Attosecond x-ray pulse generation by linear Thomson scattering of intense laser beam with relativistic electron

Linear Thomson scattering of a short pulse laser by relativistic electron lids been investigated using computer simulations. It is shown that scattering of an intense laser pulse of similar to 33 fs full width at half maximum, with an electron of gamma(o) = 10 initial energy, generates an ultrashort, pulsed radiation of 76 attoseconds, with a photon wavelength of 2.5 nm in the backward direction. The scattered radiation generated by a highly relativistic electron has superior quality in terms of its pulse width and angular distribution in comparison to the one generated by lower relativistic energy electron.

Über die Trogmuschel und deren Nutzung in der Deutschen Bucht

Obwohl seit längerem bekannt ist, dass diese wohlschmeckende Muschel in der Nordsee vorkommt, gab es dort bis vor wenigen Jahren keine Trogmuschelfischerei. Das änderte sich erst, als es niederländischen Muschelverarbeitungsfirmen gelungen war, aus Trogmuscheln ein exportfähiges Produkt herzustellen. Dementsprechend beantragte auch ein niederländischer Muschelfischerbetrieb als Erster eine erlaubnis zum Fischen von Trogmuscheln in deutschen Gewässern außerhalb von 3 Seemeilen. Inzwischen erhielten auch vier weitere Muschelkutter die Fangerlaubnis. Allerdings wird wegen der begrenzten Absatzmöglichkeiten nur zeitweilig gefischt. Deshalb sind bisher auch noch keine Anzeichen einer Überfischung zu sehen.

Electron injection by a nanowire in the bubble regime

The triggering of wave-breaking in a three-dimensional laser plasma wake (bubble) is investigated. The Coulomb potential from a nanowire is used to disturb the wake field to initialize the wave-breaking. The electron acceleration becomes more stable and the laser power needed for self-trapping is lowered. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations were performed. Electrons with a charge of about 100 pC can be accelerated stably to energy about 170 MeV with a laser energy of 460 mJ. The first step towards tailoring the electron beam properties such as the energy, energy spread, and charge is discussed. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Models in the implementation of the Water Framework Directive - benchmarking as part of the modelling proccess

The Water Framework Directive (WFD; European Commission 2000) is a framework for European environmental legislation that aims at improving water quality by using an integrated approach to implement the necessary societal and technical measures. Assessments to guide, support, monitor and evaluate policies, such as the WFD, require scientific approaches which integrate biophysical and human aspects of ecological systems and their interactions, as outlined by the International Council for Science (2002). These assessments need to be based on sound scientific principles and address the environmental problems in a holistic way. End-users need help to select the most appropriate methods and models. Advice on the selection and use of a wide range of water quality models has been developed within the project Benchmark Models for the Water Framework Directive (BMW). In this article, the authors summarise the role of benchmarking in the modelling process and explain how such an archive of validated models can be used to support the implementation of the WFD.

Comparação de dois métodos geofísicos acústicos no mapeamento de fundos submersos: estudo de caso no Mar de Cananéia, Sistema estuarino de Cananéia-Iguape (SP)

Os estuários são ambientes altamente dinâmicos e concentram a maior parte da população mundial em seu entorno. São ambientes complexos que necessitam de uma gama de estudos. Nesse contexto, este trabalho visa contribuir para o entendimento dos estuários lagunares, tendo como objetivo comparar duas ferramentas geofísicas acústicas no mapeamento de uma porção submersa do Mar de Cananéia que está inserido no Sistema Estuarino Lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape (SP). Os equipamentos utilizados nesta pesquisa são o Sonar de Varredura Lateral e o Sistema Acústico de Classificação de Fundo RoxAnn, através da parametrização de amostras de fundo. A comparação do padrão acústico do Sonar de Varredura Lateral com as amostras de fundo da região permitiu o reconhecimento de 6 tipos distintos de padrões acústicos e a relação positiva com o diâmetro médio do grão foi de 50%. A comparação da resposta acústica do Sistema Acústico de Classificação de Fundo RoxAnn com o diâmetro médio do grão foi igualmente de 50%. Isto deve-se ao fato de que os valores produzidos pelo eco 1 e pelo eco 2 deste equipamento mostram que, por ser um mono-feixe e por analisar valores de intensidade do retorno acústico, o equipamento em questão pode responder a outros fatores ambientais que não seja somente o diâmetro médio do grão. Ao comparar a resposta acústica do Sonar de Varredura Lateral com o Sistema Acústico de Classificação de fundo RoxAnn obteve-se um resultado positivo de 93%. Isto pode ser explicado pelo fato de o Sonar de Varredura Lateral gerar uma imagem acústica do fundo. Em locais onde tem-se amostra e os valores do eco 1 e do eco 2 do Sistema Acústico de Classificação de Fundo RoxAnn são altos, pode-se associar a esses locais a influência da compactação dos sedimentos finos através da análise das imagens do Sonar de Varredura Lateral. Por meio da comparação destes dois métodos foi possível estabelecer um intervalo de valores para o eco 1 que pode ser associado ao diâmetro médio do grão. Assim, valores entre 0.170 a 0.484 milivolts podem ser associados a sedimentos finos com granulometria até areia fina. Valores entre 0.364 a 0.733 podem ser associados a sedimentos de granulometria entre areia fina a média. Valores acima de 0.805 milivolts até 1.585 milivolts podem ser associados a sedimentos mais grossos como carbonatos biodetríticos ou areias grossas. E, por fim, valores acima de 2.790 milivolts podem ser associados a afloramentos rochosos.

Profile soundings in lakes of the younger morainal area of Sleswick-Holstein with a sediment-echo-sounder of 30 kHz [Translation from: Wass.Boden 26, 135-138, 1974]

To be able to carry out physical, chemical and biological investigations on a lake, one needs a thorough knowledge of the volume of water and the shape of the lake basin. Little is known about the about the morphology of the lakes in Schleswig-Holstein and its ecological consequences. For this research a 30 KHz echo sounder with sediment transceiver was used to carry out profile determinations (echo soundings). This apparatus continuously records on paper the different reflexions and absorptions of the sediment and water body in the corresponding depth. By this, acoustically noticeable layers and different densities in the sediment and 'scattering layers' in the water body due to physical, chemical and biological reasons (e.g. plans and single fish) are made visible. Result are summarised here regarding the echo soundings in Blunker See.

Report of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission for the year 1974

ENGLISH: The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission operates under the authority and direction of a convention originally entered into by the Republic of Costa Rica and the United States of America. The convention, which came into force in 1950, is open to adherence by other governments whose nationals fish for tropical tunas in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Under this provision the Republic of Panama adhered in 1953, the Republic of Ecuador in 1961, the United Mexican States in 1964, Canada in 1968 and Japan in 1970. In 1967, Ecuador gave notice of her intent to withdraw from the Commission, and her withdrawal became effective on August 21,1968. SPANISH: La Comisión Interamericana del Atún Tropical está bajo la autoridad y dirección de una convención la cual fue originalmente formada por la República de Costa Rica y los Estados Unidos de América. La Convención, vigente desde 1950, está abierta a la afiliación de otros gobiernos cuyos nacionales pesquen atún en el Pacífico oriental tropical. Bajo esta medida la República de Panamá se afilió en 1953, la República del Ecuador en 1961, los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en 1964, Canadá en 1968 y el Japón en 1970. En 1967, el Ecuador anunció su intención de retirarse de la Comisión y la renuncia se hizo efectiva el 21 de agosto de 1968.(PDF contains 170 pages.)

Isotope shift studies in the rare earths and lead

Isotope shifts of K_α1 x-ray transitions were measured for the Neodymium isotopes Nd 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148 and 150, the Samarium isotopes Sm 147, 148, 149, 150, 152 and 154, the Gadolinium isotopes Gd 154, 155, 156, 157, 158 and 160, the Dysprosium isotopes Dy 162 and 164, the Erbium isotopes Er 166, 168 and 170, the Hafnium isotopes Hf 178 and 180 and the Lead isotopes Pb 204, 206, 207 and 208. A curved crystal Cauchois spectrometer was used. The analysis of the measurement furnished the variation of the mean square charge radius of the nucleus, δ˂r²˃, for 23 isotope pairs. The experimental results were compared with theoretical values from nuclear models. Combining the x-ray shifts and the optical shifts in Nd and Sm yielded the optical mass shifts. An anomaly was observed in the odd-even shifts when the optical and the x-ray shifts were plotted against each other.

展宽器元件失调及带通分析

通过光线追迹法给设计的反射式单光栅展宽器建立了一个数学计算模型。利用这个数学模型计算和分析了元件失调对反射式单光栅展宽器二阶色散量和输出光束发散角的影响，并考虑了反射式单光栅展宽器中衍射光栅和球形凹面镜的尺寸与展宽器带通的关系。发现当平面反射镜M1的纵向偏离角为0．2°时．展宽器的二阶色散量最大，偏离角大于或小于0．2°时，展宽器的二阶色散量随之减小；得到了元件失调会增加输出光束发散角的结论；并发现展宽器中衍射光栅和球形凹面镜尺寸的有限大小对带通有限制作用。提出了利用反射镜M1纵向的适当偏离增大展宽器二阶