Immunohistochemical molecular phenotypes of gastric cancer based on SOX2 and CDX2 predict patient outcome

Background Gastric cancer remains a serious health concern worldwide. Patients would greatly benefit from the discovery of new biomarkers that predict outcome more accurately and allow better treatment and follow-up decisions. Here, we used a retrospective, observational study to assess the expression and prognostic value of the transcription factors SOX2 and CDX2 in gastric cancer. Methods SOX2, CDX2, MUC5AC and MUC2 expression were assessed in 201 gastric tumors by immunohistochemistry. SOX2 and CDX2 expression were crossed with clinicopathological and follow-up data to determine their impact on tumor behavior and outcome. Moreover, SOX2 locus copy number status was assessed by FISH (N = 21) and Copy Number Variation Assay (N = 62). Results SOX2 was expressed in 52% of the gastric tumors and was significantly associated with male gender, T stage and N stage. Moreover, SOX2 expression predicted poorer patient survival, and the combination with CDX2 defined two molecular phenotypes, SOX2+CDX2- versus SOX2-CDX2+, that predict the worst and the best long-term patients’ outcome. These profiles combined with clinicopathological parameters stratify the prognosis of patients with intestinal and expanding tumors and in those without signs of venous invasion. Finally, SOX2 locus copy number gains were found in 93% of the samples reaching the amplification threshold in 14% and significantly associating with protein expression. Conclusions We showed, for the first time, that SOX2 combined with CDX2 expression profile in gastric cancer segregate patients into different prognostic groups, complementing the clinicopathological information. We further demonstrate a molecular mechanism for SOX2 expression in a subset of gastric cancer cases.

Matrix converter as unified power flow controller: design and implementation of decoupled direct power controllers

This paper presents the design and implementation of direct power controllers for three-phase matrix converters (MC) operating as Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC). Theoretical principles of the decoupled linear power controllers of the MC-UPFC to minimize the cross-coupling between active and reactive power control are established. From the matrix converter based UPFC model with a modified Venturini high frequency PWM modulator, decoupled controllers for the transmission line active (P) and reactive (Q) power direct control are synthesized. Simulation results, obtained from Matlab/Simulink, are presented in order to confirm the proposed approach. Results obtained show decoupled power control, zero error tracking, and fast responses with no overshoot and no steady-state error.

Modulação do estado redox em bactérias por quinoxalinas

As quinoxalinas são compostos heterocíclicos que têm, entre outras, capacidades antimicrobianas, inclusivamente contra bactérias resistentes aos antimicrobianos convencionais. Os mecanismos pelos quais estes compostos exercem a sua atividade ainda não está completamente esclarecido. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o efeito redox em sinergismo/antagonismo com as quinoxalinas em modelos de bactérias com e sem resistências a antimicrobianos. No que se refere aos compostos foram utilizados a quinoxalina 1,4-dióxido (QNX), 2-metil-3-benzilquinoxalina-1,4-dióxido (2M3BQNX), 2-metilquinoxalina-1,4-dióxido (2MQNX) e a 2-amino-3-cianoquinoxalina-1,4-dióxido (2A3CQNX). Quanto aos modelos procariotas, foram utilizados a Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Escherichia coli TEM 201 e Escherichia coli TEM 180. Nos compostos químicos em que se verificou a Concentração Mínima Inibitória (CMI), realizou-se o estudo do comportamento do crescimento bacteriano. Relativamente ao estado redox, foi avaliado para cada estirpe sensível, através do rácio GSH/GSSG, nas doses inibitórias e não inibitórias de cada composto. Os resultados apresentam que todos os compostos testados, à exceção do 2M3BQNX, têm atividade antimicrobiana na maioria das estirpes, excetuando a E. faecalis e a S. saprophyticus. Os rácios GSH/GSSG apontam para o efeito oxidante em K. pneumoniae e S. enterica e antioxidante na E. aerogenes. A conclusão do estudo sugere que os compostos apresentam elevada capacidade antibacteriana e influência no equilíbrio redox das bactérias, podendo contribuir para o esclarecimento do mecanismo de ação dos derivados das quinoxalinas 1-4 dióxido, nas bactérias.

Oriented Tailoring of Plastic Antibodies for Prostate Specific Antigen and Application of the Imprinted Material as Ionophore in Potentiometric Detection

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) is the biomarker of choice for screening prostate cancer throughout the population, with PSA values above 10 ng/mL pointing out a high probability of associated cancer1. According to the most recent World Health Organization (WHO) data, prostate cancer is the commonest form of cancer in men in Europe2. Early detection of prostate cancer is thus very important and is currently made by screening PSA in men over 45 years old, combined with other alterations in serum and urine parameters. PSA is a glycoprotein with a molecular mass of approximately 32 kDa consisting of one polypeptide chain, which is produced by the secretory epithelium of human prostate. Currently, the standard methods available for PSA screening are immunoassays like Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA). These methods are highly sensitive and specific for the detection of PSA, but they require expensive laboratory facilities and high qualify personal resources. Other highly sensitive and specific methods for the detection of PSA have also become available and are in its majority immunobiosensors1,3-5, relying on antibodies. Less expensive methods producing quicker responses are thus needed, which may be achieved by synthesizing artificial antibodies by means of molecular imprinting techniques. These should also be coupled to simple and low cost devices, such as those of the potentiometric kind, one approach that has been proven successful6. Potentiometric sensors offer the advantage of selectivity and portability for use in point-of-care and have been widely recognized as potential analytical tools in this field. The inherent method is simple, precise, accurate and inexpensive regarding reagent consumption and equipment involved. Thus, this work proposes a new plastic antibody for PSA, designed over the surface of graphene layers extracted from graphite. Charged monomers were used to enable an oriented tailoring of the PSA rebinding sites. Uncharged monomers were used as control. These materials were used as ionophores in conventional solid-contact graphite electrodes. The obtained results showed that the imprinted materials displayed a selective response to PSA. The electrodes with charged monomers showed a more stable and sensitive response, with an average slope of -44.2 mV/decade and a detection limit of 5.8X10-11 mol/L (2 ng/mL). The corresponding non-imprinted sensors showed smaller sensitivity, with average slopes of -24.8 mV/decade. The best sensors were successfully applied to the analysis of serum samples, with percentage recoveries of 106.5% and relatives errors of 6.5%.

Evolução na continuidade?

pp. 201-207

Clinical and epidemiological aspects of HTLV-II infection in São Paulo, Brazil: presence of Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-Associated Myelopathy (TSP/HAM) simile diagnosis in HIV-1-co-infected subjects

In this study, the epidemiological and clinical features observed in solely HTLV-II-infected individuals were compared to those in patients co-infected with HIV-1. A total of 380 subjects attended at the HTLV Out-Patient Clinic in the Institute of Infectious Diseases "Emilio Ribas" (IIER), São Paulo, Brazil, were evaluated every 3-6 months for the last seven years by infectious disease specialists and neurologists. Using a testing algorithm that employs the enzyme immuno assay, Western Blot and polymerase chain reaction, it was found that 201 (53%) were HTLV-I positive and 50 (13%) were infected with HTLV-II. Thirty-seven (74%) of the HTLV-II reactors were co-infected with HIV-1. Of the 13 (26%) solely HTLV-II-infected subjects, urinary tract infection was diagnosed in three (23%), one case of skin vasculitis (8%) and two cases of lumbar pain and erectile dysfunction (15%), but none myelopathy case was observed. Among 37 co-infected with HIV-1, four cases (10%) presented with tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) simile. Two patients showed paraparesis as the initial symptom, two cases first presented with vesical and erectile disturbances, peripheral neuropathies were observed in other five patients (13%), and seven (19%) patients showed some neurological signal or symptoms, most of them with lumbar pain (five cases). The results obtained suggest that neurological manifestations may be more frequent in HTLV-II/HIV-1-infected subjects than those infected with HTLV-II only.

Existem Diferenças nos Resultados da Angioplastia Directa no Sexo Feminino?

Introdução: Em doentes com enfarte agudo do miocárdio (EAM), a angioplastia percutânea (ACTP) é de forma crescente aceite como a terapêutica de reperfusão mais eficaz. No sexo feminino estão descritos factores com implicação prognóstica na evolução do EAM. Existem diferenças detectáveis de morbilidade e mortalidade, após ACTP directa, no sexo feminino? Objectivos: Avaliar o perfil clínico e os resultados, em termos de morbilidade e mortalidade intrahospitalar, em mulheres submetidas a angioplastia directa por síndrome coronário agudo (SCA) com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Metodologia: Análise retrospectiva de 245 doentes consecutivos, 72 dos quais do sexo feminino (29,4 %), admitidos entre Janeiro de 2000 a Dezembro de 2001 por SCA com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e submetidos a ACTP directa. Avaliámos a prevalência dos vários factores de risco cardiovascular – hipertensão arterial (HTA), tabagismo, dislipidémia, diabetes mellitus, história familiar –; antecedentes pessoais de angina, EAM e angioplastia prévios; horas de evolução do enfarte; características angiográficas e evolução clínica.Resultados: Do estudo descritivo dos dados, verificou-se que os doentes do sexo feminino eram mais idosos (67,9 ± 11,6 vs 59,6 ± 13; p < 0,001), com maior prevalência de HTA (65,3% vs 47,4 %; p < 0,05) e angina (29,0% vs 16,0 %; p < 0,05) e menor prevalência de tabagismo (27,8% vs 54,3 %; p < 0,001). A demora média (horas) entre o início da sintomatologia e a ACTP foi significativamente maior nas mulheres (6,8 ± 4,1 vs 5,4 ± 3,7; p < 0,05). Angiograficamente, o número de lesões existentes e abordadas foi semelhante nos dois grupos. Utilizaram-se inibidores da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa em 84,7% das mulheres e 90,8% dos homens. Dos eventos considerados, verificou-se maior ocorrência de complicações hemorrágicas minor (5,6% vs 5,2 %), arritmias (15,3% vs 10,4 %) e mortalidade intrahospitalar (9,7% vs 6,4 %) no sexo feminino, sem no entanto apresentar significado estatístico. A demora média intra- -hospitalar foi semelhante nos dois grupos. Conclusão: Apesar da crescente preocupação com a homogeneidade de abordagens diagnósticas e terapêuticas nos dois sexos, particularmente no acesso a terapêutica de reperfusão, a morbilidade e mortalidade são tendencialmente superiores na nossa população, sem contudo atingir significado estatístico. A idade mais avançada e a maior demora até à realização da angioplastia, podem explicar esta discrepância.

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients Receiving Dialysis in Portugal: a Nationwide Multicentre Survey

Background: Data on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients receiving dialysis in Portugal is scarce. Methods: This nationwide epidemiological survey retrospectively evaluates HIV-infected patients on chronic dialysis in Portugal between 1997 and 2002. Results: Sixty-six patients were evaluated (mean age: 39.1±1.6 years, 47 men, 35 black African). Sixty-two patients started dialysis and 4 patients who were receiving dialysis had HIV seroconversion. Eighty-five percent of patients were treated in Lisbon. The annual incidence of HIV-infected patients on chronic dialysis was 0.5% in 1997 and 0.9% in 2002. Seventy-eight percent of patients were HIV-1 infected , 13% had hepatitis B and 31% hepatitis C. Sexual contact was the mode of transmission of HIV in 53% of cases. Four patients had biopsy-proved HIV-associated nephropathy. Ninety-five percent of patients were on chronic hemodialysis. Fifty percent of patients had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. At follow-up, 12 patients died. HIV-infected CKD patient survival after starting dialysis was 80% at 3 years. Conclusion: The incidence of HIV-infected patients on chronic dialysis in Portugal has almost doubled. Widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy and the increasing number of black Africans from former overseas Portuguese colonies now living in Portugal are possible reasons for this large increase.

Evaluation of enterovirus 71 immune status in São Paulo state, Brazil

Antibodies to Enterovirus 71 (EV71) were evaluated in São Paulo State during 1999-2005. The titer of neutralizing antibodies against EV71 was determined by microneutralization assay, and a titer of > 1:8 was defined as indicative of protected immunity. Neutralizing antibodies to EV71 were observed in 12.4% (55/442) of sera samples, a low protective rate, suggesting that EV71 infection is uncommon in this region, but that there is a relatively high susceptibility to EV71 related diseases, which is worrying considering the recent Asian outbreaks. Also, a significant location-specific difference in seropositivity was observed. Neutralizing antibodies to EV71 were observed in 8.7% (21/241) of São Paulo metropolitan area sera samples, and 16.9% (34/201) of the sera samples from other municipalities. A high number of Brazilian residents live in country and coastal areas without adequate access to piped water or sanitation. This situation may contribute to the EV71 dissemination in these zones. The analysis of environmental samples could possibly make a valuable contribution to studies on the epidemiology of EV71.

Hopelessness and Related Variables among Cancer Patients in the Southern European Psycho-Oncology Study (SEPOS).

BACKGROUND: Although hopelessness has been studied in cancer, no data are available in non-English-speaking countries. OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to amass data from Southern European countries (Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Switzerland) in order to fill this void. METHOD: A group of 312 cancer patients completed the Mini-MAC Hopelessness subscale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Cancer Worry Inventory (CWI), and a six-item Visual Analog scale (VAS) to measure intensity of physical symptoms, general well-being, difficulty in coping with cancer, intensity of social support from close relationships, leisure activity, and support from religious beliefs. RESULTS: Regression analysis indicated that HADS-Depression, VAS Maladaptive Coping and Well-Being, and the CWI explained 42% of the variance. CONCLUSION: Hopelessness in cancer patients seems not exclusively to correspond to depression, but is related to various other psychosocial factors, such as maladaptive coping, as well.

Spatial distribution of dengue in the city of Cruzeiro, São Paulo State, Brazil: use of geoprocessing tools

The aim of this article is to identify patterns in spatial distribution of cases of dengue fever that occurred in the municipality of Cruzeiro, State of São Paulo, in 2006. This is an ecological and exploratory study using the tools of spatial analysis in the preparation of thematic maps with data from Sinan-Net. An analysis was made by area, taking as unit the IBGE census, the analysis included four months in 2006 which show the occurrence of the disease in the city. The thematic maps were constructed by TerraView 3.3.1 software, the same software provided the values of the indicators of Global Moran (I M) every month and the Kernel estimation. In the year 2006, 691 cases of dengue were georeferenced (with a rate of 864.2 cases/100,000 inhabitants); the indicators of Moran and p-values obtained were I M = 0.080 (March) p = 0.11; I M = 0.285 (April) p = 0.01; I M = 0.201 (May) p = 0.01 and I M = 0.002 (June) p = 0.57. The first cases were identified in the Northeast and Central areas of Cruzeiro and the recent cases, in the North, Northeast and Central. It was possible to identify census tracts where the epidemic began and how it occurred temporally and spatially in the city.

O pêso do coração em chagásicos crônicos

Os AA. estudaram o pêso do coração em 740 chagásicos crônicos. O pêso do coração de indivíduos que faleceram com e sem I. C. C. e sem "megas" variou de 100 a 1.075 g. O maior número (564) era de corações com I. C. C. e pesavam entre 201 e 800 g, e apenas 45, sem I. C .C., pesavam entre 151 e 500 g. O peso do coração de indivíduos que faleceram com e sem I. C. C. mas com "megas" variou de 100 a 750 g. O maior número de corações com (39) e sem (60) I. C. C. pesou entre 101 e 450 g. O pêso médio dos corações chagásicos (740) foi de 435 ±5,6 g. Já o pêso médio dos corações chagásicos com e sem I. C. C., sem "megas' foi de 479±5,6 g e o pêso médio dos corações com e sem I. C. C. e com "megas" foi de 314±12,6 g. A análise estatística aplicada demonstrou haver diferença significativa en¬tre as duas médias. A hipotrofia constatada nos corações de indivíduos portadores de "megas", especialmente de megaesôfago, está relacionada com o estado de desnutrição e não com a idade.

Ventilação Mecânica numa Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos

Os autores fazem a análise dos doentes submetidos a ventilação mecânica na Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos do Hospital de Dona Estefânia, num período de 33 meses, desde a sua abertura em Abril de 1991 até ao final de Dezembro de 1993. Neste período foram internadas na Unidade 1513 crianças, das quais 264 (17.4%) foram ventiladas. A idade dos doentes ventilados variou entre os 28 dias e os 15 anos (média = 2.9 anos). De acordo com o Sistema de Classificação Clínica (CCS), 44 (16.7%) dos doentes pertenciam à classe III e 220 (83.3%) à classe IV. Os índices médios de Intervenção Terapêutica (TISS) e do Risco Pediátrico de Mortalidade (PRISM), no primeiro dia, foram respectivamente de 29.5 (min. = 9; max. = 75) e de 13.6 (min. = 0; max. = 50) pontos. A insuficiência respiratória constituiu o principal motivo de ventilação e a modalidade preferida foi a pressão controlada, utilizada em 201 doentes — 76.1%. A duração média da ventilação foi de 123.7 horas (min. = 30 minutos; max. = 9624 horas). A taxa de ocupação dos ventiladores nos anos de 1991, 1992 e 1993, foi respectivamente de 47.8%, 36.4% e de 53.2%. Registaram-se complicações relacionadas com a ventilação em 52 crianças (19.7%), sendo a atelectasia a mais frequentemente observada. A mortalidade foi de 31.1%, não se tendo relacionado nenhum óbito directamente com a ventilação mecânica.

Concomitância de infecção chagásica e esquistossomose numa população brasileira

A população estudada, composta de 201 indivíduos do sexo masculino, 85% dos quais com idade superior a 30 anos, exibiu elevada prevalência de esquistossomose mansônica (95% pela intradermoreação e 79% pela reação de hemaglutinação), bem como sorologia positiva para T. cruzi em pelo menos 28% dos casos. A severidade da infecção chagásica, avaliada através do ECG e de um exame clínico, mostrou-se bastante superior àquela reportada de diversas outras regiões endêmicas, notadamente o Rio Grande do Sul, e semelhante àquela descrita para Bambuí (M.G.): 47% dos indivíduos com positividade sorológica apresentavam alterações eletrocardiográficas, contra apenas 24% daqueles com sorologia negativa. A correlação entre sorologia e sintomas e sinais clínicos também foi tentada. Embora se trate de região trabalhada pelas equipes da SUCAM, é de se ressaltar que a transmissão de T. cruzi ainda não foi interrompida.