Ecotoxicology of marine biotoxins in bivalve shellfish

A small proportion of harmful algae produce toxins which are harmful to human health. Strict monitoring programmes are in place within Ireland and the EU to effectively manage risk to human consumers of shellfish species that have accumulated marine biotoxins in their tissues. However, little is known about the impacts of HABs on shellfish health. This study used Solid Phase Adsorption and Toxin Tracking (SPATT) for the passive sampling of algal biotoxins at Lough Hyne Marine Nature Reserve in West Cork, Ireland. Spatial and temporal monitoring of the incidence of a wide range of lipophilic toxins was assessed over a 4-month period. Active sampling accumulated sufficient quantities of toxin for use in subsequent experimentation. In addition to commonly occurring Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) toxins, Dinophysis toxin-1 and Pinnatoxin-G were both detected in the samples. This is the first identification of these latter two toxins in Irish waters. The effects of the DSP toxin okadaic acid (OA) were investigated on three shellfish species: Mytilus edulis, Ruditapes philippinarum and Crassostrea gigas. Histological examination of the gill, mantle and hepatopancreas tissues revealed varying intensity of damage depending both on the tissue type and the species involved. At the cellular level, flow cytometric analysis of the differential cell population distribution was assessed. No change in cell population distribution was observed in Mytilus edulis or Ruditapes philippinarum, however significant changes were observed in Crassostrea gigas granulocytes at the lower levels of toxin exposure. This indicated a chemically-induced response to OA. DNA fragmentation was measured in the haemolymph and hepatopancreas cells post OA-exposure in Mytilus edulis and Crassostrea gigas. A significant increase in DNA fragmentation was observed in both species over time, even at the lowest OA concentrations. DNA fragmentation could be due to genotoxicity of OA and/or to the induction of cell apoptosis.

Tailored Microarray Platform for the Detection of Marine Toxins

Currently, there are no fast in vitro broad spectrum screening bioassays for the detection of marine toxins. The aim of this study was to develop such an assay. In gene expression profiling experiments 17 marker genes were provisionally selected that were differentially regulated in human intestinal Caco-2 cells upon exposure to the lipophilic shellfish poisons azaspiracid-1 (AZA1) or dinophysis toxin-1 (DTX1). These 17 genes together with two control genes were the basis for the design of a tailored microarray platform for the detection of these marine toxins and potentially others. Five out of the 17 selected marker genes on this dedicated DNA microarray gave dear signals, whereby the resulting fingerprints could be used to detect these toxins. CEACAM1, DDIT4, and TUBB3 were up-regulated by both AZA1 and DTX1, TRIB3 was up-regulated by AZA1 only, and OSR2 by DTX1 only. Analysis by singleplex qRT-PCR revealed the up- and down-regulation of the selected RGS16 and NPPB marker genes by DTX1, that were not envisioned by the new developed dedicated array. The qRT-PCR targeting the DDIT4, RSG16 and NPPB genes thus already resulted in a specific pattern for AZA1 and DTX1 indicating that for this specific case qRT-PCR might a be more suitable approach than a dedicated array.

Allo-limbal transplantation in patients with limbal stem cell deficiency

Aim - To report the outcome of a series of patients with stem cell deficiency who underwent allo-limbal transplantation and to describe a technique for this procedure. Methods - Six consecutive patients underwent allo-limbal stem cell transplantation. The primary diagnosis included alkali burn (n = 2), trachoma (n = 1), chronic rosacea blepharitis and keratoconjunctivitis (n = 1), aniridia (n = 1), and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (n = 1). The limbal rim consisted of peripheral cornea and perilimbal sclera, FK-506 was used postoperatively for immunosuppression. Results - The length of follow up ranged from 3 to 24 months (mean follow up 11.8 (SD 9.3) months). The outcome was considered satisfactory in five of six cases. The corneal surface was completely epithelialised within 2 weeks, and there was a substantial improvement in vision and symptoms. One patient had recurrent epithelial defects related to eyelid abnormalities. No side effects associated with systemic immunosuppression were noted. Conclusion - Allo-limbal transplantation, with systemic immunosuppression with FK-506 is useful in reconstruction of the ocular surface with improvement in vision in patients with severe stem cell deficiency.

Clathrin adaptor epsinR is required for retrograde sorting on early endosomal membranes

Retrograde transport links early/recycling endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), thereby connecting the endocytic and the biosynthetic/secretory pathways. To determine how internalized molecules are targeted to the retrograde route, we have interfered with the function of clathrin and that of two proteins that interact with it, AP1 and epsinR. We found that the glycosphingolipid binding bacterial Shiga toxin entered cells efficiently when clathrin expression was inhibited. However, retrograde transport of Shiga toxin to the TGN was strongly inhibited. This allowed us to show that for Shiga toxin, retrograde sorting on early/recycling endosomes depends on clathrin and epsinR, but not AP1. EpsinR was also involved in retrograde transport of two endogenous proteins, TGN38/46 and mannose 6-phosphate receptor. In conclusion, our work reveals the existence of clathrin-independent and -dependent transport steps in the retrograde route, and establishes a function for clathrin and epsinR at the endosome-TGN interface.

Oral cancer treatments and adherence: medication event monitoring system assessment for capecitabine

Background: Oncological treatments are traditionally administered via intravenous injection by qualified personnel. Oral formulas which are developing rapidly are preferred by patients and facilitate administration however they may increase non-adherence. In this study 4 common oral chemotherapeutics are given to 50 patients, who are still in the process of inclusion, divided into 4 groups. The aim is to evaluate adherence and offer these patients interdisciplinary support with the joint help of doctors and pharmacists. We present here the results for capecitabine. Materials and Methods: The final goal is to evaluate adhesion in 50 patients split into 4 groups according to oral treatments (letrozole/exemestane, imatinib/sunitinib, capecitabine and temozolomide) using persistence and quality of execution as parameters. These parameters are evaluated using a medication event monitoring system (MEMS®) in addition to routine oncological visits and semi-structured interviews. Patients were monitored for the entire duration of treatment up to a maximum of 1 year. Patient satisfaction was assessed at the end of the monitoring period using a standardized questionary. Results: Capecitabine group included 2 women and 8 men with a median age of 55 years (range: 36−77 years) monitored for an average duration of 100 days (range: 5-210 days). Persistence was 98% and quality of execution 95%. 5 patients underwent cyclic treatment (2 out of 3 weeks) and 5 patients continuous treatment. Toxicities higher than grade 1 were grade 2−3 hand-foot syndrome in 1 patient and grade 3 acute coronary syndrome in 1 patient both without impact on adherence. Patients were satisfied with the interviews undergone during the study (57% useful, 28% very useful, 15% useless) and successfully integrated the MEMS® in their daily lives (57% very easily, 43% easily) according to the results obtained by questionary at the end of the monitoring period. Conclusion: Persistence and quality of execution observed in our Capecitabine group of patients were excellent and better than expected compared to previously published studies. The interdisciplinary approach allowed us to better identify and help patients with toxicities to maintain adherence. Overall patients were satisfied with the global interdisciplinary follow-up. With longer follow up better evaluation of our method and its impact will be possible. Interpretation of the results of patients in the other groups of this ongoing trial will provide us information for a more detailed analysis.

Transition nutritionnelle et facteurs de risque de maladies cardiovasculaires au Bénin : étude dans la ville secondaire de Ouidah et sa périphérie rurale

Ce travail a été réalisé avec l'appui du Centre Collaborateur de l'OMS sur la Transition Nutritionnelle et le Développement (TRANSNUT) de l'Université de Montréal, en collaboration avec deux parténaires du Bénin: l'Institut de Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA) de Cotonou et l'Institut Régional de Santé Publique de Ouidah.

Évaluation de l’effet clinique de la durée d’entreposage des culots érythrocytaires chez les enfants admis aux soins intensifs

Les transfusions de culots érythrocytaires (CE) sont un traitement fréquent en soins intensifs pédiatriques. Des études chez l’adulte suggèrent qu’une durée prolongée d’entreposage des CE est associée à une mauvaise évolution clinique. Aucune étude prospective n’a été conduite en pédiatrie. Notre objectif était d’évaluer l’effet clinique de la durée d’entreposage des CE chez des patients de soins intensifs pédiatriques. Nous avons donc conduit une étude observationnelle prospective dans 30 centres de soins intensifs pédiatriques en Amérique du Nord, chez tous les patients consécutifs de moins de 18 ans, séjournant aux soins intensifs pendant plus de 48 heures. Le critère de jugement primaire était l’incidence de cas de syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale après transfusion. Les critères de jugement secondaire étaient la mortalité à 28 jours et la durée d’hospitalisation aux soins intensifs. En utilisant un modèle de régression logistique, les risques relatifs furent ajustés pour le sexe, l’âge, la sévérité de la maladie à l’admission, le nombre total de transfusions et la dose totale de transfusion. L’étude a montré que les patients recevant des CE entreposés pendant 14 jours ou plus avaient un risque relatif ajusté de 1.87 (IC 95% 1.04 :3.27, p=0.03) de contracter ou de détériorer un syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale après transfusion. Ces mêmes patients avaient une durée d’hospitalisation aux soins intensifs prolongée (+3.7 jours, p<0.001), mais pas de risque augmenté de mortalité. En conclusion, chez les patients de soins intensifs pédiatriques, la transfusion de CE entreposés 14 jours ou plus est associée avec une augmentation de l’incidence de syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale et une durée d’hospitalisation prolongée aux soins intensifs.

Descripción del estado acido base en pacientes con quemaduras térmicas agudas: serie de casos

Introducción: Los pacientes con lesiones térmicas presentan alteraciones fisiológicas complejas que hacen difícil la caracterización del estado ácido-base y así mismo alteraciones electrolíticas e hipoalbuminemia que pudieran estar relacionados con un peor pronóstico. Se ha estudiado la base déficit (BD) y el lactato, encontrando una gran divergencia en los resultados. Por lo anterior, el análisis físico-químico del estado ácido-base podría tener un rendimiento superior a los métodos tradicionales. Metodología: Se realizó el análisis de una serie de casos de 15 pacientes mayores de 15 años, con superficie corporal quemada mayor al 20% que ingresaron a una unidad de cuidado intensivo (UCI) de quemados, dentro de las siguientes 48 horas del trauma. Para el análisis se utilizaron tres métodos distintos: 1) método convencional basado en la teoría de Henderson-Hasselbalch, 2) anión-gap (AG) y anión-gap corregido por albúmina, 3) análisis físico-químico del estado ácido-base según la teoría de Stewart modificado por Fencl y Figge. Resultados: Por el método de Henderson-Hasselbalch, 8 pacientes cursaron con acidosis metabólica, 4 pacientes con una BD leve, 5 pacientes con una BD moderada y 5 pacientes con una BD severa. El AG resultó menor a 16 mmol/dl en 10 pacientes, pero al corregirlo por albumina sólo 2 pacientes cursaron con AG normal. La diferencia de iones fuertes (DIF) se encontraba anormalmente elevada en la totalidad de los pacientes. Conclusión:El análisis del AG corregido por albumina y el análisis físico-químico del estado ácido-base, podrían tener mayor rendimiento al identificar las alteraciones metabólicas de estos pacientes.

Is there a common genetic basis for autoimmune diseases?

Autoimmune diseases (ADs) represent a diverse collection of diseases in terms of their demographic profile and primary clinical manifestations. The commonality between them however, is the damage to tissues and organs that arises from the response to self-antigens. The presence of shared pathophysiological mechanisms within ADs has stimulated searches for common genetic roots to these diseases. Two approaches have been undertaken to sustain the “common genetic origin” theory of ADs. Firstly, a clinical genetic analysis showed that autoimmunity aggregates within families of probands diagnosed with primary Sjögren's (pSS) syndrome or type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). A literature review supported the establishment of a familiar cluster of ADs depending upon the proband's disease phenotype. Secondly, in a same and well-defined population, a large genetic association study indicated that a number of polymorphic genes (i.e. HLA-DRB1, TNF and PTPN22) influence the susceptibility for acquiring different ADs. Likewise, association and linkage studies in different populations have revealed that several susceptibility loci overlap in ADs, and clinical studies have shown that frequent clustering of several ADs occurs. Thus, the genetic factors for ADs consist of two types: those which are common to many ADs (acting in epistatic pleitropy) and those that are specific to a given disorder. Their identification and functional characterization will allow us to predict their effect as well as to indicate potential new therapeutic interventions. Both autoimmunity family history and the co-occurrence of ADs in affected probands should be considered when performing genetic association and linkage studies.

How do autoimmune diseases cluster in families? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: A primary characteristic of complex genetic diseases is that affected individuals tend to cluster in families (that is, familial aggregation). Aggregation of the same autoimmune condition, also referred to as familial autoimmune disease, has been extensively evaluated. However, aggregation of diverse autoimmune diseases, also known as familial autoimmunity, has been overlooked. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed aimed at gathering evidence about this topic. Methods: Familial autoimmunity was investigated in five major autoimmune diseases, namely, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroid disease, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Articles were searched in Pubmed and Embase databases. Results: Out of a total of 61 articles, 44 were selected for final analysis. Familial autoimmunity was found in all the autoimmune diseases investigated. Aggregation of autoimmune thyroid disease, followed by systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, was the most encountered. Conclusions: Familial autoimmunity is a frequently seen condition. Further study of familial autoimmunity will help to decipher the common mechanisms of autoimmunity.

Xylella fastidiosa: An in vivo system to study possible survival strategies within citrus xylem vessels based on global gene expression analysis

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Genética e linguagem na síndrome de Williams-Beuren: uma condição neuro-cognitiva peculiar

TEMA: aspectos genéticos, cognitivos e de linguagem na Síndrome de Williams-Beuren (SWB). OBJETIVO: revisar a literatura sobre a SWB, destacando aspectos genéticos, cognitivos e de linguagem. CONCLUSÕES: a literatura mostrou que a etiologia da SWB é conhecida, embora o diagnóstico precoce pode ser difícil pela variabilidade de manifestações clínicas dessa condição. O fenótipo variável tem sido atribuído a deleção de vários genes na região 7q11.23. que inclui o gene da elastina. A deleção desse gene é identificada pelo estudo citogenético molecular denominado Hibridização in situ por Fluorescência (FISH). A freqüência populacional desta síndrome é de 1 em 20,000 nascimentos e é resultante de uma alteração genética de novo. O quadro da SWB é caracterizado principalmente por fácies típica conhecida como face de duende, alterações cardíacas, prejuízos cognitivos e aspectos comportamentais que incluem a linguagem. A característica falante e sociável associada as dificuldades viso-construtivas conferem a esta síndrome um quadro neuro-cognitivo peculiar. A deficiência mental é variável e pode ou não estar presente. Estudos que descreveram as habilidades de linguagem nesta síndrome destacaram que a habilidade sintática pode estar íntegra ou parcialmente íntegra, a produção verbal pode ser precisa e inteligível, mostrando a integridade do sistema fonológico. O vocabulário receptivo-auditivo é citado em alguns estudos como adequado e em outros como prejudicado para a idade mental. Pesquisas na área têm produzido, resultados incongruentes com respeito ao perfil de habilidades cognitivas e lingüísticas nos portadores dessa condição. A correlação entre as habilidades de linguagem e a cognição e a divergência de achados na literatura serão abordadas neste artigo.

Evaluation of developmental changes in bovine in vitro produced embryos following exposure to bovine Herpesvirus type 5

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Relevância da genética na etiologia do autismo

Autism constitutes one of the most important pathologies of the pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs). It has early age-onset and is characterized by delay and deviance of social, communicative and cognitive development. Today, the presence of genetic factors in its etiology is well known, with familial recurrence of autism and other psychiatric conditions. Autism does not have usual Mendelian inheritence and presents genetic heterogeneity. Strong association has been found between autism and the fragile X syndrome (FMR-1 gene) and with tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville's syndrome). However, many different chromosomal abnormalities were recently described in autistic patients, mainly of chromosome 7 and 15. There are some genes on 15q11-q13 whose products have expression in the central nervous system, mainly synapses, which are subunits of neurotransmitters or ion channels (UBE3A, GABRA5, GABRB3, GABRG3, CHRNA7 e ITO). Some regions of chromosome 7 also have important developmental genes, as EN-2 and HOXA, which act on central nervous system formation. There seems then to exist genes associated with autism etiology on chromosomes 7,15 and X. The detailed study of these chromosomes can produce knowledgment about the biological mechanisms involved in this disturbance.

Estudo experimental sobre a resposta imunológica em infecções seqüenciais pelo vírus Dengue 3 e pelo vírus Dengue 2 em primatas não humanos da espécie Callithrix penicillata

A dengue é causada pelo Vírus da dengue (VDEN - Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) e é considerada a arbovirose mais difundida no mundo. Atualmente, não há um animal que sirva como modelo para estudos sobre a patogênese do VDEN. Para investigar a susceptibilidade da espécie Callithrix penicillata ao VDEN foram inoculados amostras do VDEN-3 e do VDEN-2 de isoladas de casos humanos fatais. Para tal, vinte e dois animais foram infectados com VDEN-3 (3,23 × 103 PFU/mL) e, sessenta dias após a infecção (d.p.i.), 11 deles foram secundariamente infectados com VDEN-2 (4,47 × 104 PFU/mL). Sangue, plasma e soro, foram coletados diariamente durante os primeiros sete dias e em 15, 20, 45 e 60 d.p.i.. Foram investigados a produção de anticorpos IgM e inibidores da hemaglutinação, assim como foram análisados parâmetros hematologicos e bioquímicos e o perfil sérico de citocinas (IL-6, TNF-, IL-2, IFN-α, IL-4 e IL-5). A infecção primária (VDEN-3) revelou anticorpos IgM (15- 20 d.p.i.), anticorpos IH (15-60 d.p.i.), aumento dos níveis de TNF-α e IFN-γ e diminuição da IL-5. Na infecção secundária (VDEN-2), foi detectado anticorpos IgM (15-20 d.p.i.), anticorpos IH (15-60 d.p.i.) e diminuição dos níveis de IL-6, TNF-α, de IFN-γ e IL-5. Além disso, foi observado em ambas infecções leucopenia, neutropenia, linfocitopenia, monocitopenia, trombocitopenia, e aumentou da AST. O aumento dos níveis de INF-γ e TNF- α indicaram a ativação da resposta inflamatória, com a diferenciação para a resposta celular e supressão da proliferação de citocinas características da resposta humoral. A presença de anticorpos neutralizantes pode ter ocasionado a supressão da resposta inflamatória na infecção secundária o que pode ter levado a ausência de sinais de Febre Hemorrágica do Dengue/Sindrome do Choque do Dengue (FHD/SCD) durante a infecção secundária (VDEN- 2). Os resultados indicam que o primatas não humanos da espécie Callithrix penicillata demonstraram susceptibilidade à cepas de VDEN de origem humana, sugerindo que esses animais são um bom modelo para estudos da resposta imunológica da Febre do Dengue (FD), assim como para a avaliação de uma vacina tetravalente.