Variabilidade genética em acessos e cultivares de quatro espécies de Brachiaria estimada por marcadores RAPD.

A importância do gênero Brachiaria para o desenvolvimento da pecuária nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais é notória. Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria ruziziensis e Brachiaria humidicola estão entre as principais espécies utilizadas como forrageiras e fazem parte do programa de melhoramento da Embrapa Gado de Corte. Neste trabalho, a técnica de Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) foi utilizada para estimar a variabilidade genética em 14 genótipos dessas quatro espécies, incluindo cultivares e acessos utilizados como genitores em cruzamentos inter e intra-específicos. Foram utilizados 47 primers que amplificaram 396 bandas, escoradas como "1" para presença e "0" para ausência, e uma matriz de similaridade genética foi construída usando o coeficiente de Jaccard. Os valores de similaridade genética variaram de 0,49 a 0,87, dos quais os acessos mais similares (C48 e B105) pertencem à mesma espécie, B. brizantha. As cultivares B. brizantha cv. Marandu e B. humidicola cv. BRS Tupi foram as mais divergentes. As análises de agrupamento obtidas pelos métodos Unweighted Pair-group Method with Arithmetical Average (UPGMA) e de Tocher foram similares, dividindo os acessos em quatro grupos que correspondem às espécies estudadas. O dendrograma obtido com o método UPGMA mostrou que B. brizantha, B. decumbens e B. ruziziensis são geneticamente mais próximas entre si do que B. humidicola. Além disso, este trabalho possibilitou a identificação de primers que podem ser utilizados com a finalidade de identificação precoce de híbridos quando esses genótipos forem utilizados como genitores.

O desenvolvimento da cafeicultura no cerrado (1999).

A producao de cafe em coco do cerrado aumentou 83 mil para 728 toneladas, enquanto a brasileira passou de 2,5 para 2,8 milhoes de toneladas, entre 1975 e 1996. nesse periodo, as taxas geometricas de crescimento anual da cultura no cerrado foram de 10,9% para a producao e de 5,6% para a rea colhida, ao passo que noconjunto das demais regioes produtoras do Pais essas taxas foram negativas. Os municipios produtores de cafe do cerrado foram agrupados em cinco regioes: Sul/Cerrado Mineiro; Alto Paranaiba; Nordeste Mineiro; Rondonia e Brasilia. Em 1996, a regiao Sul/Cerrado Mineiro produziu 44,0% do cafe do cerrado e possuia o efetivo de 396,6 milhoes de plantas; Alto Paranaiba contribuiu com 47,1% e contava com o efetivo de 343,3 milhoes de plantas; e a Nordeste Mineiro participou com 4,5% com o efetivo de 62,3 milhoes de plantas. Esta foi dividida em tres sub-regioes: Teofilo Otoni; Capelinha; e Montes Claros. A regiao de Rondonia produziu 1,5% e detinha o efetivo de 28,8 milhoes plantas. A de Brasilia participou com 1,7% da producao e seu efetivo era de 16,6 milhoes de plantas, foi dividida em tres sub-regioes: a do Distrito Federal, a Mineira e Cristalina/Catalao/Silvania. Nova regiao produtora esta surgindo com boas perspectivas no Sudoeste baiano.

High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for identification of isoflavones and description of the biotransformation of kudzu root

High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been used to identify isoflavone aglycones and glycosides in kudzu root. Fourteen isoflavones were detected. Among these, six were identified by comparison with authentic standards. Tentative identifications of the other isoflavones are based on UV spectra, mass spectra of protonated and deprotonated molecules, and MS-MS data. Several are reported for the first time in kudzu root. The bioactivity and bioavailability of isoflavone aglycones are usually greater than those of their glycosides. To improve the bioavailability of kudzu root isoflavones, crude beta-glycosidases prepared from microbes were used to hydrolyze the isoflavone glycosides. Several MS modes are combined not only to identify the isoflavones in kudzu root, but also to describe the biotransformation of kudzu root isoflavone glycosides. It is also proved that crude beta-glycosidases have high selectivity toward the O-glycosides of isoflavones.

Uso econômico do concentrado por meio do controle leiteiro: cartilhas adaptadas ao letramento do produtor.

Esta publicação tem por objetivo discutir e apresentar a melhor forma de utilizar o concentrado na alimentação de vacas de leite. O que chamamos de "concentrado", os produtores chamam no dia a dia de "ração". Esse alimento é fornecido no cocho e complementa a alimentação das vacas de leite. Como o concentrado é caro, ele deve ser usado de forma muito cuidadosa para não reduzir o lucro final da venda do leite. O uso do concentrado deve ser feito por mérito da vaca. Ou seja, a vaca que produz mais leite merece receber mais concentrado. A vaca que produz pouco leite recebe menos concentrado. Mas o que é uma boa vaca? A que produz mais leite ou a que dá mais lucro? Para conhecer a produção de cada vaca é preciso pesar o leite e anotar estas informações ao menos uma vez por mês. Chamamos isto de "controle leiteiro". Todos esses assuntos serão discutidos a seguir com detalhes, explicações e exemplos.

Aplicación del modelo AnnAGNPS a la cuenca del río Cemborain

Ingeniería Agronómica

Asesoría en empaque para los productos del grupo duitamense de macramé.

[96] hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías.

How Much Does It Cost to Provide Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV/AIDS in Africa?

Background: Many African countries are rapidly expanding HIV/AIDS treatment programs. Empirical information on the cost of delivering antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV/AIDS is needed for program planning and budgeting. Methods: We searched published and gray sources for estimates of the cost of providing ART in service delivery (non-research) settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Estimates were included if they were based on primary local data for input prices. Results: 17 eligible cost estimates were found. Of these, 10 were from South Africa. The cost per patient per year ranged from $396 to $2,761. It averaged approximately $850/patient/year in countries outside South Africa and $1,700/patient/year in South Africa. The most recent estimates for South Africa averaged $1,200/patient/year. Specific cost items included in the average cost per patient per year varied, making comparison across studies problematic. All estimates included the cost of antiretroviral drugs and laboratory tests, but many excluded the cost of inpatient care, treatment of opportunistic infections, and/or clinic infrastructure. Antiretroviral drugs comprised an average of one third of the cost of treatment in South Africa and one half to three quarters of the cost in other countries. Conclusions: There is very little empirical information available about the cost of providing antiretroviral therapy in non-research settings in Africa. Methods for estimating costs are inconsistent, and many estimates combine data drawn from disparate sources. Cost analysis should become a routine part of operational research on the treatment rollout in Africa.

Mathematical modelling and optimisation of the formulation and manufacture of aggregate food products

In this PhD study, mathematical modelling and optimisation of granola production has been carried out. Granola is an aggregated food product used in breakfast cereals and cereal bars. It is a baked crispy food product typically incorporating oats, other cereals and nuts bound together with a binder, such as honey, water and oil, to form a structured unit aggregate. In this work, the design and operation of two parallel processes to produce aggregate granola products were incorporated: i) a high shear mixing granulation stage (in a designated granulator) followed by drying/toasting in an oven. ii) a continuous fluidised bed followed by drying/toasting in an oven. In addition, the particle breakage of granola during pneumatic conveying produced by both a high shear granulator (HSG) and fluidised bed granulator (FBG) process were examined. Products were pneumatically conveyed in a purpose built conveying rig designed to mimic product conveying and packaging. Three different conveying rig configurations were employed; a straight pipe, a rig consisting two 45° bends and one with 90° bend. It was observed that the least amount of breakage occurred in the straight pipe while the most breakage occurred at 90° bend pipe. Moreover, lower levels of breakage were observed in two 45° bend pipe than the 90° bend vi pipe configuration. In general, increasing the impact angle increases the degree of breakage. Additionally for the granules produced in the HSG, those produced at 300 rpm have the lowest breakage rates while the granules produced at 150 rpm have the highest breakage rates. This effect clearly the importance of shear history (during granule production) on breakage rates during subsequent processing. In terms of the FBG there was no single operating parameter that was deemed to have a significant effect on breakage during subsequent conveying. A population balance model was developed to analyse the particle breakage occurring during pneumatic conveying. The population balance equations that govern this breakage process are solved using discretization. The Markov chain method was used for the solution of PBEs for this process. This study found that increasing the air velocity (by increasing the air pressure to the rig), results in increased breakage among granola aggregates. Furthermore, the analysis carried out in this work provides that a greater degree of breakage of granola aggregates occur in line with an increase in bend angle.

Trade-offs between cancer and other diseases: do they exist and influence longevity?

Relationships between aging, disease risks, and longevity are not yet well understood. For example, joint increases in cancer risk and total survival observed in many human populations and some experimental aging studies may be linked to a trade-off between cancer and aging as well as to the trade-off(s) between cancer and other diseases, and their relative impact is not clear. While the former trade-off (between cancer and aging) received broad attention in aging research, the latter one lacks respective studies, although its understanding is important for developing optimal strategies of increasing both longevity and healthy life span. In this paper, we explore the possibility of trade-offs between risks of cancer and selected major disorders. First, we review current literature suggesting that the trade-offs between cancer and other diseases may exist and be linked to the differential intensity of apoptosis. Then we select relevant disorders for the analysis (acute coronary heart disease [ACHD], stroke, asthma, and Alzheimer disease [AD]) and calculate the risk of cancer among individuals with each of these disorders, and vice versa, using the Framingham Study (5209 individuals) and the National Long Term Care Survey (NLTCS) (38,214 individuals) data. We found a reduction in cancer risk among old (80+) men with stroke and in risk of ACHD among men (50+) with cancer in the Framingham Study. We also found an increase in ACHD and stroke among individuals with cancer, and a reduction in cancer risk among women with AD in the NLTCS. The manifestation of trade-offs between risks of cancer and other diseases thus depended on sex, age, and study population. We discuss factors modulating the potential trade-offs between major disorders in populations, e.g., disease treatments. Further study is needed to clarify possible impact of such trade-offs on longevity.

Bbeta-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 levels in catecholamine-induced myocardial hypertrophy: regulation by beta- but not alpha1-adrenergic stimulation.

Pressure overload ventricular hypertrophy is accompanied by dysfunctional beta-adrenergic receptor signaling due to increased levels of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-1, which phosphorylates and desensitizes beta-adrenergic receptors. In this study, we examined whether increased beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 expression is associated with myocardial hypertrophy induced by adrenergic stimulation. With use of implanted mini-osmotic pumps, we treated mice with isoproterenol, phenylephrine, or vehicle to distinguish between alpha1- and beta-adrenergic stimulation. Both treatments resulted in cardiac hypertrophy, but only isoproterenol induced significant increases in beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 protein levels and activity. Similarly, in isolated adult rat cardiac myocytes, 24 hours of isoproterenol stimulation resulted in a significant 2.8-fold increase in beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 protein levels, whereas 24 hours of phenylephrine treatment did not alter beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 expression. Our results indicate that increased beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 is not invariably associated with myocardial hypertrophy but apparently is controlled by the state of beta-adrenergic receptor activation.

Outcomes After Total Ankle Replacement in Association With Ipsilateral Hindfoot Arthrodesis.

BACKGROUND: Ipsilateral hindfoot arthrodesis in combination with total ankle replacement (TAR) may diminish functional outcome and prosthesis survivorship compared to isolated TAR. We compared the outcome of isolated TAR to outcomes of TAR with ipsilateral hindfoot arthrodesis. METHODS: In a consecutive series of 404 primary TARs in 396 patients, 70 patients (17.3%) had a hindfoot fusion before, after, or at the time of TAR; the majority had either an isolated subtalar arthrodesis (n = 43, 62%) or triple arthrodesis (n = 15, 21%). The remaining 334 isolated TARs served as the control group. Mean patient follow-up was 3.2 years (range, 24-72 months). RESULTS: The SF-36 total, AOFAS Hindfoot-Ankle pain subscale, Foot and Ankle Disability Index, and Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment scores were significantly improved from preoperative measures, with no significant differences between the hindfoot arthrodesis and control groups. The AOFAS Hindfoot-Ankle total, function, and alignment scores were significantly improved for both groups, albeit the control group demonstrated significantly higher scores in all 3 scales. Furthermore, the control group demonstrated a significantly greater improvement in VAS pain score compared to the hindfoot arthrodesis group. Walking speed, sit-to-stand time, and 4-square step test time were significantly improved for both groups at each postoperative time point; however, the hindfoot arthrodesis group completed these tests significantly slower than the control group. There was no significant difference in terms of talar component subsidence between the fusion (2.6 mm) and control groups (2.0 mm). The failure rate in the hindfoot fusion group (10.0%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (2.4%; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this study represents the first series evaluating the clinical outcome of TARs performed with and without hindfoot fusion using implants available in the United States. At follow-up of 3.2 years, TAR performed with ipsilateral hindfoot arthrodesis resulted in significant improvements in pain and functional outcome; in contrast to prior studies, however, overall outcome was inferior to that of isolated TAR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, prospective comparative series.

The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating pattern in special populations.

The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) trial showed that a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products with reduced total and saturated fat, cholesterol, and sugar-sweetened products effectively lowers blood pressure in individuals with prehypertension and stage I hypertension. Limited evidence is available on the safety and efficacy of the DASH eating pattern in special patient populations that were excluded from the trial. Caution should be exercised before initiating the DASH diet in patients with chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, and those who are prescribed renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonist, but these conditions are not strict contraindications to DASH. Modifications to the DASH diet may be necessary to facilitate its use in patients with chronic heart failure, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus type II, lactose intolerance, and celiac disease. In general, the DASH diet can be adopted by most patient populations and initiated simultaneously with medication therapy and other lifestyle interventions.