Activated carbon supported bimetallic CoMo carbides synthesized by carbothermal hydrogen reduction

A carbothermal hydrogen reduction method was employed for the preparation of activated carbon supported bimetallic carbide. The resultant samples were characterized by BET surface area measurement, X-ray diffraction, and temperature-programmed reduction-mass spectroscopy. The results showed that nanostructured beta-Mo2C can be formed on the activated carbon by carbothermal hydrogen reduction above 700 degreesC. The particle sizes of beta-Mo2C increase with increasing reaction temperatures and Mo loading. The bimetallic CoMo carbide can be synthesized by the carbothermal hydrogen reduction even around 600 degreesC. The bimetallic CoMo carbide is from carbothermal hydrogen reduction of CoMoO4 precursor and is easily formed when the Co/Mo molar ratio is 1.0. Separation of the bimetallic CoMo carbide phase into Mo carbide and Co metal occurs when the temperature of the reduction is above 700 degreesC. The addition of a second metal such as Co and Ni, decreases the formation temperature of carbide because the second metal promotes formation of CHx species from reactive carbon atoms or groups on carbon material and hydrogen, which further carburizes oxide precursors. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

西部大开发中退耕还林(草)面临的挑战及其作用

根据中国西部森林的现状 ,采用生态学与地理学的方法 ,分析了因毁林开荒造成水土流失、洪涝灾害、沙尘风暴、干旱少雨、江河断流、物种减少等危害对国民经济发展所造成的影响 ,以及近几年所产生的一系列生态环境问题 .探讨了退耕还林 (草 )对我国的生态环境治理、西部持续发展、江河整治、国土整治综合措施运用、西部农民脱贫致富的作用 .

不同坡度草地含沙水流水力学特性及其拦沙机理

参照黄土区侵蚀降雨和坡面片蚀产沙特征,采用恒流泥沙输送装置模拟坡面上方来水来沙,探讨不同坡度草地含沙水流的水力学特性及其对上方来沙的拦蓄机理。结果表明,草地坡面的水流弗劳德数随坡度增大而增加,而阻力系数与坡度呈反势。按明渠水流的一般标准,不同坡度草地水流均为层状缓流。草地坡面拦沙效应随坡度增大而减小,且径流前期的减沙作用较后期更为显著。不同坡度草地坡面的出流泥沙平均直径和大颗粒(>10μm)泥沙含量均显著小于上方来沙,这说明草地的拦沙效应主要体现在对大粒径泥沙的拦蓄上。

浅析沙漠化与沙尘暴对中国生态环境的影响

深入分析了沙漠化、沙尘暴形成的原因和沙漠化、沙尘暴对国民经济发展所造成的危害,并系统地提出了相应对策。

中国西部沙漠化与沙尘风暴问题探讨

我国西部地表植被向恶性循环方向发展 ,土地沙漠化面积迅速增长 ,沙尘风暴日趋频繁。分析中国西部沙漠化和沙尘风暴存在的主要问题 ,进一步探讨沙漠化和沙尘风暴形成的原因和对国民经济发展所造成的危害 ,因地制宜提出了相应的治理对策

从沙尘暴看黄土的沉积及黄土高原的形成

以近年来我国西北地区多发的沙尘暴现象为缘起 ,对沙尘暴的特征、发生机制等进行了讨论 ;论述了沙尘暴引起的降尘与黄土的堆积和沉积的过程 ;黄土堆积沉积的年龄、颗粒成分等 ;以及沙尘暴与黄土高原的形成之间的关系 ,同时论述了黄土高原的环境变迁 .认为高空均质粉尘的降落是不均匀的 ;高空降尘是突发的 ,而风及流水对堆积粉尘的改造是长期和连续的

黄土高原降雨空间分布的不均匀性研究

根据黄土高原13条流域的降雨资料，分三种雨型即局地强对流条件引起的小范围、短历时、高强度的局地性暴雨（A型暴雨），峰面型降雨夹有局地雷暴性质的较大范围、中历时、中强度暴雨（B型暴雨），峰面型降雨引起的大面积、长历时、低强度暴雨（C型暴雨）；选用流域面雨量离差系数Cv、流域降雨不均匀系数η和流域最大点与最小点降雨量比值系数α三种指标，分析了次降雨空间分布的不均匀性。

CLIGEN降水要素在黄土塬区的适应性评估

CLIGEN是目前较全面产生降水要素(降水量、历时、达到最大降水强度的时间与降水总历时的比率、最大降水强度与平均降水强度的比率)的天气发生器,其生成降水要素的质量直接影响水文和农业响应模型的输出结果。利用黄土高原长武1957—2001年的日气象观测数据、王东沟流域1988—2001年的降水要素数据和CLIGEN生成的100年日气象数据,对CLIGEN模型产生日、月、年降水量的均值和方差、概率分布、降水极端值和降水历时、强度进行评估。结果表明:CLIGEN对日、月和年降水量均值的模拟效果较好,相对误差都不大于1.0%;对标准差的模拟结果偏低,相对误差的绝对值小于6.6%;没有模拟出日降水量的概率分布,但是较好地模拟出了月和年降水量的概率分布;对日、月和年最大降水量的模拟误差较大,表明CLIGEN对极值的模拟精度有待提高。CLIGEN很好地模拟出连续降水的频率,但是连续干旱天数在20 d以内的累积频率的平均相对误差为8.9%;CLIGEN产生的最大降水强度与平均降水强度的比率高于实测数据;相对于实测数据,CLIGEN模拟的降水历时和降水量具有相同的趋势,对小降水量或短历时的模拟结果偏高,对大降水量或长历时的模拟结...

Density functional study on the reaction mechanism of palladium-catalyzed addition of cyanoboranes to Alkynes

The B3LYP hybrid density functional method has been carried Out to Study theoretically the mechanisin of Pd(0)-catalyzed alkyne cyanoboration reaction. Both the intermolecular and intramolecular alkyne cyanoboration reactions were studied. For each reaction, three paths were proposed. In path A of each reaction, the first step is B-CN bond oxidative addition to bisphosphine complex Pd(PH3)(2), in path B of each reaction, the first step is alkyne coordination to bisphosphine complex Pd(PH3)2, and in path C of each reaction, the first step is the PH3 dissociation front Pd(PH3)2 to form monophosphine complex Pd(PH3) For both reactions, path B is favored.

Two-step-method extraction of endohedral metallofullerenes

A new and efficient extraction method of endohedral metallofullerenes, especially of rare-earth elements encapsulated metallofullerenes, has been reported in this paper. Soxhlet-extraction of raw soot with toluene was used in the first step to wash away most accompanying C-60, C-70. Then pyridine was chosen as solvent to obtain high-temperature and high pressure extract. Two kinds of extract were analysed by DEI-MS and LDI-MS, the results indicate that this two-step method can provide the extract which has the highest fraction of endohedral metallofullerenes. So it will greatly simplify the following separation and purification processes of metallofullerenes.

两步法提取笼内金属富勒烯

两步法提取笼内金属富勒烯郝春雁，刘子阳，徐文国，郭兴华，刘淑莹（中国科学院长春应用化学研究所，吉林大学化学系，长春，１３００２２）关键词金属富勒烯，索氏提取，ＤＥＩ－ＭＳ，ＬＤＩ－ＭＳ目前笼内包含金属的富勒烯化合物以其新颖独特的结构和性质而格外引人注...

Pervasive autocorrelation of the chemical index of alteration in sedimentary profiles and its palaeoenvironmental implications

The chemical index of alteration has been used widely for reconstruction of the palaeoclimate. However, the mechanisms and environmental factors controlling the chemical index of alteration of sediments are not yet fully understood. In this study, autocorrelations of the chemical index of alteration in nine sedimentary profiles, from both the land and the sea, spanning different geological times, are discussed. The sediments of these profiles have different origins (dust, fluvial or ocean sediments) and are from various climate situations and sedimentary environments. Autocorrelations of chemical index of alteration series are ubiquitously evident in all profiles. It is suggested here that autocorrelations may be caused by post-depositional changes such as persistent weathering and diagenesis. As a result, the chemical index of alteration may not reflect climatic conditions during the time of sediment deposition. This study strongly recommends the confirmation of the reliability and veracity of the chemical index of alteration before it is adopted to evaluate the weathering degree of parent rocks and to reconstruct the past climate. Significant autocorrelations in loess profiles were specifically observed, suggesting that the existing understanding of loess deposition in terms of climate conditions requires re-examination, and that previous reconstructions of rapid climate changes (for example, in centennial-millennial scales) should be treated with caution.

Geomorphic and hydrodynamic responses in salt marsh-tidal creek systems, Jiangsu, China

Salt marsh-tidal creek systems as a coastal geomorphological unit represent an important natural resource. The present study on Jiangsu salt marshes, eastern China, shows that variations in tidal current velocities in salt marsh creeks are controlled by the local tidal wave characteristics and the bed slope and elevation of the salt marshes and creeks. Likewise, the tidal currents modify the geomorphology of the salt marsh-tidal creek systems by transporting sediments and causing erosion/deposition. Storm events, which appear to have cyclical changes in their intensity relating to sunspot activities, can affect the geomorphic evolution of such systems. Further, in response to accelerated sea-level rise, accretional rates on salt marshes may increase. The tidal creeks have the function of transporting water and sediment onto the salt marsh surface; further, the energy of tidal currents and waves are dissipated within the salt marsh-tidal creek system. Hence, this coastal system has a potential value for coastal protection.

Source of a floating dust episode over the Qingdao region and dust throughput to the ocean

A floating dust weather happened on March 11-12, 1995 over the Qingdao region. Its sources and throughput to the ocean were studied. The result indicated that the floating dust was caused by the dust storm that starred in northwestern China and developed in northern China. 21 x 10(6)t fine soil particles were carried to the ocean during the episode.

Numerical calculation of the response of the south China sea to typhoon imbudo

The response of the South China Sea (SCS) to Typhoon Imbudo was examined using POM model. The results indicated that SST decreased by 2-6 degrees C with a rightward-biased response as Typhoon Imbudo passed across the SCS. Due to a strong mixing process, the mixed layer (ML) depth deepened as much as 10-60 m and ML heat budget lost 824.78 W/m(2), which was OF dominated by the vertical mixing. By the response of upper ML heat transport, the temperature below the ML increased and oscillated near the inertial period. Furthermore, strong inertial currents were generated by the storm with the max currents up to 1.4 m/s in the upper ML.