L-Tyrosyl-L-glutarnie Acid Monohydrate, C14H18N206.H20

Mr=328.32, triclinic, P1, a=5.801 (1), b=7.977(1), c=9.110(2)A, ~t=102.33 (1), fl= 97.92 (1), y= 109.82 (1) °, v= 377.2 (1) A 3 at 293 K, Z=I, D x=1.45, D m=1.45 g cm -3, 2(MoKs)= 0.7107 A, ~ = 0.74 cm -1, F(000) = 174.0. R = 0.046 for 990 unique observed [F o > 4O(Fo)] reflections. The crystal structure is stabilized by extensive hydrogen bonding involving all N and O atoms.

Bernhard and Hildegard Saenger Collection.

The bulk of the collection consists of two bound manuscripts (930 + 110 pages), representing the notes of the law student Bernhard Saenger during the lectures of Prof. Heinrich Dernburg in Halle, Germany on Roman law in Germany and on Roman inheritance law (Pandektenvorlesung).

ESR study of copper diethyldithiophosphate

ESR investigations are reported in single crystals of copper diethyldithiophosphate, magnetically diluted with the corresponding diamagnetic nickel complex. The spectrum at normal gain shows hyperfine components from 63Cu, 65Cu, and 31P nuclei. At much higher gain, hyperfine interaction from 33S nuclei in the ligand is detected. The spin Hamiltonian parameters relating to copper show tetragonal symmetry. The measured parameters are g = 2.085, g =2.025, A63Cu = 149.6 × 10−4 cm−1, A65Cu = 160.8 × 10−4 cm−1, BCu = 32.5 × 10−4 cm−1 and QCu 5.5 × 10−4cm−1. The 31P interaction is isotropic with a coupling constant AP = 9.6 × 10−4 cm−1. Angular variation of the 33S lines shows two different hyperfine tensors indicating the presence of two chemically inequivalent Cu S bonds. The experimentally determined hyperfine constants are A =34.9×10−4 cm−1, B =26.1×10−4 cm−1, A =60.4×10−4 cm−1, B =55.5×10−4 cm−1. The hyperfine parameters show that the hybridization of the ligand orbitals is very sensitive to the symmetry around the ligand. The g values and Cu hyperfine parameters are not much affected by the distortions occurring in the ligand. The energies of the d-d transitions are determined by optical absorption measurements on Cu diethyldithiophosphate in solution. Using the spin Hamiltonian parameters together with optical absorption results, the MO parameters for the complex are calculated. It is found that in addition to the bond, the bonds are also strongly covalent. ©1973 The American Institute of Physics

Velocity Distribution in Smooth Rectangular Open Channels-Closure

Abstract is not available.

Ionization and breakdown in sf6-air and freon-nitrogen mixtures

The sparking potentials and swarm coefficients (ionization and attachment coefficients) have been measured in sulphurhexafluoride- air and freon-nitrogen mixtures over the range of 110 ¿ E/p ¿ 240 V cm-1 torr-l and gas pressures varying between 1 and 20 torr, at 20°C. Addition of strongly attaching salphur-hexafluoride and freon gases increased the sparking potentials and the rate of increase of the attachment coefficient with increasing percentage of the strongly attaching gases in the mixtures was much larger than the rate of change of the first ionization coefficient.

Sustainable bioenergy for India: Technical, economic and policy analysis

India's energy challenges are multi-pronged. They are manifested through growing demand for modern energy carriers, a fossil fuel dominated energy system facing a severe resource crunch, the need for creating access to quality energy for the large section of deprived population, vulnerable energy security, local and global pollution regimes and the need for sustaining economic development. Renewable energy is considered as one of the most promising alternatives. Recognizing this potential, India has been implementing one of the largest renewable energy programmes in the world. Among the renewable energy technologies. bioenergy has a large diverse portfolio including efficient biomass stoves, biogas, biomass combustion and gasification and process heat and liquid fuels. India has also formulated and implemented a number of innovative policies and programmes to promote bioenergy technologies. However, according to some preliminary studies, the success rate is marginal compared to the potential available. This limited success is a clear indicator of the need for a serious reassessment of the bioenergy programme. Further, a realization of the need for adopting a sustainable energy path to address the above challenges will be the guiding force in this reassessment. In this paper an attempt is made to consider the potential of bioenergy to meet the rural energy needs: (I) biomass combustion and gasification for electricity; (2) biomethanation for cooking energy (gas) and electricity; and (3) efficient wood-burning devices for cooking. The paper focuses on analysing the effectiveness of bioenergy in creating this rural energy access and its sustainability in the long run through assessing: the demand for bioenergy and potential that could be created; technologies, status of commercialization and technology transfer and dissemination in India; economic and environmental performance and impacts: bioenergy policies, regulatory measures and barrier analysis. The whole assessment aims at presenting bioenergy as an integral part of a sustainable energy strategy for India. The results show that bioenergy technology (BET) alternatives compare favourably with the conventional ones. The cost comparisons show that the unit costs of BET alternatives are in the range of 15-187% of the conventional alternatives. The climate change benefits in terms of carbon emission reductions are to the tune of 110 T C per year provided the available potential of BETs are utilized.

Evolution of Grain-Boundary Microstructure and Texture in Interstitial-Free Steel Processed by Equal-Channel Angular Extrusion

The equal-channel angular extrusion (ECAE) of Ti-bearing interstitial-free (IF) steel was performed following two different routes, up to four passes, at a temperature of 300 degrees C. The ECAE led to a grain refinement to submicron size. After the second pass, the grain size attained saturation thereafter. The microstructural analysis indicated the presence of coincident-site lattice (CSL) boundaries in significant fraction, in addition to a high volume fraction of high-angle random boundaries and some low-angle boundaries after the deformation. Among the special boundaries, Sigma 3 and Sigma 13 were the most prominent ones and their fraction depended on the processing route followed. A deviation in the misorientation angle distribution from the Mackenzie distribution was noticed. The crystallographic texture after the first pass resembled that of simple shear, with the {112}, {110}, and {123} aligned to the macroscopic shear plane.

ESR study of copper diethyldithiophosphate

ESR investigations are reported in single crystals of copper diethyldithiophosphate, magnetically diluted with the corresponding diamagnetic nickel complex. The spectrum at normal gain shows hyperfine components from 63Cu, 65Cu, and 31P nuclei. At much higher gain, hyperfine interaction from 33S nuclei in the ligand is detected. The spin Hamiltonian parameters relating to copper show tetragonal symmetry. The measured parameters are g|| = 2.085, g[perpendicular]=2.025, A63Cu = 149.6 × 10−4 cm−1, A65Cu = 160.8 × 10−4 cm−1, BCu = 32.5 × 10−4 cm−1 and QCu [infinity] 5.5 × 10−4cm−1. The 31P interaction is isotropic with a coupling constant AP = 9.6 × 10−4 cm−1. Angular variation of the 33S lines shows two different hyperfine tensors indicating the presence of two chemically inequivalent Cu[Single Bond]S bonds. The experimentally determined hyperfine constants are A ₁^s=34.9×10−4 cm−1, B ₁^s=26.1×10−4 cm−1, A ₂^s=60.4×10−4 cm−1, B₂^s=55.5×10−4 cm−1. The hyperfine parameters show that the hybridization of the ligand orbitals is very sensitive to the symmetry around the ligand. The g values and Cu hyperfine parameters are not much affected by the distortions occurring in the ligand. The energies of the d-d transitions are determined by optical absorption measurements on Cu diethyldithiophosphate in solution. Using the spin Hamiltonian parameters together with optical absorption results, the MO parameters for the complex are calculated. It is found that in addition to the sigma bond, the pi bonds are also strongly covalent. ©1973 The American Institute of Physics.

Responses of Scots pine to nickel and copper exposure and herbivory

The goal of this thesis was to examine the ecophysiological responses of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), with an emphasis on the oxidative enzyme peroxidase and plant phenolics to environmental stresses like elevated levels of nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu), and herbivory. The effects of Ni and Cu were studied in a gradient survey at a sulphur dioxide contaminated site in the Kola Peninsula, and with experiments in which seedlings were exposed to Ni mist or to Ni and Cu amended into the soil. In addition, experimental Ni exposure was combined with disturbance of the natural lichen cover of the forest ground layer. Pine sawfly attack was simulated in the early season defoliation experiment, in which mature Scots pine were defoliated (100 %) during two successive years in a dry, nutrient-poor Scots pine stand. In addition, the effect of previous defoliation on the growth of sawfly (Diprion pini L.) larvae was studied. Apoplastic peroxidase activity was elevated in the needles of pine in a Ni- , Cu- and SO2- polluted environment, which indicated an increased oxidative stress. Increased foliar peroxidase activity due to Ni contamination was shown in the experiment, in which Ni was added as mist. No such response was found in peroxidase acitivity of the roots exposed to elevated Ni and/or Cu in the soil. Elevated Ni in the soil increased the concentration of foliar condensed tannins, which are able to bind heavy metals in the cells. Addition of low levels of Ni in the soil appeared to benefit pine seedlings, which was seen as promoted shoot growth and better condition of the roots. Wet Ni deposition of 2000 mg m-2 reduced growth and survival of pine seedlings, whereas deposition levels 200 mg m-2 or 20 mg m-2 caused no effects in a 2-y lasting experiment. The lichen mat on the forest floor did not act as an effective buffer against the adverse impacts of heavy metals on pine seedlings. However, some evidence was found indicating that soil microbes profited from the lichen mat. Artificial defoliation increased peroxidase activity in the Scots pine needles. In addition, defoliation decreased nitrogen, diamine putrescine and glucose concentrations in the needles and increased the concentrations of several phenolic compounds, starch and sucrose. Previous artificial defoliation led to poor growth of sawfly larvae reared on the pines, suggesting delayed induced resistance in Scots pine. However, there was no consistent relationship between inducibility (proportional increase in a compound following defoliation) and adverse effects on the growth of pine sawfly larvae. The observed inducible responses in needle phenolics due to previous defoliation thus appear to represent non-specific responses against sawflies.

Nucleotide sequence of the 3' terminal region of belladonna mottle virus-Iowa (renamed Physalis mottle virus) RNA and an analysis of the relationships of tymoviral coat proteins

The 3prime terminal 1255nt sequence of Physalis mottle virus (PhMV) genomic RNA has been determined from a set of overlapping cDNA clones. The open reading frame (ORF) at the 3prime terminus corresponds to the amino acid sequence of the coat protein (CP) determined earlier except for the absence of the dipeptide, Lys-Leu, at position 110-111. In addition, the sequence upstream of the CP gene contains the message coding for 178 amino acid residues of the C-terminus of the putative replicase protein (RP). The sequence downstream of the CP gene contains an untranslated region whose terminal 80 nucleotides can be folded into a characteristic tRNA-like structure. A phylogenetic tree constructed after aligning separately the sequence of the CP, the replicase protein (RP) and the tRNA-like structure determined in this study with the corresponding sequences of other tymoviruses shows that PhMV wrongly named belladonna mottle virus [BDMV(I)] is a separate tymovirus and not another strain of BDMV(E) as originally envisaged. The phylogenetic tree in all the three cases is identical showing that any subset of genomic sequence of sufficient length can be used for establishing evolutionary relationships among tymoviruses.

Thermodynamic characterization of the reversible, two-state unfolding of maltose binding protein, a large two-domain protein

The folding and stability of maltose binding protein (MBP) have been investigated as a function of pH and temperature by intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, far- and near-UV circular dichroism, and high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetric measurements. MBP is a monomeric, two-domain protein containing 370 amino acids. The protein is stable in the pH range of 4-10.5 at 25 degrees C. The protein exhibits reversible, two-state, thermal and guanidine hydrochloride-mediated denaturation at neutral pH. The thermostability of MBP is maximal at pH 6, with a Tm of 64.9 degrees C and a deltaHm of 259.7 kcal mol(-1). The linear dependence of deltaHm on Tm was used to estimate a value of deltaCp of 7.9 kcal mol(-1) K(-1) or 21.3 cal (mol of residue)(-1) K(-1). These values are higher than the corresponding deltaCp's for most globular proteins studied to date. However, the extrapolated values of deltaH and deltaS (per mole of residue) at 110 degrees C are similar to those of other globular proteins. These data have been used to show that the temperature at which a protein undergoes cold denaturation depends primarily on the deltaCp (per mol of residue) and that this temperature increases with an increase in deltaCp. The predicted decrease in stability of MBP at low temperatures was experimentally confirmed by carrying out denaturant-mediated unfolding studies at neutral pH at 2 and 28 degrees C.

Spectral and thermal data on polystyrene peroxide

Poly(styrene peroxide) has been prepared and characterized. Nuclear magnetlc resonance (NMR) spectra Of the polymer show the shift Of aliphatic protons. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) results show anexothermic peak around 110 OC which is characteristic of peroxide decomposition.

Lobbying by ethnic groups and aid allocation

We develop a political-economic model of foreign aid allocation. Each ethnic group in the donor country lobbies the government to allocate more aid to its country of origin, and the government accepts political contributions from lobby groups. Initial per-capita income of the recipients and those of the ethnic groups are shown to be important determinants of the solution of the political equilibrium. We also examine the effects of changes in the degree of corruption, aid fatigue, and ethnic composition, in the donor country on the allocation of aid.

Design, Development, Synthesis, and Docking Analysis of 2-substituted Triclosan Analogs as Inhibitors for Plasmodium falciparum Enoyl-ACP Reductase

A structure-based approach has been adopted to develop 2'substituted analogs of triclosan. The Cl at position 2' in ring B of triclosan was chemically substituted with other functional groups like NH2, NO2 and their inhibitory potencies against PfENR were determined. The binding energies of the 2' substituted analogs of triclosan for enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) of Plasmodium falciparum were determined using Autodock. Based on the autodock results, we synthesized the potential compounds. The IC50 and inhibition constant (K-i) of 2' substituted analogs of triclosan were determined against purified PfENR. Among them, two compounds,2-(2'-Amino-4'-chloro-phenoxy)-5-chloro-phenol (compound 4) and 5-chloro-2-(4'-chloro-2'-nitro-phenoxy)-phenol) (compound 5) exhibited good potencies. Compound 4 followed uncompetitive inhibition kinetics with crotonoyl CoA and competitive with NADH. It was shown to have an IC50 of 110 nM; inhibition constant was 104 nM with the substrate and 61 nM with the cofactor. IC50 Of compound 5 was determined to be 229 nM. Compounds 4 and 5 showed significant inhibition of the parasite growth in P. falciparum culture. (C) 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(11):1083-1091, 2009.

EPR Evidence for Premonitory Charge-Ordering Fluctuations in Hydrothermally Grown Pr0.57Ca0.41Ba0.02MnO3 Nanowires

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and magnetic properties of nanowires of Pr0.57Ca0.41Ba0.02MnO3 (PCBMO) are studied and compared with those of the bulk material. PCBMO nanowires with diameter of 80-90 nm and length of similar to 3.5 mu m were synthesized by a low reaction temperature hydrothermal method and the bulk sample was prepared following a solid-state reaction route. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The bulk PCBMO manganite exhibits charge order at 230 K along with a ferromagnetic transition at 110 K. However, superconducting quantum interference device measurements on the PCBMO nanowires show a complete `melting' of charge ordering and a ferromagnetic transition at 115 K. This result is confirmed by the EPR intensity behavior as well. However, the EPR line width, which is reflective of the spin dynamics, shows a shallow minimum for nanowires at the temperature corresponding to the charge-ordering transition, i.e., 230 K. We interpret this result as an indication of the presence of charge-ordering fluctuations in the nanowires even though the static charge order is absent, thus heralding the occurrence of charge order in the bulk sample.