Physiologie du rentier de Paris et de province / par MM. de Balzac et Arnould Frémy ; dessins par Gavarni, Henri Monnier, Daumier et Meissonier

Référence bibliographique : Lhéritier, 52

The oral cancer epidemic in central and eastern Europe.

To monitor recent trends in oral and pharyngeal cancer mortality in 38 European countries, we analyzed data provided by the World Health Organization over the period 1975-2004. Joinpoint analysis was used to identify significant changes in trends. In the European Union (EU), male mortality rates rose by 2.1% per year between 1975 and 1984, by 1.0% between 1984 and 1993, and declined by 1.3% between 1993 and 2004, to reach an overall age-standardized rate of 6.1/100,000 in 2000-2004. Mortality rates were much lower in women, and the rate in the EU rose by 0.9% per year up to 2000, and levelled off to 1.1/100,000 in 2000-2004. In France and Italy - which had the highest rates in the past - male rates have steadily declined during the last two decades (annual percent change, APC=-4.8% in 1998-2004 in France, and -2.6% in 1986-2003 in Italy). Persisting rises were, however, observed in several central and eastern European countries, with exceedingly high rates in Hungary (21.1/100,000; APC=6.9% in 1975-1993 and 1.4% in 1993-2004) and Slovakia (16.9/100,000; APC=0.14% in 1992-2004). In middle aged (35 to 64) men, oral and pharyngeal cancer mortality rates in Hungary (55.2/100,000) and Slovakia (40.8/100,000) were comparable to lung cancer rates in several major European countries. The highest rates for women were in Hungary (3.3/100,000; APC=4.7% in 1975-2004) and Denmark (1.6/100,000; APC=1.3% in 1975-2001). Oral and pharyngeal cancer mortality essentially reflects the different patterns in tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking, including drinking patterns and type of alcohol in central Europe. (c) 2009 UICC.

No implication of thromboxane prostanoid receptors in reactive hyperemia of skin and skeletal muscle in human forearm.

There is evidence that reactive hyperemia (ie, the transient increase of blood flow above resting level after a short period of ischemia) could be negatively modulated by vasoconstrictor prostanoids. The present study tested whether pharmacological blockade of the thromboxane prostanoid receptors with the specific antagonist S18886 (terutroban) would amplify reactive hyperemia in human skin and skeletal muscle. Twenty healthy young male volunteers were enrolled in a randomized, blinded, crossover trial of oral S18886 30 mg/d for 5 days versus placebo. Reactive hyperemia was evaluated in forearm skin and skeletal muscle, after occlusion of the brachial artery with a pneumatic cuff inflated at suprasystolic pressure. Blood flow was measured with laser Doppler imaging (skin) and strain gauge venous occlusion plethysmography (muscle). On the first and last day of each treatment period, recordings of reactive hyperemia were obtained immediately before and 2 hours after drug intake. Whether in forearm muscle or skin, S18886 had no discernible effect on peak postocclusion blood flow, nor on the global hyperemic response as quantified by the area under curve. These results do not support that thromboxane prostanoid receptor activation could exert a moderating influence on reactive hyperemia in human skin and skeletal muscle, at least in young subjects.

Geographic distribution of phlebotomine sandfly species (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Central-West Brazil

This study updates the geographic distributions of phlebotomine species in Central-West Brazil and analyses the climatic factors associated with their occurrence. The data were obtained from the entomology services of the state departments of health in Central-West Brazil, scientific collections and a literature review of articles from 1962-2014. Ecological niche models were produced for sandfly species with more than 20 occurrences using the Maxent algorithm and eight climate variables. In all, 2,803 phlebotomine records for 127 species were analysed. Nyssomyia whitmani,Evandromyia lenti and Lutzomyia longipalpiswere the species with the greatest number of records and were present in all the biomes in Central-West Brazil. The models, which were produced for 34 species, indicated that the Cerrado areas in the central and western regions of Central-West Brazil were climatically more suitable to sandflies. The variables with the greatest influence on the models were the temperature in the coldest months and the temperature seasonality. The results show that phlebotomine species in Central-West Brazil have different geographical distribution patterns and that climate conditions in essentially the entire region favour the occurrence of at least one Leishmania vector species, highlighting the need to maintain or intensify vector control and surveillance strategies.

Composition and cost of drugs stored at home by elderly patients.

BACKGROUND: Elderly people often have multiple chronic diseases, are frequently treated by several physicians, and also use over-the-counter medications. Excessive prescribing, imperfect therapeutic adherence, treatment modifications after hospitalization, and oversized drug packages result in home storage of leftover drugs, resulting in a waste of healthcare resources. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients aged >/=75 years hospitalized for >24 hours during a 6-month period in an urban teaching hospital in Switzerland were eligible for inclusion in a study collecting sociodemographics, medical, functional, and psychosocial characteristics. Six months later, a research nurse visited the patients at home and recorded the names, number of tablets, and expiration dates of all open or intact drug packages, and the doses actually taken. Acquisition costs of these drugs were computed. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-five patients were included (127 women; mean age 82.2 +/- 4.8 y, range 75-96). They had a total of 2059 drugs (mean per patient 10.3 +/- 6.7, range per patient 1-42), corresponding to a total cost of (US) $62 826 (mean per patient 322 +/- 275, range per patient 10-1571). Self-reported drug intake was regular for 36% of the drugs (46.5% of total costs) and occasional for 11% (6.1%), whereas 35.7% (30.1%) had been stopped during the last month. Cardiovascular drugs amounted to 36.6% of the drugs and 55.5% of the costs. None of the patients' characteristics was significantly associated with a greater number of drugs and higher costs. CONCLUSIONS: Drugs stored at home by elderly patients were worth about $320 per patient. Only about one-third of these drugs were regularly taken. In the context of resources shortage, innovative solutions should be found to reduce the waste linked with drugs stopped in previous months.

Urologie [Urology].

This article intended to general practitioners brings an overview on current diseases in urology such as stone disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia, sexual dysfunction and localized cancers of prostate, bladder and kidney.

Nemaline myopathy revealed by respiratory failure in adults

Most forms of myopathy may involve the respiratory muscles and progress to respiratory failure. However, the diagnosis of myopathy is seldom considered in an adult patient with no history of muscle disease and presenting with respiratory failure. Nemaline myopathy (NM) is a rare disorder characterized by symmetrical diffuse muscle weakness and rod-like nemaline bodies in muscle fibers. Respiratory muscle involvement is a major determinant of mortality in congenital NM, but is rare in late onset NM. Here, we report that acute or chronic respiratory failure may be caused by NM in subjects with no known history of muscle disease. Adult-onset NM was diagnosed in a 67-year-old woman with chronic respiratory insufficiency. Late onset childhood NM was revealed by respiratory failure in twin sisters aged 31. The diagnosis was established by muscle biopsy and electron microscopy (and mutations in the nebulin gene in the two sisters). Long-term clinical improvement was obtained with non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in the three patients. In conclusion, respiratory failure in an adult patient with no known history may correspond to NM with diaphragm involvement. Long-term outcome may be favorable with NIV.

Gregorius IX, papa, Decretales, libri I-II.

Cet exemplaire de la Lectura d’Henri de Suso sur les Décrétales, dont il ne reste que le premier volume, présente la particularité de contenir aussi le texte des Décrétales, chacune d’elles étant suivie par le commentaire correspondant. Certaines anomalies de la copie permettent de préciser que les copistes avaient comme modèle deux manuscrits différents, un pour la Lectura et l’autre pour les Décrétales dans une édition augmentée des Novelles d'Innocent IV, qui devaient être insérées à la suite des titres correspondants, selon la prescription pontificale de 1245. Le texte même des Novelles qui n’était pas commenté dans la Lectura n’a pas été repris dans la copie, sauf l’Extravagante Quia frequenter, au f. 37v, et Sext. I, 13, 1, au f. 133. F. 1-360v. F. 1-177v. "Apparatus [HENRICI de SEGUSIO cardinalis] Ostiensis super textum Decretalium". [Prooemium:] "[A]d Dei omnipotentis gloriam et universalis ecclesie decus et decorem necnon rei publice et maxime scolasticorum utilitatem... - ...emendate"; — [In epistola dedicatoria Gregorii IX:] "Vicarius regis pacifici ad communem utilitatem et maxime studencium quinque compilationes... - ...et punit" (éd.Venise, I, 3-3v). — "Incipit liber primus Decretalium". [GREGORIUS IX papa, Epistola dedicatoria, salutatio] ; suivi de [HENRICUS DE SEGUSIO, Lectura :] "Gregorius episcopus. Omnes sunt episcopi licet vocentur archiepiscopi, primates vel patriarche... de manu apud eum"; — [GREGORIUS IX papa, Epistola dedicatoria] terminée par l'inscription rubriquée de la première Décrétale; suivi de: [HENRICUS DE SEGUSIO, Lectura in epistola dedicatoria :] "Rex. Regum et omnium potestatum. VIII di. que contra mores... - ...super verbo hac tantum"; et de [ID., Lectura in prima rubrica : ]"Quoniam omne quod non est in fine... - ...de fide catholica" (éd.Venise, I, 3v-5) (1-2v). — Extra 1, 1, 1 ; suivi de [ID., Lectura : ] "Firmiter credimus. Bene dicit nam dubius in fine... - ...Extra 1, 37, 1 ; suivi de [ID., Lectura : ] "Clerici... Et si beneficio etc. careant... de foro compe.", incomplet de la fin par lacune matérielle (éd.Venise, I, 5-182, § 10) (2v-177v). A noter: var. de plusieurs lignes à l'explicit des commentaires sur Extra 1, 1, 2 et 1, 3, 11. A noter les anomalies suivantes :L’inscription de chaque Décrétale, à quelques exceptions près, a été inscrite à la fin du texte de la Décrétale précédente. Le libellé: "Innocentius IIIIus" ou bien "Innocentius IIIIus in concil. Lugdun", qui a été inscrit à la fin des titres I, 3 (25v), 6, (85), 10 (103), 28 (132v), 29 (153), 30 (155v), 31 (164) correspond, en fait, à l'inscription des Novelles d'Innocent IV éditées dans le Sexte, livre I, en tête des titres 3, 6, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16.Au f. 37v, à la suite d'Extra 1, 6, 6, le texte de la constitution d'Innocent IV Quia frequenter a été copié, puis exponctué en marge par un correcteur avec la mention "vacat": "Quia frequenter in electione summorum pontificum colupna Dei... - ...minime computato" avec l'inscription: "Idem" écrite à la fin de la Décrétale précédente qui renvoie à Alexandre III. Sur ce texte qui n’a pas été repris dans le Sexte ; cf. H. Singer, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtesgeschichte, Kan. Abt., VI (1916), 1-140 (éd. Friedberg, 946, Sext. 1, 6, 3, note c). Autres manuscrits recensés : Londres, B.L. ms. Add. 18368, f. 8v ; Paris, BNF ms. latin 14324, f. 234 ; Paris, Bibl. Sainte-Geneviève ms. 339, f. 90 ; Prague, I-B4, f. ? (renseignement aimablement communiqué par Michèle Bégou-Davia).Au f. 133, le titre I, 28 est suivi du texte de Sext. I, 13, 1.Au f.114v, le texte d’Extra 1, 15, 1 §1-6 a été copié une première fois dans le module de la glose à la fin d'un cahier, puis exponctué en marge avec la mention "vacat" et recopié dans le gros module habituel sur un feuillet additionnel (115).Aux ff. 133v-134, les Décrétales 1, 29, 3 et 4, suivies de leurs commentaires, ont été interverties ; de même que les Décrétales 1, 29, 42 et 43, aux ff. 152v-153v. F. 178-360v. "Incipit liber secundus". Extra 2, 1, 1 ; suivi de [HENRICUS DE SEGUSIO, Lectura:] "[D]e Quovultdeo etc. Supple ita statutum est d. n. sed propter hoc plene non subvenitur constronccioni [sic].." - ... Extra 2, 30, 6 "... archid. c. fi. § fi". "Explicit liber secundus. Benedictus sit Deus." (éd.Venise, II, 2-209v). Comme dans le livre I, le libellé inscrit à la fin des titres II, 1 (187), 2 (196v), 5 (202), 13 (240), 14 (247), 15 (249), 18 (252v), 25 (312v), 27 (329v), 28 (357v) correspond à l'inscription des Novelles d'Innocent IV éditées dans le Sexte, livre II, en tête des titres 1-3, 5-7, 9, 12, 14, 15.Au f. 196v, le copiste a copié à la suite les commentaire sur Extra 2, 2, 19 et 20, omettant le texte de Extra 2, 20 qu'il a dû ajouter ensuite dans la marge. Au f. 205, le copiste a mal apprécié l’espace réservé pour Extra 6, 2, le texte commencé normalement en gros module d'écriture, se poursuit en petit module et se termine dans la marge inférieure. De même, au f. 227, les dernières lignes d’ Extra 12, 7 ont dû être écrites dans la marge, avec un signe de renvoi. F. 360v-362. Commentaire anonyme sur Extra 2, 28, 59 De appellationibus: "Ut debitus honor etc. More solito dominus Innocencius premittit causam constitutionis exprimens duas causas motivas: qualiter hec constitutio promulgatur antipophornando... - ... se scit et c. arguta". A noter, f. 1-72v, en marge. PETRUS DE SAMPSONA, Distinctiones super Decretalibus 1, 1, 1-1, 6, 44, excerpta; cf. M. Bertram, "Pierre de Sampson et Bernard de Montmirat...", dans L'Eglise et le droit dans le Midi (XIIIe-XIVe s.) (Cahiers de Fanjeaux, 29), Toulouse, 1994, 37-74 et part. 66, parmi les mss recensés. En marge de l'inscription de l'épitre de Grégoire IX: "Greg. ep. etc. Dominus papa Christi universitatis vicarius set episcopus dicitur singularis quare dominus papa dicatur servus... - ...a papa"; en marge de l'épitre dédicatoire: "Rex pacificus quarum alique propter nimiam similitudinem quedam propter contrarietatem sed numquid in hac compilacione... - ...per totum", incipit A de M. Bertram, art. cit., 64 (1) ; — en marge de la Lectura sur l'épitre dédicatoire: Rex pacificus dicitur esse pacificus et Christus pacem diligit temporalem... - ...approbatur" (1v). — Dernière glose en marge d'Extra 1, 6, 44: "Itaque interim etc. Hii etiam qui pape... - ... et similibus" (72v). A noter, au f. 55v, à la fin de la glose, la signature "P. Sampsone" et au f. 67, "P. Samp.". F. 1-69v, passim et 124v-125. Gloses marginales ajoutées par une main cursive anglaise, contemporaine de la copie. « Doctoribus. Qui faciunt universitatem... - ...dilectus. [signé] Abb(at)is" (Bernardus de Montmirat, Lectura in Decretales, ed. Venise, 1588, I, 2) (1). —En marge de la Lecture sur Extra 1, 6, 42: "B. in apostillis suis dicit quod si aliquis potestatem... - ...commento Hostiensis" (69v).

Inter-informant agreement and prevalence estimates for mood syndromes: Direct interview vs. family history method.

BACKGROUND: The use of the family history method is recommended in family studies as a type of proxy interview of non-participating relatives. However, using different sources of information can result in bias as direct interviews may provide a higher likelihood of assigning diagnoses than family history reports. The aims of the present study were to: 1) compare diagnoses for threshold and subthreshold mood syndromes from interviews to those relying on information from relatives; 2) test the appropriateness of lowering the diagnostic threshold and combining multiple reports from the family history method to obtain comparable prevalence estimates to the interviews; 3) identify factors that influence the likelihood of agreement and reporting of disorders by informants. METHODS: Within a family study, 1621 informant-index subject pairs were identified. DSM-5 diagnoses from direct interviews of index subjects were compared to those derived from family history information provided by their first-degree relatives. RESULTS: 1) Inter-informant agreement was acceptable for Mania, but low for all other mood syndromes. 2) Except for Mania and subthreshold depression, the family history method provided significantly lower prevalence estimates. The gap improved for all other syndromes after lowering the threshold of the family history method. 3) Individuals who had a history of depression themselves were more likely to report depression in their relatives. LIMITATIONS: Low proportion of affected individuals for manic syndromes and lack of independence of data. CONCLUSIONS: The higher likelihood of reporting disorders by affected informants entails the risk of overestimation of the size of familial aggregation of depression.

Local Competition, Inbreeding, and the Evolution of Sex-Biased Dispersal.

Using game theory, we developed a kin-selection model to investigate the consequences of local competition and inbreeding depression on the evolution of natal dispersal. Mating systems have the potential to favor strong sex biases in dispersal because sex differences in potential reproductive success affect the balance between local resource competition and local mate competition. No bias is expected when local competition equally affects males and females, as happens in monogamous systems and also in polygynous or promiscuous ones as long as female fitness is limited by extrinsic factors (breeding resources). In contrast, a male-biased dispersal is predicted when local mate competition exceeds local resource competition, as happens under polygyny/promiscuity when female fitness is limited by intrinsic factors (maximal rate of processing resources rather than resources themselves). This bias is reinforced by among-sex interactions: female philopatry enhances breeding opportunities for related males, while male dispersal decreases the chances that related females will inbreed. These results meet empirical patterns in mammals: polygynous/promiscuous species usually display a male-biased dispersal, while both sexes disperse in monogamous species. A parallel is drawn with sex-ratio theory, which also predicts biases toward the sex that suffers less from local competition. Optimal sex ratios and optimal sex-specific dispersal show mutual dependence, which argues for the development of coevolution models.

Els Atropellaments com un probema de seguretat|

Un dels principals aspectes que engloba la (in)seguretat ciutadana és precisament la (in)seguretat viària. De fet, els accidents de trànsit són el quart problema que més preocupa a la ciutadania. Tanmateix, quan es parla de (in)seguretat viària s’acostuma a centrar-se excessivament en els vehicles i en els seus ocupants, deixant sovint de banda la part més dèbil: els vianants. Tot i així, si analitzem les estadístiques existents sobre sinistralitat viària podem observar que els accidents de trànsit amb vianants (els atropellaments) representaven l’any 2010 un percentatge molt important, en concret més d’un 12’7% dels accidents amb víctimes a Catalunya i, dins l’àmbit urbà, representaven més del 18% dels accidents amb víctimes. El municipi de Vic no ha quedat al marge d’aquesta problemàtica. Tot el contrari. Darrerament el nombre d’atropellaments s’ha incrementat considerablement, la qual cosa, unit a l’ampli ressò informatiu per part dels mitjans de comunicació locals, ha original una creixent sensació d’inseguretat en el municipi. Per aquest motiu, el consistori local ha començat a emprendre un seguit d’actuacions per tal de poder fer front a aquest tipus de sinistralitat. En aquest estudi es pretén delimitar l’abast real d’aquest tipus de sinistralitat, així com destacar els tres elements principals que podrien explicar perquè els atropellaments, tot i ser una problemàtica de (in)seguretat viària i formar part de les agendes polítiques institucionals des de fa més de quaranta anys, no s’ha pogut afrontar amb prou èxit. En concret, es destaca la manca de coordinació institucional, el paper del sistema de la justícia penal i l’escassa atenció als vianants per part de la diferent normativa sobre seguretat viària. Així mateix, a través d’un enfocament sistèmic, es pretén també identificar els principals riscos i amenaces que podrien explicar aquest tipus de problemàtica, per tal de, finalment, poder proposar un seguit de mesures d’actuació que es podrien adoptar per fer front als atropellaments de vianants, juntament amb un breu pla d’acció, el qual, tenint en compte el caràcter transversal de la gran majoria de propostes, s’hauria d’ajustar als objectius i al contingut del Pla Local de Seguretat Viària de Vic que actualment està en fase de revisió.