Janela Aorto-Pulmonar. Experiência de Onze Casos

A janela aorto-pulmonar consiste numa comunicação entre a aorta ascendente e o tronco da artéria pulmonar, na presença das duas válvulas arteriais separadas. É uma anomalia rara que ocorre em cerca de 0,1% a 0,2% de todas as cardiopatias congénitas. O objectivo deste trabalho é avaliar a forma de apresentação clínica, o tratamento cirúrgico e a evolução dos doentes com janela aorto-pulmonar assistidos num centro terciário de cardiologia pediátrica num período de 30 anos. Identificaram-se onze crianças consecutivas com o diagnóstico de janela aorto-pulmonar. Dez crianças tinham o defeito do tipo proximal e uma do tipo distal. A idade na primeira avaliação variou entre três dias e 13 anos(média=44,5±63,3 meses; mediana=três meses). A ecocardiografia permitiu fazer o diagnóstico correcto nos quatro doentes mais recentes. Sete doentes foram submetidos a encerramento da janela aorto-pulmonar por via trans-aórtica e três doentes foram submetidos a laqueação da janela aorto-pulmonar. Simultaneamente, foram corrigidas anomalias associadas significativas em três doentes: correcção de interrupção do arco aórtico em dois doentes; encerramento de comunicação interventricular e alargamento do tracto de saída do ventrículo direito com remendo de Dacron, num doente. Um doente teve seguimento médico por apresentar hipertensão pulmonar fixa. A mortalidade operatória foi de 10% (1/10) e não se verificou mortalidade tardia. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 10±4,9 anos. Actualmente os nove doentes operados sobreviventes estão assintomáticos, sem qualquer medicação, sem defeitos residuais e sem evidência de hipertensão pulmonar. Em conclusão, a evolução das técnicas de diagnóstico e de tratamento cirúrgico da janela aorto-pulmonar nos últimos anos permite uma intervenção precoce com bons resultados clínicos.

Epidemiological investigation of an acute case of Chagas disease in an area of active transmission in Peruvian Amazon region

The study objective was to investigate an acute case of Chagas disease in the San Pedro de Shishita community, Pebas District, in the Peruvian Amazon basin, a non-endemic area. Both parents of the index case (acute case) were thoroughly interviewed, a seroepidemiological survey was carried out in the community, parasitological exams were carried out only in relatives of the index case, and triatomine bugs were searched for inside houses, peridomiciliary, and in wild environments. Seroprevalence for IgG anti-T. cruzi antibodies was 1/104 (0.96%), using an ELISA test and an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Panstrongylus geniculatus and Rhodnius pictipes adults were found. The index case is autochthonous from San Pedro de Shishita, but the source of transmission is unknown.

Susceptibility of peritoneal macrophage from different species of neotropical primates to Ex vivo Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi-infection

This study examined the susceptibility of peritoneal macrophage (PM) from the Neotropical primates: Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix penicillata, Saimiri sciureus, Aotus azarae infulatus and Callimico goeldii to ex vivo Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi-infection, the etiological agent of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL), as a screening assay for evaluating the potential of these non-human primates as experimental models for studying AVL. The PM-susceptibility to infection was accessed by the PM-infection index (PMI) at 24, 72 h and by the mean of these rates (FPMI), as well as by the TNF-α, IL-12 (Capture ELISA) and Nitric oxide (NO) responses (Griess method). At 24h, the PMI of A. azarae infulatus (128) was higher than those of C. penicillata (83), C. goeldii (78), S. sciureus (77) and C. jacchus (55). At 72h, there was a significant PMI decrease in four monkeys: A. azarae infulatus (128/37), C. penicillata (83/38), S. sciureus (77/38) and C. jacchus (55/12), with exception of C. goeldii (78/54). The FPMI of A. azarae infulatus (82.5) and C. goeldii (66) were higher than C. jacchus (33.5), but not higher than those of C. penicillata (60.5) and S. sciureus (57.5). The TNF-a response was more regular in those four primates which decreased their PMI at 24/72 h: C. jacchus (145/122 pg/mL), C. penicillata (154/130 pg/mL), S. sciureus (164/104 pg/mL) and A. azarae infulatus (154/104 pg/mL), with exception of C. goeldii (38/83 pg/mL). The IL-12 response was mainly prominent in A. infulatus and C. goeldii which presented the highest FPMI and, the NO response was higher in C. goeldii, mainly at 72 h. These findings strongly suggest that these New World primates have developed a resistant innate immune response mechanism capable of controlling the macrophage intracellular growth of L. (L.) i. chagasi-infection, which do not encourage their use as animal model for studying AVL.

SOIL CONTAMINATION IN PUBLIC SQUARES IN BELO HORIZONTE, MINAS GERAIS, BY CANINE PARASITES IN DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES

SUMMARY To evaluate soil contamination by parasites in different developmental stages in public squares used as recreation and leisure areas for children in Belo Horizonte (MG, Brazil), 210 soil samples and 141 canine fecal samples were collected from 42 squares in the city. These samples were analyzed by the Caldwell and Caldwell technique and the Hoffman, Pons, and Janer technique. Of the samples analyzed, 89 (42.4%) soil samples and 104 (73.5%) fecal samples were contaminated with Ancylostoma sp., Toxocara sp., Trichuris sp., or Dipylidium sp. eggs; Giardia sp. cysts; or Isospora sp. oocysts. The commonest parasite was Ancylostoma sp., found in 85% soil and 99% fecal samples, followed by Toxocara sp., found in 43.7% soil and 30.7% fecal samples.

Espirometria Pré-Escolar: Estudo de uma População - Que Implicações?

A espirometria é uma ferramenta major para o estudo de doentes com várias patologias, nomeadamente respiratórias, comumente usada em adultos e em crianças mais velhas. A idade pré-escolar tem sido a "idade das trevas" para a função pulmonar até aos últimos anos, pela necessiadade de cooperação e impraticabilidade de sedação. Objectivo: Determinar o número de crianças em que se torna possível efectuar espirometrias em idade pré-escolar, em função da sua idade, cumprindo critérios de aceitabilidade e exequibilidade das curvas débito-volume. Metodologia: Entre os meses de Março e Junho de 2004 foram efectuadas espirometrias animadas com equipamento Jaeger, a um grupo de 53 crianças, admitidas na Consulta de Imunoalergologia do nosso hospital por quadro clínico de asma, tosse crónica ou queixas de esforço. Foram efectuadas a cada criança 15 manobras expiratórias, antes e após a administração de 400ug de salbutamol, em câmara expansora, sendo utilizados critérios de aceitabilidade e reprodutibilidade de espirometria, paar esta faixa etária, publicados recentemente por urora et al. Resultados: De universo alvo (n=53) foi possível obter curvas em critérios de aceitabilidade e reprodutibilidade em 44 crianças (85%), com uma média etária de 4,8 anos (2-6anos) e ratio M/F de 2,2/l. Obteve-se FEV, em 22 crianças (42%), FEV 0,75 em 32 (60%) e FEV 0,5 em 45 (85%). Analisando a globalidade da população em estudo, reporta-se um ganho de 45% usando FEV 0,75 em vez de FEV 1, bem como um ganho de 104% reportando FEV 0,5 em vez de FEV 1. Tempo médio de exame, incluindo prova de broncodilatação:1,30h (35min-2h), 22% (n=10) tinham padrão obstrutivo basal, dos quais 6 tiveram prova de broncodilatção positiva. Conclusões: As crianças com 2 e 3 anos conseguiram efectuar manobras de duração máxima de 0,5 e 0,75 segundos, respectivamente. O grau de sucesso para manobras de maior duração é proporcional à idade. No período inter-crise, 22% tinham padrão obstrutivo basal, alguns dos quais com reversibilidade. A espirometria em idade pré-escolar é uma excelente ferramenta que pode ser utilizada diariamente, possibilitando analisar um grande número de crianças, que seria impossível utilizando os critérios empregues no adulto.

DOSE RESPONSE EFFECT OF Paracoccidioides brasiliensis IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF ARTHRITIS

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) and corresponds to prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the dose response effect of the fungal yeast phase for the standardization of an experimental model of septic arthritis. The experiments were performed with groups of 14 rats that received doses of 103, 104 or 105 P. brasiliensis (Pb18) cells. The fungi were injected in 50 µL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) directly into the knee joints of the animals. The following parameters were analyzed in this work: the formation of swelling in knees infused with yeast cells and the radiological and anatomopathological alterations, besides antibody titer by ELISA. After 15 days of infection, signs of inflammation were evident. At 45 days, some features of damage and necrosis were observed in the articular cartilage. The systemic dissemination of the fungus was observed in 11% of the inoculated animals, and it was concluded that the experimental model is able to mimic articular PCM in humans and that the dose of 105 yeast cells can be used as standard in this model.

FUNGEMIA CAUSED BY Candida SPECIES IN A CHILDREN'S PUBLIC HOSPITAL IN THE CITY OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL: STUDY IN THE PERIOD 2007-2010

Candidemia remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the health care environment. The epidemiology of Candida infection is changing, mainly in relation to the number of episodes caused by species C. non-albicans. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of yeasts of the genus Candida, in a four-year period, isolated from blood of pediatric patients hospitalized in a public hospital of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. In this period, yeasts from blood of 104 patients were isolated and, the identified species of Candida by phenotypic and genotypic methods were: C. albicans (39/104), C. tropicalis (25/104), C. parapsilosis (23/104), Pichia anomala (6/104), C. guilliermondii (5/104), C. krusei (3/104), C. glabrata (2/104) and C. pararugosa (1/104). During the period of the study, a higher frequency of isolates of C. non-albicans (63.55%) (p = 0.0286) was verified. In this study we verified the increase of the non-albicans species throughout the years (mainly in 2009 and 2010). Thus, considering the peculiarities presented by Candida species, a correct identification of species is recommended to lead to a faster diagnosis and an efficient treatment.

Otimização do Funcionamento de Caldeiras Aquatubulares em Indústria de Processo Químico

O presente trabalho centrou-se na otimização do rendimento térmico de duas caldeiras aquatubulares da empresa RAR- Refinaria de Açúcar Reunidas, com a finalidade de identificar onde ocorrem perdas de energia e, desta forma, propor soluções para a sua minimização. Para tal, realizaram-se ensaios em duas caldeiras da empresa providas de queimadores mistos, ou seja podem operar com fuelóleo e gás natural, tanto individualmente, como simultaneamente, sendo que para a realização dos ensaios apenas se utilizou o fuelóleo devido ao seu menor custo. Na caldeira designada por 1 realizaram-se ensaios para os caudais de 300, 500, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400 e 1600 kg/h de fuelóleo. A gama de rendimentos térmicos obtida foi entre 88,3 e 91,2%. Na caldeira designada por 3, efetuaram-se ensaios para os caudais de fuelóleo de 300, 500, 700, 900, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1500 e 1800 kg/h e os rendimentos térmicos obtidos foram entre 85,2 e 88,0%. Em ambas as caldeiras e para caudais baixos verificou-se que a quantidade de ar introduzida no processo de combustão era superior à necessária, conduzindo a uma diminuição dos valores de rendimento térmico. Para 500 kg/h de fuelóleo, por exemplo, a quantidade de ar utilizada foi cerca de duas vezes superiores ao valor estequiométrico. Tendo em conta estes factos, foi proposto ao gestor de energia a implementação de uma nova relação de ar/combustível vs caudal de combustível no sistema de controlo das referidas caldeiras. Após alguns testes (excluindo 300 kg/h de fuelóleo devido a questões de operação), considerou-se como caudal mínimo de operação os 500 Kg/h de fuelóleo nas respetivas caldeiras 1 e 3. Verificou-se que os rendimentos térmicos aumentaram, no caso da caldeira 1, para valores entre os 90,1 e 91,3% e, na caldeira 3, para valores entre 89,0 e 90,9%. Por fim, efetuou-se uma breve análise económica com o intuito de se avaliar e quantificar o que a empresa pode poupar com esta medida. O lucro anual pode oscilar entre 14.400 e 62.640€ ou 104.400 e 136.800€, para as caldeiras 1 e 3, respetivamente.

LACK OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HERPESVIRUS DETECTION IN SALIVA AND GINGIVITIS IN HIV‑INFECTED CHILDREN

The aims of this study were to compare the detection of human herpesviruses (HHVs) in the saliva of HIV-infected and healthy control children, and to evaluate associations between viral infection and gingivitis and immunodeficiency. Saliva samples were collected from 48 HIV-infected and 48 healthy control children. Clinical and laboratory data were collected during dental visits and from medical records. A trained dentist determined gingival indices and extension of gingivitis. Saliva samples were tested for herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) by nested polymerase chain reaction assays. Thirty-five HIV-infected and 16 control children had gingivitis. Seventeen (35.4%) HIV-infected children and 13 (27%) control children were positive for HHVs. CMV was the most commonly detected HHV in both groups (HIV-infected, 25%; control, 12.5%), followed by HSV-1 (6.2% in both groups) and HSV-2 (HIV-infected, 4.2%; control, 8.3%). The presence of HHVs in saliva was not associated with the presence of gingivitis in HIV-1-infected children (p = 0.104) or healthy control children (p = 0.251), or with immunosuppression in HIV-infected individuals (p = 0.447). Gingivitis was correlated with HIV infection (p = 0.0001). These results suggest that asymptomatic salivary detection of HHVs is common in HIV-infected and healthy children, and that it is not associated with gingivitis.

EFFECTS OF VITAMIN C SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE CHRONIC PHASE OF CHAGAS DISEASE

Introduction:In order to examine the effectiveness of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in combating the oxidative insult caused by Trypanosoma cruzi during the development of the chronic phase of Chagas disease, Swiss mice were infected intraperitoneally with 5.0 × 104 trypomastigotes of T. cruzi QM1strain.Methods:Mice were given supplements of two different doses of vitamin C for 180 days. Levels of lipid oxidation (as indicated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances-TBARS), total peroxide, vitamin C, and reduced glutathione were measured in the plasma, TBARS, total peroxide and vitamin C were measured in the myocardium and histopathologic analysis was undertaken in heart, colon and skeletal muscle.Results:Animals that received a dose equivalent to 500 mg of vitamin C daily showed increased production of ROS in plasma and myocardium and a greater degree of inflammation and necrosis in skeletal muscles than those that received a lower dose or no vitamin C whatsoever.Conclusion:Although some research has shown the antioxidant effect of vitamin C, the results showed that animals subject to a 500 mg dose of vitamin C showed greater tissue damage in the chronic phase of Chagas disease, probably due to the paradoxical actions of the substance, which in this pathology, will have acted as a pro-oxidant or pro-inflammatory.

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PUTATIVE ASSOCIATION OF IL10 -3575 T/A GENETIC POLYMORPHISM WITH MALARIA SYMPTOMS

Only a small percentage of individuals living in endemic areas develop severe malaria suggesting that host genetic factors may play a key role. This study has determined the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in some pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene sequences: IL6 (-174; rs1800795), IL12p40 (+1188; rs3212227), IL4 (+33; rs2070874), IL10 (-3575; rs1800890) and TGFb1 (+869; rs1800470), by means of PCR-RFLP. Blood samples were collected from 104 symptomatic and 37 asymptomatic subjects. Laboratory diagnosis was assessed by the thick blood smear test and nested-PCR. No association was found between IL6 (-174), IL12p40 (+1188), IL4 (+33), IL10 (- 3575), TGFb1 (+869) SNPs and malaria symptoms. However, regarding the IL10 -3575 T/A SNP, there were significantly more AA and AT subjects, carrying the polymorphic allele A, in the symptomatic group (c2 = 4.54, p = 0.01, OR = 0.40 [95% CI - 0.17- 0.94]). When the analysis was performed by allele, the frequency of the polymorphic allele A was also significantly higher in the symptomatic group (c2 = 4.50, p = 0.01, OR = 0.45 [95% CI - 0.21-0.95]). In conclusion, this study has suggested the possibility that the IL10 - 3575 T/A SNP might be associated with the presence and maintenance of malaria symptoms in individuals living in endemic areas. Taking into account that this polymorphism is related to decreased IL10 production, a possible role of this SNP in the pathophysiology of malaria is also suggested, but replication studies with a higher number of patients and evaluation of IL10 levels are needed for confirmation.

Miastenia Gravis e Anestesia

A Miastenia Gravis é uma doença crónica auto-imune da junção neuro muscular (JNM). Doença rara, com incidência de 1 para 20.000, mais comum em adultos jovens do sexo feminino, é caracterizada pela fraqueza e fadiga rápida dos músculos esqueléticos voluntários com o uso repetido seguida de recuperação com o repouso. Neste trabalho pretende-se fazer uma breve revisão desta entidade clínica, da abordagem anestésica do doente miasténico e da relação Miastenia/gravidez.

SURVIVAL CAPACITY OF Arcobacter butzleri INOCULATED IN POULTRY MEAT AT TWO DIFFERENT REFRIGERATION TEMPERATURES

Arcobacter spp. are emerging enteropathogens and potential zoonotic agents that can be transmitted by food and water, being considered a public health risk. The high isolation rate of these bacteria from poultry products suggests that it may be a major source of human infections. One hallmark for differentiating the genus Arcobacter fromCampylobacter includes their growing capacity at low temperatures (15-30 °C) under aerobic conditions. However, little is known about the population density variation of these bacteria at different refrigeration temperatures. The aim of this study was to determine the survival behavior of two different Arcobacter butzleri concentrations (104 CFU/mL and 107 CFU/mL) inoculated on chicken legs and held at two different refrigeration temperatures (4 and 10 °C) throughout storage time. Results have shown that A. butzleri had growing capacity both at 4 and 10 °C. No statistical difference between the survival trends was found for both bacterial concentrations and temperatures tested. This study shows that A. butzleri is a robust species with regard to storage temperature, and represents a potential health risk for poultry meat consumers.

Estudo da susceptibilidade de roedores provenientes do foco pestoso de Teresópolis: Nova Friburgo, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Neste trabalho foram realizados estudos sôbre a susceptibilidade de 13 espécies de roedores provenientes do foco pestoso Teresópolis-Nova Friburgo (Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) a uma cêpa de Pasteurella pestis. As doses inoculadas variaram de 104.10(8) a 0,104 germes/ml. Os resultados obtidos mostraram extrema variabilidade no comportamento de cada espécie de roedor inoculada.

Prophylactic Use of Liposomal Amphotericin B in Preventing Fungal Infections Early After Liver Transplantation: a Retrospective, Single-Center Study

In this study the authors evaluated the efficacy of prophylaxis with liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) in the incidence of fungal infections (FI) during the first 3 months after liver transplant (LT). The study was retrospective and accessed a 4-year period from 2008 to 2011. All patients who died in the first 48 hours after LT were excluded. Patients were divided by the risk groups for FI: Group 1, high-risk (at least 1 of the following conditions: urgent LT; serum creatinine >2 mg/dL; early acute kidney injury [AKI] after LT; retransplantation; surgical exploration early post-LT; transfused cellular blood components [>40 U]); and Group 2, low-risk patients. Group 1 patients were further separated into those who received antifungal prophylaxis with L-AmB and those who did not. Prophylaxis with L-AmB consisted of intravenous administration of L-AmB, 100 mg daily for 14 days. Four hundred ninety-two patients underwent LT; 31 died in the first 48 hours after LT. From the remaining 461 patients, 104 presented with high-risk factors for FI (Group 1); of these, 66 patients received antifungal prophylaxis and 38 did not. In this group 8 FI were observed, 5 in patients without antifungal prophylaxis (P = .011). Three more FI were identified in Group 2. By logistic regression analysis, the categorical variable high-risk group was independently related to the occurrence of invasive FI (P = .006). We conclude that prophylaxis with L-AmB after LT was effective in reducing the incidence of FI. No influence on mortality was detected.