to journal impact factors: what do citations tell us? International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43(1), 1-2.

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Pyatt, F.B., Pyatt, A.J., Walker, C., Sheen, T., Grattan, J.P, The heavy metal content of skeletons from an ancient metalliferous polluted area in southern Jordan with particular reerence to bioaccumulation and human health, Ecotoxicology & Environmental Safety 60, 13th August 2003, 295-300

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Hutzler, S., Cox, S.J., Janiaud, E. and Weaire, D. (2007) Drainage induced convection rolls in foams. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects Volume 309, Issues 1-3, 1 November 2007, Pages 33-37 A Collection of Papers Presented at the 6th Eufoam Conference, Potsdam, Germany, 2-6 July, 2006 Sponsorship: European Space Agency (14914/02/NL/SH, 14308/00/NL/SG) (AO-99-031) CCN 002 MAP Project AO-99-075); Science Foundation Ireland (RFP 05/RFP/PHY0016); Royal Society; UWA Learned Societies.

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Peron, N., Cox, S.J., Hutzler, S. and Weaire, D. (2007) Steady drainage in emulsions: corrections for surface Plateau borders and a model for high aqueous volume fraction. The European Physical Journal E - Soft Matter. 22: 341-351. Sponsorship: This research was supported by the European Space Agency (14914/02/NL/SH, 14308/00/NL/SG) (AO-99-031) CCN 002 MAP Project AO-99-075) and Science Foundation Ireland (RFP 05/RFP/PHY0016). SJC acknowledges support from EPSRC (EP/D071127/1).

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Cox, S.J. (2005) A Viscous Froth Model for Dry Foams in the Surface Evolver. Coll. Surf. A 263:81-89. Sponsorship: Partial support from both the Ulysses France?Ireland Exchange Scheme and the European Space Agency, Contract 14308/00/NL/SH (AO-99-031) CCN 002 MAP Project AO-99-075.