993 resultados para 209-1273


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Age and growth estimates for the winter skate (Leucoraja ocellata) were estimated from vertebral band counts on 209 fish ranging in size from 145 to 940 mm total length (TL). An index of average percent error (IAPE) of 5.8% suggests that our aging method represents a precise approach to the age assessment of L. ocellata. Marginal increments were significantly different between months (Kruskal-Wallis P<0.001) and a distinct trend of increasing monthly increment growth began in July. Estimates of von Bertalanffy growth parameters suggest that females attain a slightly larger asymptotic TL (L∞=1374 mm) than males (L∞=1218 mm) and grow more slowly (k=0.059 and 0.074, respectively). The oldest ages obtained for the winter skate were 19 years for males and 18 years for females, which corresponded to total lengths of 932 mm and 940 mm, respectively. The results indicate that the winter skate exhibits the characteristics that have made other elasmobranch populations highly susceptible to exploitation by commercial fisheries.

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Net catches from 1985–86 to 1994–95 at Pivers Island, North Carolina, indicated that glass-eel stage American eels (Anguilla rostrata) were recruited to the estuary from November to early May, with peak numbers in January, February, and March. There was no declining trend in recruitment over the years of sampling. Except for one year, there was no clear seasonal decrease in mean length. But shorter glass eels were older than longer glass eels, as judged by age within the glass eel growth zone of the otolith, suggesting that smaller fish took longer to arrive. The mean age of glass eels collected from the lower estuary and a freshwater site 9.5 km upriver differed by 8.4 d (36.2 vs. 44.6, respectively). Outer increments (30–35) of the otolith growth zone of glass eels from North Carolina were significantly wider than corresponding increments of otoliths from New Brunswick. Mean total ages of North Carolina, New Jersey, and New Brunswick elvers were 175.4, 201.2, and 209.3 d, corresponding to mean lengths of 55.9, 60.9, and 58.1 mm TL, respectively. The mean durations of glass-eel growth zones (44.6, 62.3, and 69.8) were in close agreement with those from previous studies, but total ages were not. This suggested that perhaps some finer (leptocephalus stage) increments were not detected by light microscopy, differences occurred in seasonal increment deposition, or absorption of the otolith material may have taken place during metamorphosis, rendering the aging of larvae inaccurate. Judging from the long recruitment period and seasonal uniformity in both mean age and length found in our study, the spawning period of American eels may be somewhat more protracted than previously considered.

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元素化学计量学指从化学计量学的角度出发,通过分析比较生命物质不同结构层次(分子、细胞、器官、机体、种群、群落等)或生态系统中元素的相对比值,来研究各层次相互之间以及生态学过程中元素之间的关系。生态化学计量学研究可以把生态实体的各个层次存元素水平上统一起来,足近年来新兴的一个生态学研究领域,广泛应用于生态学研究中。C,N,P是生物地球化学循环中的重要元素,在生态系统中占有重要地位,许多环境问题都与它们有关,由此这三种元素的化学计量学受到生态学家们的普遍关注。C:N:P化学计量学在水生生态系统中研究较为深入,目前已发展到染色体水平,而在陆地生态系统中的研究较为匮乏近年来由于人类活动的强烈影响,这三种元素的循环在速度和规模上都发生了前所未有的改变,导致一系列环境问题的出现,因此C:N:P化学计量学在陆地生态系统中的研究就显得尤为重要。作为地球生命存在基础的绿色植物,在地球上已有数亿年的演化历史,研究陆地植物的元素化学计量学不仅有助于深入了解植物存在于地球上的内在机制,而且可以为许多环境问题的解决提供理论依据。本文首先建立中国不同地区植物氮磷含量数据库,通过数据分析找出一般规律,并进一步揭示植物不同进化阶段N:P化学计量比的变化规律。在此基础上,通过在内蒙古羊草草原设立不同施肥样地来模拟自然界不同氮磷环境,从试验水平上研究不同施肥处理及施肥梯度下生态系统中氮、磷、有机质的变化规律,并从化学计量学角度研究其内在机制。 利州新建成的中国维管植物数据库(包含1603种植物)研究了不同进化水平以及不同功能群(生活型)间植物N:P比的变化规律,并沿胡焕庸线(胡线)把中团分为为东西两部分,从总体水平上对比了东、西部间叫植物氮磷含量以及N:P的异同。结果表明:l)从演化水平来看,尽管氮磷含量表现出极大的差异,除豆科植物外,植物N:P基本保持稳定水平;2)木本植物与草本植物的N:P比差异.显著,木本植物之间(常绿乔木,常绿灌木,落叶乔木,落叶灌木)N:P不具有显著差异;3)中国东西部植物养分含量和N:P比表现出极显著差异,东部的养分含量低于西部,而N:P显著高于西部。 在内蒙古羊草草原两块永久实验样地(样地A:1980年围封样地和样地B:1999年田封样地)进行了为期两年的N素和P素添加试验。氮素添加梯度为0,5,15,30,50,80 g NHN03.m.2.yr-1。P素添加梯度为0,2,4,8,16,and 32 g P2Osm-2 yr-1(仪分析了羊草器官的结果)。分别从植物器官、物种、功能群水平研究了N素添加对N:P化学计量学的影响,此外还研究了土壤和凋落物C:N:P化学计量学对N素添加的响应。结合生物量的变化趋势,探讨了元素化学计量学对养分状况的指示作用。 1.羊草器官对施肥的响应结果表明,添加N素可以显著提高羊草器官中的含N量,p素可以显著提高器官中的含P量:除2001年样地A中的根茎外,根茎中的含P量基本不受N素添加的影响;茎中的含P量同样表现出不受N素添加影响的趋势(2000年B区茎除外):N素添加可以显著增大羊草叶片中的含P量(B区2000年叶片除外)。P素添加对羊草器官的含N量没有影响;羊草器官中的氮磷含量施肥处理下表现出显著的正相关关系(N素添加下B区叶片除外)。N素添加对羊草器官的N:P比没有显著影响(A区茎2000年和B区叶片2000年除外):P素添加显著降低了羊草器官中的N:P比。 2.四种优势植物(羊草、羽茅、针茅和苔草)地上生物量和N:P化学计量学对氮肥的响应研究发现,四个物种的氮磷含量均具有极显著相关关系;氮肥可以显著提高样地A中的羽茅生物量,降低苔草的生物量,而使样地B中的羊草生物量增大;两块样地中,四个物种的氮磷含量及N:P比均随N素水平的增高而增大(样地A中的羽茅N:P比除外)。 3.基于生活型划分的功能群(多年生根茎禾草,多年生丛生禾草,豆科植物,多年生杂类草,一二年生植物,灌木和半灌木)对N素添加的响应研究表明:施N可以提高样地A中的多年生丛生禾草的生物量,而使样地B中的多年生根苇禾草增加;多年生杂类草的相对多度在两个样地中均随施氨水平的增加而显著 降低:在样地B中,施氮可以显著提高不同功能群的氮磷含量;在样地A中,功能群N、P含量对施肥的响应并没有一致的变化规律,添加N素可以显著提高不同功能群的含N量(豆科植物除外),多年生根茎禾草和多年生杂类草的P含量有显著增大的趋势(P < 0.005),而其它功能群(豆科植物、灌木和小半灌木、多年生杂类草和~二年生杂类草)的P含量基本恒定(P>0.05);在样地A中,多年生丛生禾草,多年生杂类草,一二年生植物,灌木和半灌木的N:P比随施氨水平的增加而显著增大,多年生根茎禾草和豆科植物的N:P比基本不变;在样地B中,多年生丛生禾草的N:P比随施氨水平的增加而显著增大,多年生根茎禾草、多年生杂类草和…二年生杂类草不受施氨水平的影响。 4.添加N素对根实验结果表明:两块样地中,上层根(0-10 cm)的生物量仅在施N后第一年显著增加,而下层根(10-20 cm)的地下生物量在两年的施N处理下均不受施肥梯度的影响i在样地A中,施肥后第一年对根的N、P含量影响不显著,施肥后第二年可以显著增大上层根的N、P含量;在样地B中,添加N素后第一年可以显著增大根的含P量; 在两个样地中,两年的N肥处理对根的N:P比没有显著影响:在施氨处理中,根的N、P含量及N:P比在施肥第一年的响应要高于第二年。 5.所有处理中,上层土壤(O-lO cm)养分含量(有机碳,全氮,全磷)均高于下层土壤(10-20 cm);在样地A中,氮素添加对r十壤有机碳没有显著性作用,在施肥第一年可以显著增加上层土壤的N、P含量,而在施肥后第二年对土壤N、P含量没有显著影响;在样地B中,添加N素对两年的土壤养分均没有显著影响:养分添加两个样地土壤中的元素比值(C:N比,C:P比,N:P比)没有显著影响;土壤养分对施N一年后的响应要高于第二年。 6.养分添加对凋落物化学特征及化学计量学特征的影响研究结果表明:凋落物现存量不受施肥的影响;2001年凋落物现存量与2000年和2001年的地上生物量相关关系不显著;添加N素可以显著提高凋落物的N含量,而对有机碳含量和P含量没有显著影响;凋落物C:N比随施肥梯度的增大而显著降低,N:P比显著增高,而C:P比没有明显变化。 以上研究结果表明,不同植物功能群的N:P比存在差异,人类活动强烈影响自然植被中的植物N:P比;但植物的N:P比不受植物进化的影响(豆科植物除外);由于植物已有数亿年的演化历史,同时N与P在植物的结构和功能上具有密切的联系,在生物地球化学循环中办存在耦合作用。因此植物N:P比值恒定可能是一普适性规律。 N素添加试验表明,在植物根、地上器官、物种和功能群水平上N与P均呈显著正相关关系,反映了植物体内的氮磷含量具有协同作用。共存种对N肥的响应不同,表明物种受不同元素的制约。因此除非把生态系统中所有物种对施肥的响应刻画清楚,笼统的认定生态系统缺乏某种元素是不适当的。 施肥试验表明,两种围封时间样地的主要限制性元素不同。极度退化(样地B)植物生长主要缺N,而在保护较好样地(样地A),P也逐步成为一种限制因素。反映了随着保护时间的增加,植物生长逐渐由N限制型向N、P共同限制型过渡。添加的养分要么被植物吸收,挥发到大气中,或以凋落物的形式返还到土壤表层。但是对养分的预算有待于进一步研究。土壤中的养分含量对N素添加有…个滞后效应,而植物响应较为迅速。功能群N:P比在施肥实验中不能保持恒定,可能是由于实验时间较短的缘故;化学计量学的研究表明羊草草原分解凋落物的微生物受P素的制约,可能是由于植物体内具有高的P素再转运机制。这一结论有待于进一步的验证。氮肥降低了凋落物的C:N比,因此凋落物的分解速率可能将要发生改变。这需要进一步开展C循环的研究。

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EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): In this work, I examine patterns of atmospheric circulation associated with tree growth anomalies at mid-to-high latitudes (2000-3500 meters).

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A new interpolation technique has been developed for replacing missing samples in a sampled waveform drawn from a stationary stochastic process, given the power spectrum for the process. The method works with a finite block of data and is based on the assumption that components of the block DFT are Gaussian zero-mean independent random variables with variance proportional to the power spectrum at each frequency value. These assumptions make the interpolator particularly suitable for signals with a sharply-defined harmonic structure, such as audio waveforms recorded from music or voiced speech. Some results are presented and comparisons are made with existing techniques.

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An articulated lorry was instrumented in order to measure its performance in straight-line braking. The trailer was fitted with two interchangeable tandem axle sub-chassis, one with an air suspension and the other with a steel monoleaf four-spring suspension. The brakes were only applied to the trailer axles, which were fitted with anti-lock braking systems (ABS), with the brake torque controlled in response to anticipated locking of the leading axle of the tandem. The vehicle with the air suspension was observed to have significantly better braking performance than the steel suspension, and to generate smaller inter-axle load transfer and smaller vertical dynamic tyre forces. Computer models of the two suspensions were developed, including their brakes and anti-lock systems. The models were found to reproduce most of the important features of the experimental results. It was concluded that the poor braking performance of the steel four-spring suspension was mainly due to interaction between the ABS and inter-axle load transfer effects. The effect of road roughness was investigated and it was found that vehicle stopping distances can increase significantly with increasing road roughness. Two alternative anti-lock braking control strategies were simulated. It was found that independent sensing and actuation of the ABS system on each wheel greatly reduced the difference in stopping distances between the air and steel suspensions. A control strategy based on limiting wheel slip was least susceptible to the effects of road roughness.

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A block-based motion estimation technique is proposed which permits a less general segmentation performed using an efficient deterministic algorithm. Applied to image pairs from the Flower Garden and Table Tennis sequences, the algorithm successfully localizes motion discontinuities and detects uncovered regions. The algorithm is implemented in C on a Sun Sparcstation 20. The gradient-based motion estimation required 28.8 s CPU time, and 500 iterations of the segmentation algorithm required 32.6 s.

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本研究建立了沉积物中氯化石蜡(CPs)的分析方法,对莱州湾和该区域主要河流的表层沉积物中多氯萘(PCNs),多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和CPs进行了分析,获得了他们在研究区域的含量水平、空间分布和单体分布模式,并初步探讨了它们在环境中的来源和迁移规律,估算了这三类污染物在莱州湾表层沉积物中的储量,初步评估了莱州湾沿岸的工业排放与人类活动对海洋生态环境的影响。 莱州湾海洋和河流沉积物PCNs的含量分别为65-470 pg/g dw,52-5100 pg/g dw,平均值分别为260 pg/g dw,1100 pg/g dw。莱州湾沉积物中PCNs的含量较低,与发达国家的背景值相当,主要河流沉积物与其他地区的近海、海湾、湖泊沉积物的含量相当。该区域的PCNs主要以5-Cl和6-Cl为主,为工业来源,主要受化工行业的影响。石化工厂热过程产生的低氯组分可能也是该区域PCNs的一个重要来源。莱州湾的PCNs主要来自水体颗粒的输入,而大气沉降来源的贡献不明显。 河流沉积物ΣPBDEs(不包括BDE-209)的含量分别为0.01- 53 ng/g dw,BDE-209的含量为0.74- 280 ng/g dw,平均值分别为4.4 ng/g dw,51 ng/g dw。在组成上,BDE-209占绝对优势,比低溴代BDEs高1-2个数量级,这是由于我国市场上十溴联苯醚是最主要的溴代阻燃剂。ΣPBDEs与亚洲一些地区含量相当,比北美和欧洲一些地区要低;BDE-209含量含量高出北美和欧洲一些地区,处于较高的水平。河流沉积物中BDE-47与-99,BDE-183与-153、-154具有很好的相关性,而且这几种单体质量分数相当,说明莱州湾区域存在五溴和八溴两种工业BDE阻燃剂来源。海洋沉积物中ΣPBDEs的含量为nd- 0.66 ng/g dw,平均值为0.32 ng/g dw,处于较低水平,BDE-209的含量为0.66- 12 ng/g dw,平均值为5.1 ng/g dw,与欧美一些地区相当,主要来自水体颗粒的输入。 本研究用电子捕获低分辨质谱(ECNI-LRMS)建立了沉积物中CPs的分析方法。该方法基于ECNI质谱对SCCP的响应与其氯含量在一定范围内呈线性关系的特性,建立SCCP的总响应因子与氯含量的工作曲线,从而建立定量方法。重点改进了传统方法中由于SCCP标准品和样品中氯含量不同所造成的响应因子的差别,不再要求标准品的含氯量与样品一致,从而提高了SCCP的分析效率与方法准确性。实验发现,当SCCP的实际氯含量在51%-63%之间时,二者线性关系良好(r2>0.96)。用不同氯含量的标准参考品测试,误差为8%-43%。仪器检测限和方法检测限分别为25-400 μg/L,20 ng/g。类似地,建立了中链氯化石蜡(MCCP)的分析方法,工作曲线的实际氯含量范围为44-57%,仪器检测限40-600 μg/L,方法检测限为6 ng/g。通过对比样品与标准品的峰形特征,严格控制保留时间来辨别SCCP与MCCP,实验证明由于二者叠加导致的误差:SCCP为8%,MCCP为14%,总体来说,用该方法得到的CPs数据是可靠的。本文所使用的净化方法能实现CPs与大部分有机氯化合物的分离。 用该方法对莱州湾的沉积物的CPs进行定量,除了两个河流样品MCCP的计算含氯量低于工作曲线以外,其他样品的SCCP和MCCP的计算氯含量都在工作曲线的范围之内。河流沉积物中SCCP和MCCP的含量分别为1-1200 ng/g dw,1-3300 ng/g dw,MCCP/SCCP均值为1.2;含量分布变化较大,一些河段受到工业排放的影响,CPs浓度高出均值1-2个数量级,MCCP/SCCP值也显著高出平均值。莱州湾区域大部分河流的CPs含量与欧洲、北美和日本一些地区相当,而一些受到点源污染的河段则处于较高的水平。河流中SCCP的质量分布在不同的站位不一样,在受到点源影响的样品中,C13的质量分数明显增大,占优势地位,可能是由MCCP携带的SCCP组分所致。MCCP的质量分布在河流和海洋中没有区别,都是C14占绝对优势。从氯取代的组分来讲,所有样品都是以6-8氯取代为主。海洋沉积物中SCCP和MCCP的含量分别为3-18 ng/g dw,1-13 ng/g dw, MCCP/SCCP均值为0.68,显著低于河流沉积物;SCCP的质量分布较为一致,都是以C10和C11为主。研究发现莱州湾区域SCCP与MCCP来源相似,但迁移规律有的不同。海洋环境中的MCCP可能主要来自水体颗粒的输入,而溶解态输入也是海洋环境中SCCP的重要来源。 对这三类污染物在莱州湾表层沉积物中的储量估算得到PCNs、ΣPBDEs、BDE-209、SCCP和MCCP在莱州湾表层0-10 cm沉积物中的储量分别为0.20t,0.25t,3.95t,6.52t,4.30t。拥有10%的渤海海域面积的莱州湾ΣPBDEs和BDE-209的储量分别占渤海海区总量的18-23%,18-32%,远远超过渤海的平均值。

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