992 resultados para 197-1204
Resumo:
The paramagnetic susceptibility of lanthanum manganite has been measured over a wide temperature range (100-1073 K). On the basis of the thermodynamic equilibria between the various manganese ions with different valence and spin states and the magnetic interactions between the various manganese ions, a semiempirical formula has been proposed to calculate the paramagnetic susceptibilities of lanthanum manganite at different temperatures. The results indicate that most of the discrepancies between the calculated and experimental reciprocal susceptibilities of lanthanum manganite are less than 10% and that the relative contents of the various manganese ions in lanthanum manganite vary with temperature. The relative content of the trivalent manganese ion with a high spin state is dominant over the whole temperature range, while be relative content of the tetravalent manganese ion with a high spin state decreases monotonously with increasing temperature. At 300 K the calculated relative content of the tetravalent manganese ion in lanthanum manganite is about 34%, which is in good agreement with the experimental result (30%). There are some divalent manganese ions present in lanthanum manganite from low temperature to high temperature. The ratio of the relative contents of the tetravalent and divalent manganese ions in the compound varies with temperature. Above 750 K the relative content of the tetravalent manganese ion is less than that of the divalent manganese ion. The variation in the electrical resistivity of lanthanum manganite with temperature has also been interpreted reasonably.
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The correlation between mechanical relaxation and ionic conductivity was investigated in a two-component epoxy network-LiClO4 electrolyte system. The network was composed of diglycidyl ether of polyethylene glycol (DGEPEG) and triglycidyl ether of glycerol (TGEG). The effects of salt concentration, molecular weight of PEG in DGEPEG and the proportion of DGEPEG (1000) in DGEPEG/TGEG ratio on the ionic conductivity and the mechanical relaxation of the system were studied. It was found that, among the three influential factors, the former reinforces the network chains, reduces the free volume fraction and thus increases the relaxation time of the segmental motion, which in turn lowers the ionic conductivity of the specimen. Conversely, the latter two increase the free volume and thus the chain flexibility, showing an opposite effect. From the iso-free-volume plot of the shift factor log at and reduced ionic conductivity, it is noted that the plot can be used to examine the temperature dependence of segmental mobility and seems to be useful to judge whether the incorporated salt has been dissociated completely. Besides, the ionic conductivity and relaxation time at constant reference temperature are linearly correlated with each other in all the three cases. This result gives an additional experimental confirmation of the coordinated motion model of the ionic hopping with the moving polymer chain segment, which is generally used to explain the ionic conduction in non-glassy amorphous polymer electrolytes.
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The possibility of determining the rate constant of a catalytic reaction using a parallel incident spectroelectrochemical cell was investigated in this work. Various spectroelectrochemical techniques were examined, including single-potential-step chronoabsorptometry, single-potential-step open-circuit relaxation chronoabsorptometry and double-potential-step chronoabsorptometry. The values determined for the kinetics of the ferrocyanide-ascorbic acid system are in agreement with the reported values. The parallel incident method is much more sensitive than the normal transmission method and can be applied to systems which have smaller molar absorptivities, larger rate constants or lower concentrations.
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The angular overlap model (AOM) is applied to 4f6 electron systems. The crystal field parameters are interpreted and covalency between 4f electrons and ligands is investigated based on the experimental energy levels. For Eu3+:Ln2O2S (Ln = Lu, Y, Gd, La) crystal series, we adopt two computational schemes. First of all, we assume that the distances to all ligands are equal, and then the distances to all ligands are divided into two groups, namely, oxygens as one group, sulfurs as the other. Of course, much information about covalency will be obtained from the latter case. Obviously, our results show that the covalency of Ln-O bonding is stronger than that of Ln-S bonding in line with much shorter bondlength for the former than that for the latter. The two schemes yield the same results, that is, for sigma and pi bonding, ligands are strong donors as well as sigma, pi effects are dominant over delta, phi effects.
Resumo:
综述了高分辨~(13)C核磁共振谱(~(13)C NMR)在聚合物辐射化学研究中的应用。重点介绍了用固体高分辨~(13)C NMR研究聚合物辐射交联结构途径和应用范围。
Resumo:
The net charges at atoms in the high-temperature superconductor TlBa2Can-1CunO2n+3 (n = 1 to 3) are calculated by means of the tight-binding approximation based on the EHMO method. The results indicate that the charge distribution in this kind of compounds possesses a specially layered arrangement. An insulating Ba-Ba layer is inserted between the Cu-O layer and the Tl-O layer. There may exist a weak coupling between the Cu-O layer and the Tl-O layer through the interaction of the same O(2) atom with both the Cu atom and the Tl atom. The existence of the Ca in the compounds can cause the valence fluctuation at the Cu atom. The calculated electric field gradients at atoms implies that the conducting electron or hole may move in the Cu-O layer, which is closest to the Tl-O layer, along the a-b plane.
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Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) is an economically important aquaculture species in China; however, frequent mass mortality seriously affects the development of its industry. Genetic linkage map is useful for genetic improvement and selective breeding of C. farreri. Linkage maps were constructed using an intraspecific F-1 cross and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Thirty-two selected AFLP primer combinations produced 545 AFLP markers that were polymorphic in either of the parents and segregated in the progeny. Of these segregating markers, 166 were mapped to 19 linkage groups of the female framework map, covering a total of 1503.9 cM, with an average marker spacing of 10.2 cM; and 197 markers were assigned to 20 linkage groups of the male map, covering a total of 1630.7 cM, with 9.2 cM per marker. A sex-linked marker was mapped on the female map with zero recombination and a LOD of 27.3. The genetic length of C farreri genome was estimated as 1889.0 cM for the female and 1995.9 cM for the male. The coverage of the framework map was calculated as 79.6% for the female and 81.7% for the male. When the triplets and doublets were considered, the observed length of the map was calculated as 1610.2 cM with coverage of 85.2% for the female, and 1880.5 cM with coverage of 94.2% for the male. The genetic maps presented here will serve as a basis for the construction of a high-resolution genetic map and mapping of economically important genes. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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A new acylated iridoid glucoside, namely, 2'-O-(5-phenyl-2E, 4E-pentadienoyl)mussaenosidic acid, was isolated from the aerial parts of the mangrove plant Avicennia marina. The structure of the new compound was established on the basis of various NMR spectroscopic analyses, including 2D NMR techniques (H-1-H-1 COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) and HR-FAB-MS. This compound displayed moderate antioxidant activity.
Resumo:
Internal and surface waves generated by the deformations of the solid bed in a two layer fluid system of infinite lateral extent and uniform depth are investigated. An integral solution is developed for an arbitrary bed displacement on the basis of a linear approximation of the complete description of wave motion using a transform method (Laplace in time and Fourier in space) analogous to that used to study the generation of tsunamis by many researchers. The theoretical solutions are presented for three interesting specific deformations of the seafloor; the spatial variation of each seafloor displacement consists of a block section of the seafloor moving vertically either up or down while the time-displacement history of the block section is varied. The generation process and the profiles of the internal and surface waves for the case of the exponential bed movement are numerically illustrated, and the effects of the deformation parameters, densities and depths of the two layers on the solutions are discussed. As expected, the solutions derived from the present work include as special cases that obtained by Kervella et al. [Theor Comput Fluid Dyn 21:245-269, 2007] for tsunamis cased by an instantaneous seabed deformation and those presented by Hammack [J Fluid Mech 60:769-799, 1973] for the exponential and the half-sine bed displacements when the density of the upper fluid is taken as zero.
Resumo:
本研究分别于2006、2007年5月在东海沿岸海域22个站位采集牡蛎、贻贝、四角蛤蜊、文蛤、花蛤5种贝类样品,采用荧光分光光度法和气相色谱法检测贝类体内的石油烃(TPHs)和有机氯农药(HCHs和DDTs) 含量,分析东海沿岸海域贝类体内的TPHs、HCHs和DDTs的时空分布特征和HCHs、DDTs的组分特征,比较不同贝类体内污染物含量的差异,探讨HCHs和DDTs的来源,并对贝类进行初步海洋生物质量评价和人体健康风险评价。研究结果表明: (1)东海沿岸海域贝类体内TPHs含量范围为0.40 74.40 mg kg-1,平均含量为9.42 mg kg-1;HCHs含量为ND~5.42×10-3mg kg-1,平均含量为1.47×10-3 mg kg-1;DDTs含量为2.09×10-3~197.66×10-3mg kg-1,平均含量为38.05×10-3 mg kg-1。其中,TPHs含量在长江口及邻近海域较高, HCHs和DDTs含量在江苏省的如东、海门和浙江省的各海域含量较高。与2006年相比,2007年贝类体内TPHs含量与2006年基本持平,HCHs含量有稍微降低,但是DDTs含量有明显升高趋势。 (2)HCHs和DDTs组分分析表明,α-HCH和β-HCH占HCHs总量的绝大多数,γ-HCH和δ-HCH仅有极少量检出,大多数区域的α-HCH/γ-HCH比值在4-7之间,说明研究区域内有新的HCHs污染源; DDTs 中O,P’-DDT/P,P'-DDT的比值远高于工业DDTs中O,P’-DDT/P,P'-DDT的比值,分析认为其与周围区域使用三氯杀螨醇密切有关。 (3)贝类体内的TPHs、HCHs和DDTs与水体、沉积物中的相应有机物存在正相关性。相对于TPHs和HCHs,DDTs更容易在贝类体内富集;牡蛎对TPHs和HCHs、DDTs的累积能力明显高于四角蛤蜊和贻贝。 (4)质量评价显示TPHs在局部海域超标,HCHs未超标,DDTs含量超标严重。人体健康风险评估结果显示,东海沿岸海域贝类体内HCHs和DDTs的致癌风险和暴露风险均在可接受的范围之内,消费者因食用监测海域的贝类而受到HCHs和DDTs危害的可能性不大。 (5)与世界其他海域比较表明,东海海域贝类TPHs和HCHs含量处于中等水平, DDTs含量处于比较高的水平。
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近年来,由于对海区不合理的开发,我国浅海贝类筏式养殖接连遭受重创,这亟需从理论上和实践中确定养殖容量和养殖模式。本文在我国北方典型养殖海湾四十里湾对筏式养殖的贝类开展了现场生理生态学研究,对贝类对浮游植物等悬浮颗粒物的处理过程即贝类对颗粒有机物及营养元素C、N、P的摄食、吸收、排泄、排粪和生长进行了剖析,分析了贝类在沿岸养殖生态系中的物质和营养循环中所扮演的角色,为海区贝类养殖容量和养殖模式的最终确定提供了基础数据。另外,本文还对海水、沉积物及生物体中磷的分析方法进行了大量的实验工作。主要结果如下:① 比较系统地评述了双壳贝类的生物沉积(biodeposition)的原理、测定方法及其生态效应。贝类通过生物沉积在沿岸生态系中的物质和营养循环中扮演着重要的角色。国际上已有不少研究专门报道了贝类在海区现场的生物沉积。而在我国,这方面的研究却罕见。② 综述了双壳贝类各种形态的 N 和 P 排泄及其生态效应。对于我国广泛养殖 的栉孔扇贝、海湾扇贝和牡蛎等双壳贝类的TDN、TP排泄尚未见报道。 ③ 在6~7月,在四十里湾的不同养殖海区(8个站位)对扇贝的生物沉积进行了现场测定。在整个四十里湾海区,一龄栉孔扇贝(壳高 41.1±4.1mm,软体干重 0.48±O.10 g/ind))每个每天所产生生物沉积物干重平均为59.9mg,对颗粒有机质(POM)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、颗粒有机氮(PON)和颗粒有机磷(POP)的生物沉积速率范围及平均值分别为: 6.88、3.09、0.392 和 0.022mg/ind·d。还在一个站位测定了海湾扇贝(壳高 24.6±2.3mm;软体干重 O.14g/ind)的生物沉积速率为 24.3mg/ind·d,或179.2mg/g·d。不同站位一龄栉孔扇贝的生物沉积速率有较大变化,这主要与饵料浓度不同有关。二龄栉孔扇贝(壳高60.9±8.2mm;软体干重1.91±0.32 g/ind)的生物沉积速率平均为 112.7mg/ind·d,对POM、POC、PON和POP的沉积速率分别是一龄扇贝的1.85倍、1.68倍、1.77倍和2.33倍。养殖海区与非养殖海区比较,前者近海底沉积速率是后者的 1.51~3.47 倍。根据以上数据,作者计算了中等规格栉孔扇贝(用壳高 41.1±4.8mm 扇贝估算)在四十里湾在夏季每天的生物沉积量达 162 吨(干重),或18.6tPOM、8.37tPOC、1.06tPON和60kgPP。在四十里湾的贝类筏式养殖海区,可以估计贝类每年因生物沉积的生产而循环427tN和98.OtP(包括20.0t OP的贡献),它们能分别满足浮游藻类生产所需求N和P的17.0%和28.3%(其中OP贡献 6.9%)。可见,贝类在养殖生态系的物质和营养盐循环中扮演着重要的角色。高密度、大面积的贝类养殖使大量的生物沉积物聚集于海底,可能对海区环境产生冲击。作者分析,98年8月份烟台养殖区赤潮的发生很可能与海底生物沉积物营养盐的快速释放以及栉孔扇贝大面积死亡而使浮游藻类失去了摄食控制有关,而风平浪静和养殖笼对水流的阻挡也为赤潮的发生提供了有利条件。④ 采用半现场流水系统法测定了栉孔扇贝在不同养殖密度、不同养殖模式(扇贝单养、贝藻混养、贝藻参混养)中的生物沉积。实验时间尺度大,前后计80天。结果说明扇贝的生物沉积速率与其养殖密度呈反比关系。养殖密度的高低影响饵料浓度的变化(两者呈负相关的对数函数关系),而饵料浓度的高低直接决定着扇贝的生物沉积速率的高低,两者呈正相关关系(生物沉积速率与POC和叶绿 a 分别呈对数和指数函数关系)。不仅生物沉积物的数量与养殖密度(或饵料浓度)有关,生物沉积物的质量同样与养殖密度(或饵料浓度)有关。栉孔扇贝的养殖使沉积物的有机质含量及C、N 和 P 含量降低,且密度越高,它们的含量越低。这反映了扇贝对环境的适应能力。在海带和扇贝的混养模式中,海带对扇贝生物沉积物的数量和质量不构成影响,当然这是在海带不影响浮游植物数量的前提下得出的结果。而实际上在自然海区两者可能是竞争关系。⑤ 对从海区取回到实验室的多种滤食性动物,包括经济双壳贝类(栉孔扇贝、海湾扇贝、长牡蛎、贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔等)和养殖中的污损动物(栖海鞘、玻璃海鞘、藤壶、玟斑稜蛤)的 N 和 P 排泄进行了测定,包括排泄成分和排泄速率。在N排泄中,NH_4-H 占主要部分,如笼式养殖的双壳贝类 NH_4-N 占总N排泄的70%以上,平均值范围为70.8~80.1%。氨基酸是第二大排泄成分,平均占总N排泄的10~25%。其它形态的N,如尿素、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐也有检出,如双壳贝类尿素氮在总氮排泄中占 2~5%。但在双壳贝类中未检出尿酸氮。比较而言,海鞘、藤壶的尿素氮相对高一些。在P排泄中,OP约占TDP排泄的15~27%。栉孔扇贝TDP排泄速率为0.281μmol/h·ind。作者以实验室测定结果计算,在整个四十里湾的夏季,所养殖的双壳贝类每天将排泄4.54t总溶解氮,其中NH_4-N 3.36t、Amino-N 0.69t、Urea-N 0.2t。 同时每天磷的排泄为0.57t TDP,其中OP O.15t。对面积为1.3 * 10~4hm~2的海区而言,贝类的N、P排泄分别能满足浮游植物生产所需N、P的44%和40%。尽管Urea-N所占比例有限,但也能满足海区浮游植物所需 N 的 2%左右。以上说二月高密度的贝类养殖对海区生态系统营养盐循环的影响是很显著的。附着动物(柄海鞘等)的N、P 排泄也不容忽视,它们分别能满足浮游藻类生产所需 N、P 的 ll%和 12%。它们一方面通过排泄和排粪加速营养盐和物质的循环对浮游植物的生长产生刺激作用;另一方面,对藻类产生摄食控制,如果海区中滤食性动物太多,即使营养盐再丰富也难以使浮游植物大量繁殖,这无疑将影响滤食性动物的生长速率。⑥ 运用近年来发展起来的生物沉积法对四十里湾半现场流水系统中贝类的滤水率、吸收率、生长率、生态效率等生理生态学参数进行了测定。栉孔扇贝(收获时规格0.194~0.412g软体干重/ind)滤水率平均为3.65 1/ind·h。扇贝放养密度和饵料浓度没有显著关系。扇贝的总摄食率平均为3.98mg/ind·h,对POM、POC、PON的 摄食率范围为0.84~1.87、0.335~0.748、0.0515~O.1293mg/ind·h。扇贝的摄食率随放养密度的升高而降低,与POM呈正相关关系。扇贝的吸收速率受密度和饵料浓度的影响不明显。扇贝对N的吸收效率较C、P稍高,对总有机质的吸收效率为75.9±4.1%,如此高的吸收效率与低饵料浓度有关。扇贝氨基酸泄漏所损失的能量高于排氨的能量损失。代谢能与吸收能呈明显的正相关关系。SFG与饵料浓度呈正相关关系。总生长效率K1(* 100)变化较大,范围为20~49;净生长效率K,K_2(* 100)随POM的升高而升高。扇贝对N的总生态效率范围为6.2~12.8%(平均9.9%),这高于对C(平均5.9%)和P(平均4.1%)的总生态效率。扇贝对POC、PON和PP的生长余力(SFG_C、SFG_N、SFG_P)平均分别为197、46.8和6.2μg/ind·h,它们分别与POC、PON和PP呈正比关系。扇贝对N的净生长率高于对C和P的净生长率。在N的预算中,如果仅考虑NH_4-N的排泄而忽视其它形态氮的排泄,将会产生很大偏差(平均约20%)。扇贝贝壳生长所需的能量在整个扇贝生长所需能量的9.0~15.1%(平均 11.2%);贝壳C、N和P在扇贝生长中所占的比例分别为10.5~17.8%、9.4~16.1%和8.7~15.O%。可见,贝壳不管在能量预算还是在元素预算中都不应该被忽视。理论计算而得到的SFG和SFG_C、SFG_N、SFG_P与扇贝的实际生长和扇贝C、N、P的实际增长量之间呈正相关关系,但前者明显过高地估计了扇贝的生长。⑦ 运用生物沉积法在四十里湾养殖海区现场对栉孔扇贝的生理生态学特征进行了研究。不同海区扇贝的滤水率有变化,一龄扇贝(41.1±4.1mm,软体干重 0.48±O.10g/ind)滤水率变化范围为 0.72~2.54(平均 1.27)1/ind·h 或 1.65~5.97(平均 2.61)1/g·h。与半现场研究结果一致,滤水率与TPM没有明显关系,而摄食率却与TPM呈正相关关系。二龄扇贝(软体干重 1.91±0.32g/ind)滤水率为 2.09~3.99(平均 3.10)1/ind·h。吸收速率与POM(或TDM)呈正相关关系,与饵料质量(POM/TPM)无明显的相关关系。吸收效率AE_(POM)与TPM(或POM)没有相关关系,却与饵料质量呈明显 的正相关关系。扇贝对POC、PON和PP的吸收效率平均分别为68.9%、64.0%和63.6%。不同海区SFG差别很大。一龄扇贝SFG范围为-O.174~24.08 J/ind·h,SFG与饵料浓度POM呈正相关关系。SFG负值的出现主要与低饵料浓度有关。SFG_C、SFG_N、SFG_P分别与POC、PON和PP呈正相关关系。在N的生长余力计算中,如果仅考虑NH_4-N排泄,而不考虑其它形态N的排泄,就可能产生相当大的偏差,偏差范围为11~360%,这高于半现场的偏差值,显然SFG_N越低,产生的偏差就越大。这说明在饵料不足、扇贝生长受到限制的环境下进行N生长余力的计算时必须考虑其它形态N的排泄。⑧ 对四十里湾养殖海区一些双壳贝类和藻类的化学组成和有机净生产量进行了讨论。不同双壳贝类的软体有机碳含量差别不大,而N含量差异较大。栉孔扇贝N含量最高(占软体干重的12.36%),而牡蛎、毛蚶软体N含量相对较低,为 8~9%。从双壳贝类贝壳的组成来看,贻贝和菲律宾蛤仔贝壳中N含量最高,分别为 0.55% 和 0.56%;而栉孔扇贝贝壳N含量相对较低,在 O.1%左右。贻贝贝壳有机磷含量 (308ppm) 也明显高于栉孔扇贝贝壳(62.1 ppm)。不同海区海带的 C/N 比值较高,变化明显,范围为17.36~30.23。石莼与此相似。大型藻类高 C/N 比值说明海区营养元素N的不足。海带的不同部位N含量差别很大,中带部和边叶在不同海区有较大变化,即对环境的营养状况比较敏感。紫贻贝贝壳中C、H、N 和 P 的含量在整个贻贝中占有相对大的比例,分别为 30.4%、30.2%、31.8%和 29.6%。
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安全环境是人类赖以生存的基础,天然放射性辐射环境是人类生存环境的重要组成部分,放射性物质存在于各类物质中,包括空气、水源和土壤等。放射性物质的辐射对环境的影响往往被人们所忽视,但又是最危险的环境影响因素。为了生存和健康不仅需要了解重金属和有机物污染,而且需要了解辐射污染。 天然放射性辐射环境与该区域内的地质环境密切相关。青岛地区燕山期岩浆活动频繁,形成了以钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩为主的大规模侵入岩体,大多数母岩为富含铀、钍的花岗岩。本论文选择青岛地区做为放射性的研究区,该花岗岩地区与放射性核素的辐射强度的关系具有典型的代表性。 论文在大量密集测量地表岩石、土壤γ总量、土壤中238U、232Th 、40K放射性核素的含量基础上,分析了天然放射性辐射环境与该区域内的地质环境. 分析了环境中氡的来源及迁移机制,给出了氡的运移理论模型,指出了环境中氡的危害及其土壤中的分布与地质环境的关系。分别从内照射和外照射的角度,将土壤中238U (226Ra) 、232Th 、40K放射性核素的比活度、γ能量谱、环境中的氡浓度和直接测量空气中的吸收剂量率相结合,首次对青岛地区的辐射环境进行了研究和评价,可为奥运和青岛市长远发展提供科学保障。 结果表明研究区内土壤中的238U含量低于全国及世界平均值,土壤中232Th含量分别是全国和世界均值含量的1.1和1.5倍, 土壤中40K含量分别是全国和世界均值含量的2.43和2.44倍,因此空气中的吸收剂量率高于全国(81.5nGy•h-1)和世界(80 nGy•h-1)约1.2倍。通过能谱估算的空气吸收剂量率与实际测量值近似相等。研究区的年有效剂量为0.83 mSv,低于世界平均年有效外部照射的剂量限值1.0mSv,外照射指数和内照射指数均小于1,该区的等效镭浓度Raeq均值为197 Bq•kg-1,低于建议最大容许值370 Bq•kg-1,基于以上的各类指标均在世界均值或容许值范围内,可以认为该区的外照射水平属于安全辐射范畴。 222Rn浓度对人体内部照射具有举足轻重的地位,也是评价辐射环境质量的关键所在。本文采用经典的氡在空气中的扩散和对流的理论模式,通过研究区内的土壤中铀的含量推算出离地面1米高的空气中的氡的浓度,并且分析了土壤中的氡浓度与土壤中的放射性核素U、Th、K的含量的关系。研究区的土壤氡浓度总体平均值为5887Bq/m3,与全球土壤氡浓度的平均值7400 Bq/m3相比属于土壤氡浓度正常地区。由于青岛市区土壤覆盖层很薄,地表储气条件较差,造成土壤氡逸散。因此除区内土壤氡浓度几处偏高区以的其他区域,甚至断裂带上他和其他区域的土壤氡浓度也普遍偏低。通过计算可以得出青岛市区大气中氡浓度所导致的居民室外吸入氡子体所产生的年均人有效剂量估算结果是0.94mSv/a。这与联合国辐射防护委员会公布世界平均本底值1.2mSv/a相比,此值在正常范围内。 这个地区虽然大面积出露富含放射性物质的花岗岩,由花岗岩风化形成的土壤中放射性核素含量(钍、钾)也较高,但是因为铀含量不高,另外本区临海,一年四季的风速较大,因此本地区室外和室内空气中氡浓度不高。 综上可以得出结论:本区的辐射环境属于安全区域,适于人类生活。 本论文研究成果和创新点有:首次在大量密集测量的基础上,系统地对青岛地区的辐射环境进行了研究和评价;在数据采集方面,采用直接就地测量,跟其他调查方法比,采样密度大,数据量大。从研究方法方面,本文从外照射和内照射的角度,采用了多指标相结合的综合方式来评价本区的辐射环境质量,详实可信;引入GIS技术,和放射性评价相结合,较为系统深入地探讨了放射性核素和氡浓度的分布特征及其与岩性的关系。
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本文以人类活动影响下的典型海湾-胶州湾为研究对象,在对典型柱状沉积物精确定年的基础上,剖析了胶州湾百年来沉积环境演变的过程,通过对沉积物中氮、磷、重金属以及生态环境的综合分析,提取了其受人类活动影响的信息指标,获得了一系列新的结果和认识。主要结论如下: 1. 研究揭示了近百年来胶州湾沉积速率具有区域与年际变化明显这一显著特点。通常,湾内的沉积速率较高,而湾口沉积速率变化很大,湾外沉积速率明显低于湾内和湾口;且随着年代的增加,胶州湾的沉积速率呈上升趋势,如1984年左右,B3站位的沉积速率高达1.17 cm/a,而之前仅为0.30 cm/a左右,主要是由于这一时期环胶州湾工农业迅速发展导致人为排入的物质的量增加的结果,但从2000年以来由于沿岸环境治理和污控措施的加强,这种境况已经有所改善,沉积速率有减小趋势。 2. 阐明了胶州湾沉积物氮、磷的生物地球化学特征及生态环境意义,沉积物中可交换态磷、铝磷、铁磷与有机磷在一定程度上表征了磷的生物可利用性部分,而铝磷、铁磷与闭蓄态磷可用于反映沉积物受污染的程度,沉积物中的有机氮(强氧化剂浸取态氮)作为其优势存在形态,可潜在参与水体氮的循环,参与的量与沉积物粒度密切相关,沉积物中的氮可粗略反映水体的生物量。研究显示,无机磷是胶州湾沉积物中磷的主要赋存形态,在湾内、湾口和湾外,分别占到沉积物总磷的44.57% ~ 94.41%(B3)、44.83 % ~ 95.54 % (D4)和55.09% ~ 95.20 % (D7),铝磷、铁磷与闭蓄态磷与污染程度关系密切,可以作为沉积环境污染程度的指示因子。可交换态磷、铝磷、铁磷与有机磷等四种形态磷与浮游植物的数量和水体中磷酸盐的含量呈正相关,是胶州湾潜在的生物可利用磷。强氧化剂浸取态(SOEF-N,主要为有机氮)是沉积物可转化氮的优势形态,其含量分别为0.070 mg/g(B3)、0.069 mg/g(D4)和0.049 mg/g(D7),且随沉积物的粒度变细,其含量越高。沉积物中不同形态氮与水体中的硝酸盐、浮游植物数量和叶绿素a呈正相关,可粗略反映水体的生物量。 3. 通过系统研究胶州湾沉积物中重金属的地球化学特征,阐明了人为活动对其沉积环境的影响,提出了胶州湾沉积环境演变的“三段论”论点。胶州湾沉积物重金属的富集因子和地质累积指数的研究显示胶州湾沉积物的Cd、Pb和Cu是受人类活动影响较为严重的三种元素,并且重金属在沉积层序的分布特征说明重金属的污染在20世纪70、80年代开始加重,但在本世纪初,这种状况已经得到较大改善。胶州湾的环境演变过程可分为三个阶段,即1980年以前,1980年至2000年左右和2000年后。第一个阶段可以看作是胶州湾环境演变的一个背景值,该段时期内明显的特征是相对较低的沉积速率,较轻的重金属污染和富营养化状况;第二阶段是青岛地区工农业迅猛发展的阶段,加上治污措施和环境保护措施较少,这段时期胶州湾的环境一度恶化,是人类活动影响最为明显的一个阶段;第三个阶段是胶州湾环境质量不断改善的一个阶段,由于各项治污措施的实施,到本世纪初,胶州湾的环境质量较20世纪的最后20年里有了较大的改善。