996 resultados para 0.22 per mil
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OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade do Balo Intra-Artico (BIAo) profiltico em cirurgia de revascularizao miocrdica (CRM) eletiva, para prevenir o infarto trans ou ps-operatrio e para reduzir a mortalidade intra-hospitalar nos pacientes com baixa frao de ejeo ventricular esquerda. MTODOS: Em modelo de estudo de coorte, foram analisados 239 pacientes com frao de ejeo do ventrculo esquerdo inferior ou igual a 40%, submetidos CRM eletiva com circulao extracorprea (CEC), no perodo compreendido entre maro de 1995 a fevereiro de 2001. RESULTADOS: Destes, 58 pacientes receberam BIAo pr-operatrio e os demais foram operados sem assistncia circulatria (grupo controle). Os dois grupos de pacientes tinham caractersticas semelhantes quanto a fatores associados aos desfechos em questo. Ocorreram 5 (8,6%) bitos no grupo com BIAo e 21 (11,6%), no grupo controle (diferena no-signifcativa). Ocorreram 2 (3,4%) infartos no grupo com BIAo e 28 (15,5%), no grupo controle BIAo (p < 0,05), risco relativo de 0,22 com intervalo de confiana de 95% de 0,05 a 0,85. CONCLUSO: O BIAo, em uso pr-operatrio, pode reduzir de forma significativa o risco de infarto agudo do miocrdio (IAM) trans ou ps-operatrio, em pacientes com funo sistlica diminuda, sem incremento de complicaes vasculares. Nesta mesma situao, o BIAo no diminui de forma significativa a mortalidade. Estudos randomizados devem ser conduzidos para se ter concluses mais precisas.
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FUNDAMENTO: Poucos estudos compararam a atividade inflamatria entre pacientes diabticos e no-diabticos com sndrome coronariana aguda, e ainda no foi publicado nenhum somente com portadores de angina instvel (AI). OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve dois objetivos. Em primeiro lugar, comparar os nveis sricos de protena C reativa (PCR) e interleucina - 6 (IL-6) em pacientes diabticos e no-diabticos com angina instvel (AI) para determinar se a diferena na atividade inflamatria justifica o pior prognstico nos pacientes diabticos. Em segundo, avaliar a correlao entre os marcadores inflamatrios e o perfil metablico em pacientes diabticos e entre a resposta inflamatria e os desfechos hospitalares, como morte, infarto agudo do miocrdio, insuficincia cardaca congestiva e tempo de hospitalizao. MTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectivo de 90 pacientes consecutivos admitidos na Unidade de Dor Torcica com angina instvel. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: diabticos e no-diabticos. Os nveis sricos de PCR e IL-6, o perfil metablico e a contagem de leuccitos foram obtidos na chegada ao hospital. RESULTADOS: Dos pacientes analisados, 42 (47%) eram diabticos (idade 62 9) e 48 (53%) no eram diabticos (idade 63 12). No foram encontradas diferenas entre a mediana da PCR (1,78 vs. 2,23 mg/l, p = 0,74) e da IL-6 (0 vs. 0 pg/ml, p = 0,31) entre os dois grupos. Houve uma correlao positiva entre PCR e colesterol total (rs = 0, 21, p = 0, 05), PCR e colesterol LDL (r s = 0,22, p = 0,04) e PCR e contagem de leuccitos (r s = 0,32, p = 0,02) nos dois grupos. Nenhuma associao foi encontrada entre os marcadores inflamatrios e os desfechos hospitalares. CONCLUSO: No encontramos diferena na atividade inflamatria entre os pacientes diabticos e no-diabticos com AI, o que indica que esse quadro clnico pode equilibrar a atividade inflamatria entre os dois grupos e aumentar a concentrao de marcadores inflamatrios de fase aguda, independentemente do estado metablico.
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Finfish pots have emerged as a responsible gear, when used in combination with conservational and technical measures to sustain fisheries. Previous trials in Irish waters have offered no published reported data and so three designs tested in the current study provide new information on this gear. The most successful traps in terms of fish catch were rigid steel framed rectangular pots used to target Conger eel. Although commercial yield was low (0.2 per trap haul), potential existed for a viable pot fishery. Deployment and storage of Norwegian floating pots was conducted with relative ease but performance in the water was poor resulting in loss of gear. Catch returns were notable even though effort was restricted as mega-faunal by-catch was a problem, which lead to ending this trial. From these initial trials it was evident that catch rates were low compared to established Norwegian fisheries (3.6 cod per pot), which resulted in the utilisation of pots, already established in the crustacean fishery, to find species readily accessible to pot capture. Although fished and designed differently, these gears provided an opportunity to establish the benefits of pot fishing to fish quality and to determine the effects on by-catch. The fishing effects of three catching methods (pots, angling and trawl) and the effects of air exposure on the physiological status of a common by-catch, the lesser spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus cancula (L.) were examined using a range of physiological biomarkers (plasma catecholamine, glucose, lactate, muscle pH and muscle lactate). Physiological responses of fish to an emersion stress regime resulted in a significant metabolic disturbance in groups, but may not have weakened the overall health of these fish, as signified in the revival of some metabolites. Plasma glucose and lactate concentrations did not however recovery to baseline levels indicating that to achieve an accurate profile, responses should be determined by a suite of biomarkers. Responses did not demonstrate that samples from the pots were significantly less stressed than for the other two methods; angling and trawling, which are in contrast to many other studies. Employment of finfish potting therefore in Irish waters needs further consideration before further promotion as a more responsible method to supplement or replace established techniques.
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FUNDAMENTO: A oxidao da lipoprotena de baixa densidade (LDL-ox) induz formao de eptopos imunognicos na molcula. A presena de autoanticorpos contra a LDL-ox tem sido demonstrada no soro de pacientes com doena arterial coronariana (DAC). Contudo, o papel desses autoanticorpos na fisiopatologia das sndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) e o seu significado clnico permanecem indefinidos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associao entre autoanticorpos contra a LDL-ox e SCA. MTODOS: Os ttulos de imunoglobulina G autoanticorpos contra a LDL-ox por cobre (antiLDL-ox) e contra o peptdeo sinttico D derivado da apolipoprotena B (antipeptD) foram determinados por ensaio imunoenzimtico (ELISA) em 90 pacientes, nas primeiras 12h de SCA (casos) e em 90 pacientes com DAC crnica (controles). RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que os ttulos de antiLDL-ox foram significativamente mais elevados (p = 0,017) nos casos (0,40 0,22), do que nos controles (0,33 0,23). Por outro lado, os ttulos de antipeptD foram significativamente menores (p < 0,01) nos casos (0,28 0,23) do que nos controles (0,45 0,30). A diferena dos ttulos de ambos anticorpos entre os dois grupos estudados foi independente de idade, sexo, hipertenso arterial, diabete melito, dislipidemia, ndice de massa corporal, tabagismo, perfil lipdico, uso de estatinas e histria familiar de DAC. CONCLUSO: Os resultados mostraram que os ttulos de antiLDL-ox foram significativamente mais elevados nos pacientes com sndrome coronariana aguda quando comparados aos pacientes com doena arterial coronariana e podem estar associados instabilidade da placa aterosclertica.
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FUNDAMENTO: O ndice de dilatao transitria pode ser determinado atravs de teste ergomtrico ou estresse farmacolgico. Desconhece-se se o tipo de estresse tem impacto sobre os valores mdios do ndice de dilatao transitria. OBJETIVO: Comparar os valores mdios do ndice de dilatao transitria na cintilografia com 99mTc-sestamibi, em pacientes submetidos a teste ergomtrico em esteira, versus estresse com dipiridamol. O objetivo secundrio foi avaliar o impacto sobre o valor mdio do ndice exercido pelas caractersticas demogrficas, pelos fatores de risco para doena arterial coronariana e a gravidade da isquemia. MTODOS: O estudo transversal incluiu 200 pacientes, entre 40 e 70 anos, portadores ou no de fatores de risco para cardiopatia isqumica, com ou sem diagnstico prvio de cardiopatia isqumica. A separao entre grupos foi sequencial. O software 4D-MSPECT calculou o ndice de dilatao transitria e forneceu um sistema de escores para anlise da perfuso. RESULTADOS: O valor do ndice de dilatao transitria mdio do grupo submetido a teste ergomtrico foi de 1,06 (0,23). O do grupo submetido ao estresse com dipiridamol foi de 1,10 (0,22);(p = 0,200). No houve associao entre o tipo de estresse e os valores mdios do ndice de dilatao transitria. Encontrou-se associao entre os valores mdios do ndice e a faixa etria somente para os pacientes do grupo do teste ergomtrico (p = 0,009). CONCLUSO: Os resultados do nosso estudo demonstram que o ndice de dilatao transitria no difere quando os pacientes so submetidos a estresse pelo teste ergomtrico em esteira ou estresse farmacolgico pelo dipiridamol.
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FUNDAMENTO: A funo endotelial braquial tem sido associada ao fluxo lento coronrio (FLC). O aumento do fluxo sanguneo para a artria braquial faz com que o endotlio libere xido ntrico (ON), com subsequente vasodilatao. Alm de sua atividade com betabloqueador, o nebivolol provoca vasodilatao, aumentando a liberao endotelial de ON. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do nebivolol na funo endotelial vascular em pacientes com FLC. MTODOS: 46 pacientes com FLC e 23 indivduos com artrias coronrias epicrdicas normais foram examinados com ecocardiografia transtorcica e ultrassonografia da artria braquial. Os pacientes foram reavaliados dois meses aps o tratamento com aspirina ou aspirina e nebivolol. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes com FLC apresentaram maior ndice de massa corporal (26,5 3,3 vs. 23,8 2,8, p < 0,001), tempo de relaxamento isovolumtrico (TRIV) de influxo mitral (114,9 18,0 vs. 95,0 22,0 mseg, p < 0,001), menor frao de ejeo do ventrculo esquerdo (FEVE) (63,5 3,1% vs. 65,4 2,2, p = 0,009), colesterol HDL (39,4 8,5 vs. 45,8 7,7 mg/dL, p = 0,003) e dilatao fluxo-mediada da artria braquial (DFM) (6,1 3,9% vs. 17,6 4,5%, p <0,001). Houve correlaes significativas entre a DFM e a presena de FLC (r = 0,800, p < 0,001) e o colesterol HDL (r = 0,349, p = 0,003). Dos pacientes com FLC, apesar de os valores mdios de DFM em pr-tratamento terem sido semelhantes (6,1 4,3% vs. 6,0 ,6%, p = 0,917), em comparao com a DFM do grupo em ps-tratamento apenas com aspirina, a DFM apresentou valores significativamente maiores do que os pacientes tratados com aspirina e nebivolol (6,0 3,5% vs. 8,0 2,9%, p = 0,047). Constatou-se que o tratamento com nebivolol est associado a um significativo aumento na DFM (6,0 3,6 a 8,0 2,9 %, p = 0,030), ao passo que o tratamento apenas com aspirina no apresentou a mesma associao. CONCLUSO: A funo endotelial pode ser comprometida nas artrias coronrias e braquiais em pacientes com FLC, e o nebivolol pode ser eficaz na melhora da funo endotelial em pacientes com FLC.
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FUNDAMENTO: A Disfuno Ertil (DE) se associa ao risco aumentado de Doena Arterial Coronariana (DAC). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associao entre DE, determinada pelo ndice Internacional de Funo Ertil Simplificado (IIFE-5), e DAC. MTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal que avaliou 263 hipertensos (55 [50 - 61] anos). A DE foi avaliada pelo IIEF-5 e a DAC, por meio da histria de revascularizao miocrdica prvia e/ou por cineangiocoronariografia. RESULTADOS: O IIFE-5 se correlacionou com o clearance de creatinina [ClCr] (Rho = 0,23; p < 0,001) e com a idade (Rho = -0,22; p < 0,001). Quarenta e dois pacientes apresentavam DAC; e o IIFE-5 foi capaz de discrimin-los (rea sob a curva ROC = 0,63; p = 0,006). Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: IIFE-5 < 20 (n = 140) e IIFE- 5 > 20 (n = 123); aqueles com menor IIFE-5 tinham idade mais elevada (57 [52 - 61] vs. 54 [45 - 60] anos; p = 0,002), maior prevalncia de DAC (22% vs. 9%; p = 0,004), tabagismo (64% vs. 47%; p = 0,009) e do uso de inibidores dos canais de clcio (65 % vs. 43%; p = 0,001), alm de menor ClCr (67,3 [30,8 - 88,6] vs. 82,6 [65,9 - 98,2] ml/min; p < 0,001). O IIFE-5 < 20 se associou ao maior risco de DAC em regresso logstica; tanto univariada (RR = 2,89 [IC 95% 1,39 - 6,05]), quanto aps ajustes para idade, diabetes, ClCr, tabagismo, presso arterial mdia e uso de anti- hipertensivos (RR = 2,59 [IC 95%: 1,01 - 6,61]). CONCLUSO: O IIFE-5 se associa ao diagnstico de DAC e sua utilizao pode agregar informao ao estadiamento do risco cardiovascular em pacientes hipertensos.
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A preveno e o tratamento do excesso de peso so particularmente complexos, reforando a importncia de estudos que visem esclarecer sua rede de causas e efeitos. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a relao entre horas de sono noturnas e medidas antropomtricas. Realizou-se uma anlise transversal realizada a partir de dados de 348 crianas de 3 e 4 anos da cidade de So Leopoldo/ RS. As horas de sono noturnas foram relatadas pelas mes e as medidas de ndice de massa corporal, circunferncia da cintura e dobras cutneas foram medidas de acordo com protocolo padro. As anlises foram ajustadas para consumo energtico e horas de televiso assistidas. As crianas com excesso de peso apresentaram, em mdia, 0,39 horas a menos de sono em relao quelas com peso adequado (9,77 1,44 versus 10,17 1,34; IC95% 0,03-0,76). Observou-se associao inversa entre horas de sono noturnas e valores de escore z de ndice de massa corporal para idade (B = -0,12 IC95% -0,22--0,02). A circunferncia da cintura e as dobras cutneas apresentaram relao inversa com as horas de sono, porm sem diferena estatstica. Em pr-escolares do sul do Brasil, menos horas de sono noturnas foram associadas com maiores valores de ndice de massa corporal.
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Background:Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is the most common cyanotic cardiopathy, with an incidence ranging between 0.2 and 0.4 per 1000 live births. Many patients not treated in the first few months of life may progress with severe pulmonary vascular disease. Treatment of these patients may include palliative surgery to redirect the flow at the atrial level.Objective:Report our institutional experience with the palliative Senning procedure in children diagnosed with TGA and double outlet right ventricle with severe pulmonary vascular disease, and to evaluate the early and late clinical progression of the palliative Senning procedure.Methods:Retrospective study based on the evaluation of medical records in the period of 1991 to 2014. Only patients without an indication for definitive surgical treatment of the cardiopathy due to elevated pulmonary pressure were included.Results:After one year of follow-up there was a mean increase in arterial oxygen saturation from 62.1% to 92.5% and a mean decrease in hematocrit from 49.4% to 36.3%. Lung histological analysis was feasible in 16 patients. In 8 patients, pulmonary biopsy grades 3 and 4 were evidenced.Conclusion:The palliative Senning procedure improved arterial oxygen saturation, reduced polycythemia, and provided a better quality of life for patients with TGA with ventricular septal defect, severe pulmonary hypertension, and poor prognosis.
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1. Analyses of soluble sulphates in 2 N ammonium chloride extracts of 24 samples of soils of the state of So Paulo, Brazil, S. A., showed a sulphur content varying from 0,0013 g per 100 g (found in the b layer of a genuine "terra roxa") to 0,007 g per 100 g of soil (b layer of a soil of depression without definite characteristics). (The results are expressed as elemental sulphur). Determinations of total sulphur in 56 samples of soils of the same state using the method of fusion with sodium carbonate and sodium nitrate revealed 0.007 g of elemental S per 100 g of soil as the lowest value (found in several soil types) and 0.096 g as the highest one (found in the b layer of an ar-quean soil). Apparently soluble sulphates accumulate in the upper layers and total sulphur does the opposite. It was found a strong correlation between total S and carbon content. 2. Under laboratory conditions, in a compost of fresh soil, powdered sulphur and apatite, it was verified after a three months period of incubation that the pH value lowered from 6.30 to 3.23; the citric acid solubility of apatite increased to 271.1 per cent of the original one. Lupinus sp. grown in soil manured with sulphur and apatite has showed fresh and dry weights higher than the plants in control pots; the results are significant at 5% level of probability; phosphorus content is also higher in the manured plants. It was observed a net influence of the apatite plus sulphur treatment on the weight of root nodosities that was four times greater than in the control plants. 3. Nearly five hundred determinations of S, N and P were carried out in 35 species of plants cultivated in the state of So Paulo. A great variation in the amounts of these elements was observed. As a general rule, the leaves contain more sulphur than the stems and roots show the lowest percentages. The conjunct roots and stem of guar (Cyamopsis psoraloides) revealed only 0.019 per cent sulphur; the leaves of kale showed the highest sulphur content, i. e., 2.114%. Apparently there is no correlation between the amounts of S, N and P. The ratio S/N increases from 0.006 (guar) to 0.485 (kale). The ratio S/P, always higher than the corresponding S/N, increases from 0.082 (guar) to 6.381 (older leaves of tomato plants). It is interesting to mention that several among the most important crops in the state of So Paulo namely, cotton, rice, coffee and sugar cane contain more sulphur than phosphorus. 4. Tomato plants cultivated in nutrient solution lacking sulphur showed the following visual symptons of deficiency : chlorosis first in the younger leaves and afterwards in all the leaves; anthocyanin pigments in the petioles and stems; absence of fruits; primary roots stunted and secondary ones longer than in the control plants; stems slender, hard, woody. The histological study of petioles suffering from sulphur deficiency revealed anthocyanin in the parenchyme layer instead of clo-rophyll pigments observed in normal petioles; in the chlorotic leaves the large chloroplasts present only the stroma but the small ones have a little amount of green pigments. Chemical analysis revealed in the abnormal plants : less sulphur and an increased proportion of phosphorus; older leaves contain more sulphur and less phosphorus than the younger ones probably due to physiological difficulties in translocation of sulphur bearing material; increased amount of total N attributed to accumulation of nitrates; marked decrease in ash, sugars and starch; increased proportion of crude fiber and dry material. In the plants suffering from sulphur deficiency photosyntetic rate decreased 34 per cent. 5. Tomato plants were succesfully cultivated in nutrient solution in absence of mineral sulphur but in presence of cysteine. The plants absorbed sulphur, under that form and were able to grow up quite well; the fruiting was normal. In this way rested cleary demonstrated the possibility of absorption of organic sulphur without previous mineralization and its utilization in the building up of protein molecules.
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This paper deals with the results of a pot and plot experiment which was carried out to determine the influence of sulphur and boron and the effect seed inoculation with Rhizobium meliloti in the yield of alfafa. Sulphur was applied as flower of sulphur at the rates of 1,000 and 2,000 kg por hectare; boron was employed in the proportion of 15 kg of borax per hectare; both sulphur and boron were distributed broadcast before planting; the experimental design chosen for the field trial was a latin square of 6 x 6 with the following treatments: Number Treatment 1 Control 2 One dosis S + inoculation 3 Two dosis S +inoculation 4 One dosis S + B + inoculation 5 B + inoculation 6 inoculation The crop supplied four cuttings in an eleven months period. The pot experiment nearly confirmed the plot one. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1. The classification of treatments in a decrescent order was: l.o - two doses S + inoculation; 2.o - one dosis S +inoculation, S + B + inoculation, and B + inoculation (these treatmente were not statistically different); 3.o - control; 4.o - inoculation; 2 The vield due to the treatment two dosis S + inoculation was 22 per cent higher than the control one, a fact that suggests that the S supply in the soil studied ("terra roxa misturada") is not sufficient for the total requirements of alfafa; 3. From an economical point of view the best treatment was: one dosis B + inoculation which permits a net gain of Cr$ 12.527,30 per hectare per year; 4. Based on the mentioned results we recommend in soils of same type the following fertilization for alfafa. 5 tons limestone/hectare 300 kg serranafosfato and 600 kg hiperfosfato/ha 300 kg muriate of potash/ha 15 kg borax/ha and a medium organic manuring if the soil is very poor in organic matter.
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This paper deals with the estimation of milk production by means of weekly, biweekly, bimonthly observations and also by method known as 6-5-8, where one observation is taken at the 6th week of lactation, another at 5th month and a third one at the 8th month. The data studied were obtained from 72 lactations of the Holstein Friesian breed of the "Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (Piracicaba), S. Paulo, Brazil), being 6 calvings on each month of year and also 12 first calvings, 12 second calvings, and so on, up to the sixth. The authors criticize the use of "maximum error" to be found in papers dealing with this subject, and also the use of mean deviation. The former is completely supersed and unadvisable and latter, although equivalent, to a certain extent, to the usual standard deviation, has only 87,6% of its efficiency, according to KENDALL (9, pp. 130-131, 10, pp. 6-7). The data obtained were compared with the actual production, obtained by daily control and the deviations observed were studied. Their means and standard deviations are given on the table IV. Inspite of BOX's recent results (11) showing that with equal numbers in all classes a certain inequality of varinces is not important, the autors separated the methods, before carrying out the analysis of variance, thus avoiding to put together methods with too different standard deviations. We compared the three first methods, to begin with (Table VI). Then we carried out the analysis with the four first methods. (Table VII). Finally we compared the two last methods. (Table VIII). These analysis of variance compare the arithmetic means of the deviations by the methods studied, and this is equivalent to compare their biases. So we conclude tht season of calving and order of calving do not effect the biases, and the methods themselves do not differ from this view point, with the exception of method 6-5-8. Another method of attack, maybe preferrable, would be to compare the estimates of the biases with their expected mean under the null hypothesis (zero) by the t-test. We have: 1) Weekley control: t = x - 0/c(x) = 8,59 - 0/ = 1,56 2) Biweekly control: t = 11,20 - 0/6,21= 1,80 3) Monthly control: t = 7,17 - 0/9,48 = 0,76 4) Bimonthly control: t = - 4,66 - 0/17,56 = -0,26 5) Method 6-5-8 t = 144,89 - 0/22,41 = 6,46*** We denote above by three asterisks, significance the 0,1% level of probability. In this way we should conclude that the weekly, biweekly, monthly and bimonthly methods of control may be assumed to be unbiased. The 6-5-8 method is proved to be positively biased, and here the bias equals 5,9% of the mean milk production. The precision of the methods studied may be judged by their standard deviations, or by intervals covering, with a certain probability (95% for example), the deviation x corresponding to an estimate obtained by cne of the methods studied. Since the difference x - x, where x is the mean of the 72 deviations obtained for each method, has a t distribution with mean zero and estimate of standard deviation. s(x - x) = √1+ 1/72 . s = 1.007. s , and the limit of t for the 5% probability, level with 71 degrees of freedom is 1.99, then the interval to be considered is given by x 1.99 x 1.007 s = x 2.00. s The intervals thus calculated are given on the table IX.
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Due to the great importance of coffee to the Brazilian economy, a good deal of the work carried out in the "Laboratrio de Istopos", E. E. A. "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, S. Paulo, Brazil, was dedicated to the study of some problems involving that plant. The first one was designed to verify a few aspects of the control of zinc deficiency which is common in many types of soils in Brazil. An experiment conducted in nutrient solution showed that the leaf absorption of the radiozinc was eight times as high as the root uptake; the lower surface of the leaves is particularly suited for this kind of absorption. Among the heavy metal micronutrients, only iron did not affect the absorption of the radiozinc; manganese, copper, and molybdenum brought about a decrease of fifty per cent in total uptake. In another pot experiment in which two soils typical of the coffee growing regions were used, namely, a sandy soil called "arenito de Bauru" and a heavy one, "terra roxa", only O.l and 0.2 per cent of the activity supplied to the roots was recovered", respectively. This indicates that under field conditions the farmer should not attempt to correct zinc deficiency by applying zinc salts to the soil: leaf sprays should be used wherever necessary. In order to find out the most suitable way to supply phosphatic fertilizers to the coffee plant, under normal farm conditions, an experiment with tagged superphosphate was carried out with the following methods of distribution of this material: (1) topdressed in a circular area around the trees; (2) placed in the bottom of a 15 cm deep furrow made around the plant; (3) placed in a semicircular furrow, as in the previous treatment; (4) sprayed directly to the leaves. It was verified that in the first case, circa 10 per cent of the phosphorus in the leaves came from the superphosphate; for the other treatments, the results ware, respectively: 2.4, 1.7, and 38.0 per cent. It is interesting to mention that the first and the last methods of distribution were those less used by the farmers; now they are being introduced in many coffee plantations. In a previous trial it was demonstrated that urea sprays were an adequate way to correct nitrogen deficiency under field conditions. An experiment was then set up in which urea-C14 was used to study the metabolism of this fertilizer in coffee leaves. In was verified that in a 9 hours period circa 95 per cent of the urea supplied to the leaves had been absorbed. The distribution of the nitrogen of the urea was followed by standard chemical procedures. On the other hand the fate of the carbonic moiety was studied with the aid of the radiochromatographic technique. Thus, the incorporation of C14 in aminoacids, sugars and organic acids was ascertained. Data obtained in this work gave a definite support to the idea that in coffee leaves, as in a few other higher plants, a mechanism similar to the urea cycle of animals does exist.
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WATER-CULTURE EXPERIMENTS. Two water-culture experiments were carried out to study the absorption and the translocation of radiozinc in young coffee plants as influenced by two factors, namely, concentration of heavy metals (iron, man ganese, copper and molybdenum) and method of application. Inert zinc was supplied at an uniform rate of 0. 05 p. p. m.; the levels of iron supply were 0, 1.0, and 10.0 p. p.m.; manganese was supplied in three doses 0, 0.5, and 5.0 p. p.m.; copper- 0, 0. 02, and 0. 2 p. p. m.; molybdenum- 0, 0. 01, and 0. 1 p. p. m. When applied to the nutrient solution the activity os the radiozinc (as zinc chloride) was 0. 15 microcuries per plant. In the study of the leaf absorption, Zn65 was supplied at the level of 0. 10 microcuries per plant; in this case the radioative material was brushed either on the lower or on the upper surface or both two pairs of mature leaves. The absorption period was 8 weeks. The radioactivity assay showed the following results: 1 - Among the heavy metals herein investigated the iron concentration did not affect the uptake of the radiozinc; by raising the level of Mn, Cu and Mo ten times, the absorption dropped to 50 per cent and even more when compared with the control plants; when, however, these micronutrients were omitted from the nutrient solution, an increase in the uptake of zinc was registered in the minus Cu treatment only. The effects of high levels of Mn, Cu and Mo probably indicate an interionic competition for a same site on a common binding substance in the cell surface. 2 - The absorption of the radiozinc directly applied to the leaf surface reached levels as high as 8 times that registered when the root uptake took place. Among the three methods of application which have been tried, brushing the lower surface of the leaves proved to be the most effective; this result is easily understood since the stomatal openings of the coffee leaves an preferentially located in the lower surface - in this treatment, about 40 per cent of the activity was absorved and around 12 per cent were translocated either to the old or to the newer organs. Chemical analyses for heavy metals, were carried out only in the plants received Zn65Cl2 in the nutrient solution; the results were as follows; 1 - Control plants had, per 1,000 gm, of dry weight the following amounts in mg.: Zn- 48 in the roots and 29 in the tops; Fe- 165 in the roots and 9 in the tops; Mn- 58 in the roots and 15 in the tops, Cu- 15 in the roots and 1. 2 in the tops; Mo- 2. 8 in the roots and 0. 45 in the tops. 2 - The effect of different levels of micronutrients in the composition of the plants can be summarized as follows: Fe and Zn- when omitted from the nutrient solution, the iron and zinc contents in the roots decreased, no variation being noted in the tops; the higher dosis caused an accumulation in the roots but no apparent effect in the tops; Mn- by omitting this micronutrient a decrease in its content in the roots was noted, where as the concentration in the tops was the same; Mo- no variation in roots and tops contents when molybdenum was omitted; higher dosis of manganese and molybdenum increased the amounts formed both in the roots and in the tops. 3 - The influence of the different concentrations of micronutrients heavy metals on the zinc content of the coffee plants can be described by saying that: Fe and Mo- no marked variation; Mn- no effect when omitted, reduced amount when the high dosis was supplied; Mn- when the plants did not receive manganese the zinc content in roots and tops was the same as in the control plants; a decrease in the zinc content of the total plant occurred when the high dosis was employed; Cu -the situation is similar to that described for manganese. Hence, results showed by the chemical analyses roughly correspond to those of the radioactivity assay; the use of the tracer technique, however, gave best informations along this line. SOIL-POTS EXPERIMENTS. The two types of soils which when selected support the most extensive coffee plantations in the State of So Paulo, Brazil: "arenito de Bauru", a light sandy soil and "terra roxa legitima", a red soil derived from basalt. Besides NPK containing salts, the coffee plants were given two doses of inert zinc (65 and 130 mg ZnCl2 per pot) and radiozinc at a total activity of 10(6) counts/minute. The results of the countings can be summarized as follows: 1 - When plants were grown in "arenito de Bauru" the activity absorbed as per cent of the total activity supplied was not affected by the dosis of inert zinc. The highest value found was around 0. 1 per cent. 2 - For the "terra roxa" plants, the situation is almost the same; there was, however, a slight increase in the absorption of the radiozinc when 130 mgm of ZnClg2 was given: a little above 0. 2 per cent of the activity supplied was absorbed. The results clearly show that the young coffee plants practically did not absorb none of the zinc supplied; two reasons at least could be pointed out to explain such a fact: 1 - Zinc fixation by an exchange with magnesium or by filling holes in the octahedral layer of aluminosilicates, probably kaolinite; 2 - No need for fertilizer zinc in the particular stage of life cycle under which the experiment was set up. The data from chemical analysis are roughly parallel to the above mentioned. When one attempts to compare - by taking data herein reported zinc uptake from nutrient solution, leaf brushing or from fertilizers in the soil, a practical conclusion can be drawn: the control of zinc deficiency in coffee plants should not be done by adding the zinc salts to the soil; in other words: the soil applications used so extensively in other countries seem not to be suitable for our conditions; hence zinc sprays should be used wherever necessary.
Resumo:
Amostras de berinjela (Solanum melongena) de densidades de 11.111 a 31.746 plantas/ha foram analisadas quanto aos teores de matria seca, cido ascrbico, carboidratos solveis totais, sacarose, glucose e frutose. Com exceo da matria seca, no foram detectadas diferenas significativas entre os teores dos constituintes analisados em funo das diversas densidades de plantas. Os frutos obtidos de maiores densidades de plantas apresentaram maior teor de matria seca. O teor de cido ascrbico variou de 5,9 a 10,6 mg/100 g peso fresco. Os teores de carboidratos solveis, expressos cm g/100 g peso fresco, foram os seguintes: sacarose, (0,13-0,22), glucose (0,91-1,37) e frutose (0,83-1,11).
