Under-reporting of energy intake is more prevalent in a healthy dietary pattern cluster

The aim of the present study was to determine whether under-reporting rates vary between dietary pattern Clusters. Subjects were sixty-five Brazilian women. During 3 weeks, anthropometric data were collected. total energy expenditure (TEE) was determined by the doubly labelled water method and diet Was Measured. Energy intake (El) and the daily frequency of consumption per 1000 kJ of twenty-two food groups were obtained from a FFQ. These frequencies were entered into a Cluster analysis procedure in order to obtain dietary patterns. Under-reporters were defined Lis those who did not lose more than 1 kg of body weight during the study and presented EI:TEE less than 0.82. Three dietary pattern clusters were identified and named according to their most recurrent food groups: sweet foods (SW). starchy foods (ST) and health), (H). Subjects from the healthy cluster had the lowest mean EI:TEE (SW = 0.86, ST = 0.71 and H = 0.58: P = 0.003) and EI - TEE (SW = -0.49 MJ, ST = - 3.20 MJ and H = -5.09 MJ; P = 0.008). The proportion of Under-reporters was 45.2 (95 % CI 35.5, 55.0) % in the SW Cluster: 58.3 (95 % CI 48.6, 68.0) % in the ST Cluster and 70.0 (95 % CI 61.0, 79) % in the H cluster (P=0.34). Thus, in Brazilian women, Under-reporting of El is not uniformly distributed among, dietary pattern clusters and tends to be more severe among subjects from the healthy cluster. This cluster is more consistent with both dietary guidelines and with what lay individuals usually consider `healthy eating`.

Sexual System, Sex Ratio, and Group Living in the Shrimp Thor amboinensis (De Man): Relevance to Resource-Monopolization and Sex-Allocation Theories

The sexual system of the symbiotic shrimp Thor amboinensis is described, along with observations on sex ratio and host-use pattern of different populations. We used a comprehensive approach to elucidate the previously unknown sexual system of this shrimp. Dissections, scanning electron microscopy, size-frequency distribution analysis, and laboratory observations demonstrated that T amboinensis is a protandric hermaphrodite: shrimp first mature as males and change into females later in life. Thor amboinensis inhabited the large and structurally heterogeneous sea anemone Stichoclactyla helianthus in large groups (up to 11 individuals) more frequently than expected by chance alone. Groups exhibited no particularly complex social structure and showed male-biased sex ratios more frequently than expected by chance alone. The adult sex ratio was male-biased in the four separate populations studied, one of them being thousands of kilometers apart from the others. This study supports predictions central to theories of resource monopolization and sex allocation. Dissections demonstrated that unusually large males were parasitized by an undescribed species of isopod (family Entoniscidae). Infestation rates were similarly low in both sexes (approximate to 11%-12%). The available information suggests that T. amboinensis uses pure search promiscuity as a mating system. This hypothesis needs to be formally tested with mating behavior observations and field measurements on the movement pattern of both sexes of the species. Further detailed studies on the lifestyle and sexual system of all the species within this genus and the development of a molecular phylogeny are necessary to elucidate the evolutionary history of gender expression in the genus Thor.

Arquiteturas eficientes para sensoriamento espectral e classificação automática de modulações usando características cicloestacionárias

The increasing demand for high performance wireless communication systems has shown the inefficiency of the current model of fixed allocation of the radio spectrum. In this context, cognitive radio appears as a more efficient alternative, by providing opportunistic spectrum access, with the maximum bandwidth possible. To ensure these requirements, it is necessary that the transmitter identify opportunities for transmission and the receiver recognizes the parameters defined for the communication signal. The techniques that use cyclostationary analysis can be applied to problems in either spectrum sensing and modulation classification, even in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environments. However, despite the robustness, one of the main disadvantages of cyclostationarity is the high computational cost for calculating its functions. This work proposes efficient architectures for obtaining cyclostationary features to be employed in either spectrum sensing and automatic modulation classification (AMC). In the context of spectrum sensing, a parallelized algorithm for extracting cyclostationary features of communication signals is presented. The performance of this features extractor parallelization is evaluated by speedup and parallel eficiency metrics. The architecture for spectrum sensing is analyzed for several configuration of false alarm probability, SNR levels and observation time for BPSK and QPSK modulations. In the context of AMC, the reduced alpha-profile is proposed as as a cyclostationary signature calculated for a reduced cyclic frequencies set. This signature is validated by a modulation classification architecture based on pattern matching. The architecture for AMC is investigated for correct classification rates of AM, BPSK, QPSK, MSK and FSK modulations, considering several scenarios of observation length and SNR levels. The numerical results of performance obtained in this work show the eficiency of the proposed architectures

Population structure and genetic variability in the Murrah dairy breed of water buffalo in Brazil accessed via pedigree analysis

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Photoelastic analysis of forces generated by T-loop springs made with stainless steel or titanium-molybdenum alloy

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to use photoelastic analysis to compare the system of forces generated by retraction T-loop springs made with stainless steel and titanium-molybdenum alloy (TMA) (Ormco, Glendora, Calif) with photoelastic analysis. Methods: Three photoelastic models were used to evaluate retraction T-loop springs with the same preactivations in 2 groups. In group 1, the loop was constructed with a stainless steel wire, and 2 helicoids were incorporated on top of the T-loop; in group 2, it was made with TMA and no helicoids. Results: Upon using the qualitative analysis of the fringe order in the photoelastic model, it was observed that the magnitude of force generated by the springs in group 1 was significantly higher than that in group 2. However, both had symmetry for the active and reactive units related to the system of force. Conclusions: Both springs had the same mechanical characteristics. TMA springs showed lower force levels. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011;140:e123-e128)

Analysis of the effects of thermal cycling on the microtensile shear bond strength of a self-etching and a conventional pit and fissure sealants to dental enamel

Objective: To analyze the effects of thermal cycling on the microtensile shear bond strength of a self-etching and a conventional pit and fissure sealants to dental enamel. Material and Method: Twenty-four healthy human molars extracted for orthodontic reasons, were sectioned in the mesio-distal direction and divided into two groups (n=24) according to the sealant to be applied: GI - conventional sealant Climpro (3M/ESPE) and GII - self-etching sealant Enamel Loc (Premier Dental). The sealants were applied on flattened enamel in matrixes 1 mm in diameter, in accordance with the manufacturers' recommendations. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. After this, half the samples of both groups were submitted to 500 thermal cycles in 30s baths at temperatures between 5 and 55°C. Forty-eight hours after the samples were made, the microtensile shear test was performed in an Instron 4411 test machine, with a stainless steel wire with a cylindrical cross section of 0.2mm in diameter at a constant speed of 0.5mm/s. The bond strength values were submitted to ANOVA for 2 factors and the fracture patterns were examined under an optical microscope at 65X magnification. Results: Thermal cycling did not influence the bond strength of the two sealants. The conventional sealant Climpro presented a statistically higher microtensile shear bond strength (11.72MPa, 11.34MPa with and without cycling, respectively) than the self-etching sealant Enamel Loc (5.92MPa, 5.02MPa with and without cycling, respectively). Fracture pattern analysis showed the occurrence of 100% of adhesive failures for Enamel Loc, while the conventional sealant Climpro presented 95% of adhesive failures and 5% of mixed failures. Conclusion: The conventional sealant presented higher microtensile shear bond strength to dental enamel in comparison with the self-etching sealant. Thermal cycling did not affect the bond strength of the sealants used in this study. © 2011 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Efeito analgésico da morfina e tramadol na artrite e sinovite induzidas experimentalmente em bovinos

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FMVZ

Estudo comparativo do uso da terra em unidades de produção familiar no Nordeste Paraense

O contexto histórico de formação territorial do Nordeste Paraense, está relacionado com os diversos períodos de ocupação que a região Amazônica sofreu, desde os primórdios da colonização, passando pelos fluxos migratórios, a partir da década de 1950, até sua configuração atual. O Nordeste Paraense é composto pelas microrregiões do Salgado, Bragantina, Cametá, Guamá e Tomé-Açu, ocupando cerca de 135 mil quilômetros quadrados, ou seja, 10,6% da superfície estadual, englobando 49 municípios, possuindo 1,8 milhão de habitantes, 27% da população estadual. Após quase um século de utilização as áreas de mata virgem fazem parte do passado. O padrão de uso da terra baseia-se no manejo de parcelas de floresta secundária (capoeiras), em rotação com culturas anuais e a implantação de culturas perenes e de pastagens. Neste contexto este trabalho objetivou compreender a dinâmica do uso da terra em unidades de produção familiar, para assim subsidiar alternativas para o planejamento das propriedades. A pesquisa foi realizada em trinta e três unidades, dispostas nos municípios de Bragança (apresenta uma ocupação mais antiga, com diferentes históricos de ocupação e uso da terra, aproximadamente 300 anos), Capitão Poço (representa uma ocupação e uso intermediários, 60 anos) e Garrafão do Norte (com um processo de ocupação mais recente cerca de 20 anos). A metodologia baseou-se na observação direta, na aplicação de questionários, entrevistas semi-estruturadas, registros fotográficos, elaboração de mapas mentais e utilização do Sistema de Informações Geográficas, para construção de mapas temáticos e análise das imagens de satélite. Pode-se observar que o padrão de uso não se diferencia nas três áreas, pois não é o ambiente somente que irá influenciar nas práticas estabelecidas, mas sim a territorialidade de cada agricultor, ou seja, a sua carga cultural que é impressa sobre o território. Constatou-se que a paisagem de uma propriedade será mais ou menos fragmentada em função do número de pessoas que fazem uso dela. A vegetação secundária é um elemento importante nesta dinâmica, pois sua presença ou ausência contribuirá para que uma propriedade seja mais ou menos resiliente as pressões de mercados, ou seja, a existência deste recurso florestal, juntamente com outros sistemas produtivos, permitem que aquela propriedade tenha uma variedade de produtos a serem disponibilizados na esfera da família e para o mercado. Assim é necessário que estratégias de planejamento da propriedade sejam elaboradas, para garantir a sustentabilidade social e ambiental.

Vulnerabilidade ao fogo de florestas intactas e degradadas na região de Santarém - Pará

A Amazônia se constitui atualmente como a maior floresta tropical úmida remanescente e contínua do mundo e abriga a maior diversidade de plantas e animais dentre todos os biomas da Terra, constituindo de suma importância para a manutenção da biodiversidade. A região tem passado por mudanças significativas nas últimas décadas, mudanças que são resultantes principalmente das alterações da paisagem/cobertura vegetal, impulsionadas pelo aumento populacional e práticas de manejo inadequado da terra, resultado de desmatamentos, queimadas, mudanças nas atividades agrícolas, pecuária, exploração madeireira, programas de colonização, abertura de estradas e problemas latifundiários. Dentre esses fatores, as queimadas e incêndios florestais se tornam os problemas mais críticos para a região, pois o manejo do fogo pelos produtores rurais na maioria das vezes é feito de forma inadequada, escapando de controle e provocando prejuízos econômicos, sociais e ecológicos. Florestas que já queimaram uma vez ficam mais susceptíveis a novos incêndios, pois tornam-se mais inflamáveis devido a modificação em sua estrutura do dossel, na dinâmica de umidade relativa do ar, temperatura do ar e no combustível fino no chão da floresta. Sendo assim, objetivou-se neste trabalho investigar os padrões diurnos de inflamabilidade de florestas intactas e degradadas na região de Santarém – PA, área de grandes alterações no padrão de uso do solo, com intensas atividades agrícolas e agropecuárias, região que apresenta também número significativo de focos de incêndios. Observou-se que as florestas intactas da região são significativamente menos inflamáveis do que as florestas degradadas, e as bordas das florestas degradadas são mais inflamáveis que seu interior, comprovados por dados da dinâmica de umidade relativa e temperatura do ar, umidade da Serapilheira e taxa de abertura do dossel. Esses dados foram associados com dados socioeconômicos através de entrevistas semi estruturadas, com o objetivo de saber como os produtores rurais manejam o fogo, onde os resultados mostraram que o treinamento de manejo de fogo influencia significativamente na adoção de boas práticas de uso de fogo, como por exemplo, não colocar fogo em horário crítico (entre 11 e 15 horas para região estudada), fazer aceiro, queimar contra o vento, esperar a primeira chuva, entre outros. O tamanho da propriedade não influencia significativamente no uso adequado de fogo, porém os pequenos produtores são os que mais o utilizam em suas atividades produtivas, uma vez que este se constitui a forma mais barata para limpar e preparar a terra. Neste sentido, este trabalho visa mostrar a necessidade de investimento em pesquisas sobre a inflamabilidade das florestas, o aperfeiçoamento das análises de satélites associadas às pesquisas em campo, como uma forma de amenizar e talvez solucionar os problemas das queimadas na Amazônia, além de colaborar para adoção de uma política de incentivo a redução das queimadas pelos produtores rurais, aliadas ao treinamento de uso do fogo, acesso a informação e tecnologias alternativas ao manejo de fogo.

Identification of species of the Euterpe genus by rare earth elements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and linear discriminant analysis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Evaluation of pH effects on genomic integrity in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells using the comet assay

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Differences in habitat use of two sympatric species of Ameiva in East Costa Rica

Identifying the differences in habitat use for sympatric species is important for understanding the species preferences and the limits of population distribution. We studied the differences in the habitat use of two understudied sympatric species of Ameiva (A. festiva and A. quadrilineata) in a natural reserve of the Caribbean coast of Coast Rica. Ameiva quadrilineata showed a more restrictive habitat use pattern than A. festiva. A. quadrilineata's smaller body size may be one of the factors limiting its habitat range. Both species showed higher density in regenerated forests, while A. quadrilineata was never found in swamp forests. The air temperature and the meteorological condition at the moment of the survey also influenced the occurrence of the A. quadrilineata, while the juveniles of A. festiva were only affected by the meteorological condition. None of the studied variables seemed to affect the occurrence of A. festiva adults. The results of this study can be useful to evaluate possible changes in the species distribution patterns as a consequence of direct (i.e., deforestation) or indirect (i.e., climate change) human activities in the distribution area of these species.

Apparent survival of the salamander

Background Understanding the demographic processes underlying population dynamics is a central theme in ecology. Populations decline if losses from the population (i.e., mortality and emigration) exceed gains (i.e., recruitment and immigration). Amphibians are thought to exhibit little movement even though local populations often fluctuate dramatically and are likely to go exinct if there is no rescue effect through immigration from nearby populations. Terrestrial salamanders are generally portrayed as amphibians with low migratory activity. Our study uses demographic analysis as a key to unravel whether emigration or mortality is the main cause of "losses" from the population. In particular, we use the analysis to challenge the common belief that terrestrial salamanders show low migratory activity. Results The mark-recapture analysis of adult salamanders showed that monthly survival was high (> 90%) without a seasonal pattern. These estimates, however, translate into rather low rates of local annual survival of only ~40% and suggest that emigration was important. The estimated probability of emigration was 49%. Conclusion Our analysis shows that terrestrial salamanders exhibit more migratory activity than commonly thought. This may be due either because the spatial extent of salamander populations is underestimated or because there is a substantial exchange of individuals between populations. Our current results are in line with several other studies that suggest high migratory activity in amphibians. In particular, many amphibian populations may be characterized by high proportions of transients and/or floaters.

Using Dynamic Analysis for API Migration

When changing the API of a framework, we need to migrate its clients. This is best done automatically. In this paper, we focus on API migration where the mechanism for inversion of control changes. We propose to use dynamic analysis for such API migration since structural refactorings alone are often not sufficient. We consider JExample as a case-study. JExample extends JUnit with first-class dependencies and fixture injection. We investigate how dynamically collected information about test coverage and about instances under test can be used to detect dependency injection candidates.

AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE DEMAND FOR CARE IN A FREE-STANDING EMERGENCY CENTER

Free-standing emergency centers (FECs) represent a new approach to the delivery of health care which are competing for patients with more conventional forms of ambulatory care in many parts of the U.S. Currently, little is known about these centers and their patient populations. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to describe the patients who visited two commonly-owned FECs, and determine the reasons for their visits. An economic model of the demand for FEC care was developed to test its ability to predict the economic and sociodemographic factors of use. Demand analysis of other forms of ambulatory services, such as a regular source of care (RSOC), was also conducted to examine the issues of substitution and complementarity.^ A systematic random sample was chosen from all private patients who used the clinics between July 1 and December 31, 1981. Data were obtained by means of a telephone interview and from clinic records. Five hundred fifty-one patients participated in the study.^ The typical FEC patient was a 26 year old white male with a minimum of a high school education, and a family income exceeding $25,000 a year. He had lived in the area for at least twenty years, and was a professional or a clerical worker. The patients made an average of 1.26 visits to the FECs in 1981. The majority of the visits involved a medical complaint; injuries and preventive care were the next most common reasons for visits.^ The analytic results revealed that time played a relatively important role in the demand for FEC care. As waiting time at the patients' regular source of care increased, the demand for FEC care increased, indicating that the clinic serves as a substitute for the patients' usual means of care. Age and education were inversely related to the demand for FEC care, while those with a RSOC frequented the clinics less than those lacking such a source.^ The patients used the familiar forms of ambulatory care, such as a private physician or an emergency room in a more typical fashion. These visits were directly related to the age and education of the patients, existence of a regular source of care, and disability days, which is a measure of health status. ^