Diurnal and exercise-related variability of haemoglobin and reticulocytes in athletes.

Haemoglobin (Hb) and Reticulocytes (Ret) are measured as indirect markers of doping in athletes. We studied the diurnal variation, the impact of exercise, fluid intake and ambient temperature in athletes on these parameters. Hourly venous blood samples were obtained from 36 male athletes of different disciplines (endurance (END) and non-endurance (NON-END)) over 12 h during a typical training day. Seven inactive subjects served as controls (CON). Hb and Ret were determined. A mixed model procedure was used to analyse the data. At baseline, Hb was similar for all groups, END showed lower Ret than NON-END and CON. Exercise showed a significant impact on Hb (+0.46 g/dl, p<0.001), the effect disappeared approximately 2 h after exercise. Hb decreased over the day by approximately 0.55 g/dl (p<0.01). There was no relevant effect on Ret. Fluid intake and ambient temperature had no significant effect. Hb shows significant diurnal- and exercise related variations. In an anti-doping context, most of these variations are in favour of the athlete. Blood samples taken after exercise might therefore provide reliable results and thus be used for the longitudinal monitoring of athletes if a timeframe for the re-equilibration of vascular volumes is respected.

A fast automated screening method for the detection of blood transfusion in sports.

Currently, there is no simple direct screening method for the misuse of blood transfusions in sports. In this study, we investigated whether the measurement of iron in EDTA-plasma can serve as biomarker for such purpose. Our results revealed an increase of the plasma iron level up to 25-fold 6 h after blood re-infusion. The variable remained elevated 10-fold one day after the procedure. A specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 93% were obtained with a proposed threshold at 45 µg/dL of plasma iron. Therefore, our test could be used as a simple, cost effective biomarker for the screening for blood transfusion misuse in sports. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

La protection des données de santé des athlètes dans le cadre de la lutte contre le dopage

Le dopage fait l’objet d’une intense lutte par les autorités sportives. Cet article s’intéresse à l’encadrement des renseignements personnels des athlètes qui y sont soumis. En effet, la lutte au dopage s’opère principalement par le traitement des nombreuses informations de santé que les athlètes fournissent dans le cadre de certaines procédures. L’article étudie dans une première partie les fondements de la lutte antidopage et la structure du sport aux niveaux international et canadien dans le but de contextualiser l’analyse de la protection des renseignements personnels. La seconde partie porte dans un premier temps sur le cadre général de la protection des renseignements personnels, puis sur les deux « outils » de la lutte au dopage : les autorisations pour usage à des fins thérapeutiques et les contrôles antidopage. Dans le premier cas, la protection des renseignements personnels s’effectue selon le modèle des aires de partage, où plusieurs personnes ont un accès simultané aux renseignements afin de fournir une prestation donnée. Dans le second cas, la protection est plus classique mais a la particularité de se confondre partiellement avec les mesures visant à protéger l’intégrité ­ et la validité ­ des contrôles.

Contaminación y efectos secundarios en suplementos deportivos (proteínas, aminoácidos, creatina y suplementos para la pérdida de peso).

En muchos países la producción de suplementos deportivos no está correctamente regulada a nivel gubernamental. Esto implica la posibilidad de que los ingredientes declarados como componentes del producto no concuerden con los que se indican en la etiqueta del mismo. La literatura ha descrito casos de doping positivo debido a que las sustancias no declaradas en las etiquetas de dichos suplementos se encuentran en la lista de sustancias prohibidas. Este Trabajo Fin de Grado tiene por objetivo realizar una revisión bibliográfica de los estudios y/o análisis que clarifiquen qué suplementos de proteínas, aminoácidos, creatina y orientados a la pérdida de peso y qué marcas o laboratorios son los más fiables y los que no tanto. Dicho estudio se ha enfocado a suplementos que se consumen tanto en el alto rendimiento como a nivel recreativo y social, donde el desconocimiento en este sentido es mucho mayor. También se expondrán los efectos secundarios asociados a su contaminación y/o a su uso inapropiado. ABSTRACT In many countries, the production of sport supplements is not properly regulated by the government. This means that it is possible the ingredients do not match the label claims. In some cases, undeclared substances contained in supplements may include some that are banned by anti-doping laws. This End of Degree Project aims to make a literature review of studies and / or analysis which clarify what kind of protein, amino acids, creatine and fat loss supplements and which brands or laboratories are less reliable, as well as to inform those that do are, not only in high performance sport, but also at the social and recreational level, where the lack of knowledge in this sense is much higher. Also, associated side effects to such contamination and inappropriate use found in the review will be exposed.

Developing countries' anti-cyclical policies in a globalized world

Includes bibliography

Developing countries' anti-cyclical policies in a globalized world

Includes bibliography

Developing countries' anti-cyclical policies in a globalized world

Includes bibliography

International cable directory of the world, in conjunction with Western Union telegraphic code system.

Description based on: 1908.

The third annual report of the British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society for the abolition of slavery and the slave-trade throughout the world : presented to the general meeting held in Exeter Hall, on Friday, May 13th, 1842 : the most honourable the Marquis of Clanricarde in the chair : with an appendix, list of contributions, &c. &c. &c.

Mode of access: Internet.

Peak -to -average power ratio reduced parallel interference cancellation Multicarrier-Code Division Multiple Access system with anti -interference property

Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been proved to be a promising technology that enables the transmission of higher data rate. Multicarrier Code-Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is a transmission technique which combines the advantages of both OFDM and Code-Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA), so as to allow high transmission rates over severe time-dispersive multi-path channels without the need of a complex receiver implementation. Also MC-CDMA exploits frequency diversity via the different subcarriers, and therefore allows the high code rates systems to achieve good Bit Error Rate (BER) performances. Furthermore, the spreading in the frequency domain makes the time synchronization requirement much lower than traditional direct sequence CDMA schemes. There are still some problems when we use MC-CDMA. One is the high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the transmit signal. High PAPR leads to nonlinear distortion of the amplifier and results in inter-carrier self-interference plus out-of-band radiation. On the other hand, suppressing the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) is another crucial problem in the MC-CDMA system. Imperfect cross-correlation characteristics of the spreading codes and the multipath fading destroy the orthogonality among the users, and then cause MAI, which produces serious BER degradation in the system. Moreover, in uplink system the received signals at a base station are always asynchronous. This also destroys the orthogonality among the users, and hence, generates MAI which degrades the system performance. Besides those two problems, the interference should always be considered seriously for any communication system. In this dissertation, we design a novel MC-CDMA system, which has low PAPR and mitigated MAI. The new Semi-blind channel estimation and multi-user data detection based on Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) have been applied in the system. The Low Density Parity Codes (LDPC) has also been introduced into the system to improve the performance. Different interference models are analyzed in multi-carrier communication systems and then the effective interference suppression for MC-CDMA systems is employed in this dissertation. The experimental results indicate that our system not only significantly reduces the PAPR and MAI but also effectively suppresses the outside interference with low complexity. Finally, we present a practical cognitive application of the proposed system over the software defined radio platform.

Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduced Parallel Interference Cancellation Multicarrier-Code Division Multiple Access System with Anti-Interference Property

Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been proved to be a promising technology that enables the transmission of higher data rate. Multicarrier Code-Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is a transmission technique which combines the advantages of both OFDM and Code-Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA), so as to allow high transmission rates over severe time-dispersive multi-path channels without the need of a complex receiver implementation. Also MC-CDMA exploits frequency diversity via the different subcarriers, and therefore allows the high code rates systems to achieve good Bit Error Rate (BER) performances. Furthermore, the spreading in the frequency domain makes the time synchronization requirement much lower than traditional direct sequence CDMA schemes. There are still some problems when we use MC-CDMA. One is the high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the transmit signal. High PAPR leads to nonlinear distortion of the amplifier and results in inter-carrier self-interference plus out-of-band radiation. On the other hand, suppressing the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) is another crucial problem in the MC-CDMA system. Imperfect cross-correlation characteristics of the spreading codes and the multipath fading destroy the orthogonality among the users, and then cause MAI, which produces serious BER degradation in the system. Moreover, in uplink system the received signals at a base station are always asynchronous. This also destroys the orthogonality among the users, and hence, generates MAI which degrades the system performance. Besides those two problems, the interference should always be considered seriously for any communication system. In this dissertation, we design a novel MC-CDMA system, which has low PAPR and mitigated MAI. The new Semi-blind channel estimation and multi-user data detection based on Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) have been applied in the system. The Low Density Parity Codes (LDPC) has also been introduced into the system to improve the performance. Different interference models are analyzed in multi-carrier communication systems and then the effective interference suppression for MC-CDMA systems is employed in this dissertation. The experimental results indicate that our system not only significantly reduces the PAPR and MAI but also effectively suppresses the outside interference with low complexity. Finally, we present a practical cognitive application of the proposed system over the software defined radio platform.