Johdatus kosteikkojen biologiaan

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Fitoplâncton em três lagoas marginais ao Rio Paranapanema e em sua desembocadura no Reservatório de Jurumirim (São Paulo, Brasil) durante um período prolongado de seca

Durante um período de desconexão (de outubro de 1999 a dezembro de 2000) entre lagoas laterais e o Rio Paranapanema, a estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica e suas alterações foram examinadas em amostras coletadas trimestralmente nas zonas litoral e pelágica. Um total de 183 táxons de algas foi encontrado, sendo a comunidade predominante constituída por Chlorophyceae e Bacillariophyceae no Rio Paranapanema e em um ambiente lacustre permanentemente isolado, e por Bacillariophyceae e Chlorophyceae em duas outras lagoas. Ao longo do ano, diminuição na riqueza de espécies foi encontrada somente no ambiente lêntico com maior perda de conectividade. Cryptophyceae foi abundante (densidades maior que a densidade média do fitoplâncton) nas três lagoas, zonas e épocas do ano, exceto na zona litoral da lagoa com maior perda de conectividade em novembro de 1999. No Rio Paranapanema, Cryptophyceae predominou em mês chuvoso (fevereiro), sendo os índices de diversidade mais elevados nos demais períodos. A seca severa acarretou redução significativa do volume e área de superfície das lagoas, uma delas, a lagoa isolada, sendo extinta no último período de amostragem. Somente, nesta última, um efeito de concentração na abundância do fitoplâncton foi evidente. O predomínio em densidade de Cryptomonas brasiliensis Castro, C. Bic. & D. Bic., Chroomonas spp. e Chlamydomonas spp. nas três lagoas foi atribuído às condições adversas para o desenvolvimento das demais algas. A baixa profundidade, a grande quantidade de sedimentos suspensos na água após episódios de ventos fortes e, em conseqüência, a extinção acentuada da luz, foram fatores limitantes para as algas não adaptadas a essas condições, a despeito das concentrações favoráveis de nutrientes. No Rio Paranapanema, as alterações temporais na estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica parecem estar associadas a flutuações de velocidade e fluxo de água bem como ao nível hidrológico.

Estrutura genética populacional de Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) em fragmentos florestais no Pontal do Paranapanema, SP, Brasil

O Pontal do Paranapanema é a região mais recentemente desflorestada do Estado de São Paulo. Os efeitos da fragmentação florestal na estrutura genética de Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. foram avaliados por meio da genotipagem, com seis locos microssatélites, de pelo menos 30 indivíduos regenerantes e 30 adultos em três áreas do Pontal do Paranapanema. A amostragem compreendeu dois fragmentos localizados em assentamentos rurais, Tucano (800 ha) e Madre Cristina (300 ha); e uma população localizada em floresta contínua, no Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo (35.000 ha). Níveis elevados de diversidade genética foram detectados tanto nos regenerantes como nos adultos. A diversidade gênica (He) variou de 0,718 a 0,835 e o número médio de alelos por loco (Â) variou de 8,67 a 11,83, mostrando que a fragmentação ainda não causou perda de alelos. As estimativas elevadas dos índices de fixação (0,183 a 0,387) foram conseqüentes da ocorrência de alelos nulos em alguns locos e de endogamia nas populações. A divergência genética foi pequena entre os adultos (R ST = 0,035), mas aumentou entre os regenerantes (R ST = 0,075). Como esperado, a fragmentação florestal está causando redução do fluxo gênico interpopulacional, especialmente em relação ao fragmento mais distante da floresta contínua (Tucano - cerca de 8 km). Uma alternativa para promover o fluxo gênico entre os remanescentes florestais do Pontal do Paranapanema seria o estabelecimento de sistemas agroflorestais pelos agricultores assentados, os quais atuariam como trampolins ecológicos, favorecendo a dispersão de pólen e sementes entre fragmentos.

Spontaneous Focusing on Numerosity in the Development of Early Mathematical Skills

The aim of the present set of longitudinal studies was to explore 3-7-year-old children.s Spontaneous FOcusing on Numerosity (SFON) and its relation to early mathematical development. The specific goals were to capture in method and theory the distinct process by which children focus on numerosity as a part of their activities involving exact number recognition, and individual differences in this process that may be informative in the development of more complex number skills. Over the course of conducting the five studies, fifteen novel tasks were progressively developed for the SFON assessments. In the tasks, confounding effects of insufficient number recognition, verbal comprehension, other procedural skills as well as working memory capacity were aimed to be controlled. Furthermore, how children.s individual differences in SFON are related to their development of number sequence, subitizing-based enumeration, object counting and basic arithmetic skills was explored. The effect of social interaction on SFON was tested. Study I captured the first phase of the 3-year longitudinal study with 39 children. It was investigated whether there were differences in 3-year-old children.s tendency to focus on numerosity, and whether these differences were related to the children.s development of cardinality recognition skills from the age of 3 to 4 years. It was found that the two groups of children formed on the basis of their amount of SFON tendency at the age of 3 years differed in their development of recognising and producing small numbers. The children whose SFON tendency was very predominant developed faster in cardinality related skills from the age of 3 to 4 years than the children whose SFON tendency was not as predominant. Thus, children.s development in cardinality recognition skills is related to their SFON tendency. Studies II and III were conducted to investigate, firstly, children.s individual differences in SFON, and, secondly, whether children.s SFON is related to their counting development. Altogether nine tasks were designed for the assessments of spontaneous and guided focusing on numerosity. The longitudinal data of 39 children in Study II from the age of 3.5 to 6 years showed individual differences in SFON at the ages of 4, 5 and 6 years, as well as stability in children.s SFON across tasks used at different ages. The counting skills were assessed at the ages of 3.5, 5 and 6 years. Path analyses indicated a reciprocal tendency in the relationship between SFON and counting development. In Study III, these results on the individual differences in SFON tendency, the stability of SFON across different tasks and the relationship of SFON and mathematical skills were confirmed by a larger-scale cross-sectional study of 183 on average 6.5-year-old children (range 6;0-7;0 years). The significant amount of unique variance that SFON accounted for number sequence elaboration, object counting and basic arithmetic skills stayed statistically significant (partial correlations varying from .27 to .37) when the effects of non-verbal IQ and verbal comprehension were controlled. In addition, to confirm that the SFON tasks assess SFON tendency independently from enumeration skills, guided focusing tasks were used for children who had failed in SFON tasks. It was explored whether these children were able to proceed in similar tasks to SFON tasks once they were guided to focus on number. The results showed that these children.s poor performance in the SFON tasks was not caused by their deficiency in executing the tasks but on lacking focusing on numerosity. The longitudinal Study IV of 39 children aimed at increasing the knowledge of associations between children.s long-term SFON tendency, subitizing-based enumeration and verbal counting skills. Children were tested twice at the age of 4-5 years on their SFON, and once at the age of 5 on their subitizing-based enumeration, number sequence production, as well as on their skills for counting of objects. Results showed considerable stability in SFON tendency measured at different ages, and that there is a positive direct association between SFON and number sequence production. The association between SFON and object counting skills was significantly mediated by subitizing-based enumeration. These results indicate that the associations between the child.s SFON and sub-skills of verbal counting may differ on the basis of how significant a role understanding the cardinal meanings of number words plays in learning these skills. The specific goal of Study V was to investigate whether it is possible to enhance 3-year old children.s SFON tendency, and thus start children.s deliberate practice in early mathematical skills. Participants were 3-year-old children in Finnish day care. The SFON scores and cardinality-related skills of the experimental group of 17 children were compared to the corresponding results of the 17 children in the control group. The results show an experimental effect on SFON tendency and subsequent development in cardinality-related skills during the 6-month period from pretest to delayed posttest in the children with some initial SFON tendency in the experimental group. Social interaction has an effect on children.s SFON tendency. The results of the five studies assert that within a child.s existing mathematical competence, it is possible to distinguish a separate process, which refers to the child.s tendency to spontaneously focus on numerosity. Moreover, there are significant individual differences in children.s SFON at the age of 3-7 years. Moderate stability was found in this tendency across different tasks assessed both at the same and at different ages. Furthermore, SFON tendency is related to the development of early mathematical skills. Educational implications of the findings emphasise, first, the importance of regarding focusing on numerosity as a separate, essential process in the assessments of young children.s mathematical skills. Second, the substantial individual differences in SFON tendency during the childhood years suggest that uncovering and modeling this kind of mathematically meaningful perceiving of the surroundings and tasks could be an efficient tool for promoting young children.s mathematical development, and thus prevent later failures in learning mathematical skills. It is proposed to consider focusing on numerosity as one potential sub-process of activities involving exact number recognition in future studies.

Ruhtinas ja runoilija : Paavo Haavikon Gagarin

Artikkeli pohjautuu Suomen Kielen Seurassa 16.2.2011 pidettyyn esitelmään.

Siuntionjoen valuma-alueen yleissuunnitelma : – suojavyöhykkeet, kosteikot ja luonnon monimuotoisuus

Suojavyöhykkeiden, monivaikutteisten kosteikkojen ja luonnon monimuotoisuuden yleissuunnitelma Siuntionjoen valuma-alueella tehtiin kesällä ja syksyllä 2014. Työssä etsittiin suojavyöhykkeille soveltuvia paikkoja. Samalla etsittiin luonnon monimuotoisuuskohteita, perinnebiotooppeja sekä sopivia paikkoja kosteikoille. Yleissuunnitelman tavoitteena on innostaa viljelijöitä vesiensuojelutoimiin sekä vaalimaan maiseman ja luonnon monimuotoisuutta. Toimenpiteiden toteuttaminen on maanomistajille vapaaehtoista. Suunnitelman tietoja voidaan käyttää yksityiskohtaisen suunnittelun tukena haettaessa rahoitusta kohteiden toteuttamiseen. Raportissa esitellään inventoinnin tulokset ja kerrotaan asiaan liittyvää perustietoa kohteiden perustamisesta ja hoidosta. Suojavyöhyketarvetta vesistöjen varsilla on yhteensä 227 kilometriä. Pohjavesialueen peltoja on yhteensä 614 hehtaaria. Tulvapeltoja tai vedenvaivaamia peltoja suunnitelmassa on yhteensä 378 hehtaaria. Kosteikkopaikkoja ehdotetaan 64, yhteensä 183 hehtaaria. Luonnon monimuotoisuuskohteita ehdotetaan 127 kappaletta. Perinnebiotooppeja on niukasti jäljellä: tässä suunnitelmassa on mukana 14 kohdetta. Suunnittelu on toteutettu Uudenmaan ELY-keskuksen toimeksiannosta. Suunnitelman ovat laatineet Esko Vuorinen ja Petra Nyqvist Silvestris luontoselvitys oy:stä. Arvokkaita näkemyksiä, kommentteja ja tietoja saatiin asukastilaisuuksien osallistujilta ja alueen asukkailta yleissuunnittelun eri vaiheissa.

An improved HPLC method for the quantitation of 6-mercaptopurine and its metabolites in red blood cells

A procedure is described for the rapid determination of the intra-erythrocyte concentration of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and its metabolites, 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGN) and 6-methylmercaptopurine (6-MMP). Erythrocytes (8 x 10(8) cells) in 350 µl Hanks solution containing 7.5 mg dithiothreitol were treated with 50 µl 70% perchloric acid. The precipitate was removed by centrifugation (13,000 g) and the supernatant hydrolyzed at 100°C for 45 min. After cooling, 100 µl was analyzed directly by HPLC using a Radialpack Resolve C18 column eluted with methanol-water (7.5:92.5, v/v) containing 100 mM triethylamine. 6-TG, 6-MP and the hydrolysis product of 6-MMP, 4-amino-5-(methylthio)carbonyl imidazole, were monitored at 342, 322 and 303 nm using a Shimadzu SPD-M10A diode array UV detector. The analytes eluted at 5.3, 6.0 and 10.2 min, respectively. The calibration curves were linear (r² > 0.998), and the analytical recoveries were 73.2% for 6-TG, 119.1% for 6-MP and 97.4% for 6-MMP. The intra- and inter-assay variations were highest for 6-MP (9.6 and 14.3%, respectively). The lowest detectable concentrations were 3, 3 and 25 pmol/8 x 10(8) erythrocytes for 6-TG, 6-MP and 6-MMP, respectively. The quantification limits (coefficients of variation <15%) were 8, 10 and 70 pmol/8 x 10(8) erythrocytes for 6-TG, 6-MP and 6-MMP, respectively. The method was applied to the analysis of 183 samples from 36 children under chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The concentrations of the metabolites in the red cells of the patients ranged from 0 to 1934 pmol/8 x 10(8) erythrocytes for 6-TGN, and from 0 to 105.8 and 0 to 45.9 nmol/8 x 10(8) erythrocytes for 6-MP and 6-MMP, respectively. The procedure gave results that were in agreement with those obtained with other methods designed to detect cases of non-compliance with treatment, including patient interviews and medical evaluation, among others, demonstrating its applicability to monitoring the treatment of leukemic children.

Siikalatvan liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelma

Siikalatvaan laadittiin liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelma yhteistyössä Haapaveden kaupungin ja Pyhännän kunnan sekä Pohjois-Pohjanmaan ELY-keskuksen kanssa. Suunnitelma sisältää turvallisuuden parantamisen lisäksi kestävien liikkumismuotojen edistämistä. Siikalatvan liikenneturvallisuuden ja liikkumisen ongelmia kartoitettiin kuntalaisille suunnatulla kyselyllä, onnettomuusanalyysillä sekä maasto- ja esteettömyyskäynneillä. Onnettomuusanalyysin perusteella Siikalatvan liikenneturvallisuuden tila on koko maan keskiarvoa hieman heikompi. Vuosien 2009–2013 keskiarvon mukaan suunnittelualueella henkilövahinkoon johtaneita tieliikenneonnettomuuksia tapahtui 171 kpl/100 000 asukasta kohden vuodessa, kun Manner-Suomessa vastaava luku oli 111 kpl. Siikalatvassa tapahtuneista onnettomuuksista aiheutuu kustannuksia vuosittain keskimäärin noin 5,2 miljoonaa euroa, josta Siikalatvan kunnan osuus on vuosittain noin 0,9 miljoonaa euroa. Asukaskyselyn vastausten mukaan jalankulun ja pyöräilyn olosuhteissa ongelmaksi koettiin kevyen liikenteen väylien riittämättömyys ja jatkuvuuden puute, huonokunto ja talvikunnossapidon puutteet. Ajoneuvoliikenteen olosuhteissa ongelmaksi koettiin maanteiden ja katujen huonokunto ja talvikunnossapidon puutteet sekä valaistuksen puute. Kyselyyn vastanneista 53 % työ- tai koulumatkan pituus on korkeintaan 5 kilometriä, joten kävelyn ja pyöräilyn edistämisellä on edellytyksiä Siikalatvassa. Ongelma-analyysin, valtakunnallisten ja alueellisten tavoitteiden pohjalta Haapavedelle, Siikalatvalle ja Pyhännälle määriteltiin suunnittelualueen yhteiset liikenneturvallisuustavoitteet. Pitkän aikavälin liikenneturvallisuusvisioksi asetettiin, että kenenkään ei tarvitse kuolla tai loukkaantua vakavasti liikenteessä ja tienkäyttäjät ottavat vastuun turvallisesta liikkumisesta ja arvostavat muita liikkujia. Henkilövahinkoon johtaneiden onnettomuuksien vähentämistavoite on, että vuonna 2020 tapahtuu korkeintaan 17 henkilövahinko-onnettomuutta (v. 2009–2013 tapahtui keskimäärin 23 henkilövahinkoon johtanutta onnettomuutta). Liikenneympäristön parantamisehdotuksia tehtiin Siikalatvassa 44 kohteeseen. Toimenpiteiden toteuttaminen vaiheistettiin kolmeen ohjeelliseen kiireellisyysluokkaan. Suunnitelman aikana kunnan liikenneturvallisuustyötä aktivoitiin muun muassa perustamalla liikenneturvallisuusryhmä. Liikenneturvallisuusryhmän toiminnan toivotaan jatkuvan aktiivisena suunnitelman valmistumisen jälkeen.

Ihmisten ja ideoiden liikkuvuutta varhaisen uuden ajan Itämeren alueella

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Eurooppalaisten Muhammad-kuvien vaiheita

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Meditationes sanctarum epistolarum 71

Invokaatio: Deo duce.