An EXAFS study of the Mo/TiO2 hydrodesulphurization catalysis

In-situ EXAFS studies of sulphided Mo/TiO2 catalysts have shown that at low Mo loadings (2–4 wt%), an active species with a short Mo-S distance of 2.25 Å is formed, while on Mo/TiO2 with high Mo loadings as well as on Mo/gamma-Al2O3, bulk MoS2 (Mo-S, 2.42 Å) is formed. The species with the short Mo-S distance has Mo in an oxidation state close to 6 + and is likely to result from the sulphidation of the tetrahedral molybdate species present in the oxidic precursor at low Mo loadings. The calcination temperature of the oxidic precursor appears crucial, a high calcination temperature of 973 K favouring the formation of MoS3 on sulphidation, and a low calcination temperature of 623 K favouring MoS2.

Photocatalytic treatment of municipal wastewater using modified neodymium doped TiO2 hybrid nanoparticles

Photocatalytic degradation of municipal wastewater was investigated using reagent grade TiO2 and modified neodymium doped TiO2 hybrid nanoparticles. For the first time, surface modification of Nd3+ doped TiO2 hybrid nanoparticles were carried out with n-butylamine as surface modifier under mild hydrothermal conditions. The modified nanoparticles obtained were characterized by Powder XRD, FTIR, DLS, TEM, BET surface area, zeta potential and UV-Vis Spectroscopy. The characterization results indicated better morphology, particle size distribution and low agglomeration of the nanoparticles synthesized. It was found that photodegradation of wastewater using surface modified neodymium doped TiO2 nanoparticles was more compared to pure TiO2, which can be attributed to the doping and modification with n-butylamine.

A PEFC With Pt-TiO2/C as Oxygen-Reduction Catalyst

Carbon-supported Pt-TiO2 (Pt-TiO2/C) catalyst with varying atomic ratio of Pt to Ti, namely, 1: 1, 2: 1, and 3: 1, is prepared by sol-gel method and its electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR) is evaluated for the application in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). The optimum atomic ratio of Pt to Ti in Pt-TiO2/C and annealing temperature are established by cyclic voltammetry and fuel-cell-polarization studies. Pt-TiO2/C annealed at 750 degrees C with Pt and Ti in atomic ratio of 2: 1, namely, 750 Pt-TiO2/C (2: 1), shows enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward ORR. It is found that the incorporation of TiO2 with Pt ameliorates both electrocatalytic activity and stability of cathode in relation to pristine Pt cathode, currently being used in PEFCs. A power density of 0.75 W/cm(2) is achieved at 0.6 V for the PEFC with 750 Pt-TiO2/C (2: 1) as compared with 0.62 W/cm(2) at 0.6 V achieved with the PEFC comprising Pt/C as cathode catalyst while operating under identical conditions. Interestingly, carbon-supported Pt-TiO2 cathode exhibits only 6% loss in electrochemical surface area after 5000 potential cycles while it is as high as 25% for Pt/C. DOI: 10.1115/1.4002466]

An electron spectroscopic study of the adsorption of nitrogen on a Ni/TiO2 catalyst prepared in situ in the spectrometer: evidence for dissociative adsorption in the strong-metal-support-interaction (SMSI) state

Nitrogen is dissociatively adsorbed on an annealed Ni/TiO2 surface just as on a Ti–Ni alloy surface while it is molecularly adsorbed on a Ni/Al2O3 surface.

Optical properties of activated reactive evaporated TiO2 films

This paper discusses the optical properties of single-layer TiO2 films deposited using an activated reactive evaporation process. The combined effects of substrate temperature (in the range 70–200 °C) and discharge currents (0–400 mA) on refractive index, extinction coefficient and packing density of these films are investigated. Significant changes in refractive index values have been observed with increases in substrate temperature and discharge current. The change in refractive index is correlated with the variation in packing density. The variation in extinction coefficient was reduced using the combined effects of substrate temperature and discharge currents. A comparison with films deposited in neutral oxygen has also been made.

dc reactive magnetron sputtering of titanium‐structural and optical characterization of TiO2 films

This paper deals with the reactive sputtering of titanium in an argon and oxygen mixture. The variation in cathode potential as a function of oxygen partial pressure has been explained in terms of cathode poisoning effects. The titania films deposited during this process have been studied for their structural and optical characteristics. The effect of substrate temperature (from 25 to 400 °C) and annealing (from 250 to 700 °C) on the packing density, refractive index, extinction coefficient, and crystallinity has been investigated. The refractive index varied from 2.24 to 2.46 and extinction coefficient from 2.6 × 10-3 to 10.4× 10-3 at 500 nm as the substrate temperature increased from 25 to 400 °C. The refractive index increased from 2.19 to 2.35 and extinction coefficient changed from 3.2× 10-3 to 11.6 × 10-3 at 500 nm as the annealing temperature was increased from 250 to 700 °C. Anatase and rutile phases have been observed in the films deposited at 400 °C substrate temperature and annealed at 300 °C. The changes in the optical constants at higher substrate temperature have been attributed to an increase in packing density, oxygen content, and crystallinity of the films.

Strong metal-support interaction in Ni/TiO2 catalysts: in situ EXAFS and related studies

In situ EXAFS and X-ray diffraction investigations of Ni/TiO2 catalysts show that NiTiO3 is formed as an intermediate during calcination of catalyst precursors prepared by the wet-impregnation method; the intermediate is not formed when ion-exchange method is used for the preparation. On hydrogen reduction, NiTiO3 gives rise to Ni particles dispersed in the TiO2(rutile) matrix. The occurrence of the anatase-rutile transformation of the TiO2 support, the formation and subsequent decomposition/reduction of NiTiO3 as well as the unique interface properties of the Ni particles are all factors of importance in giving rise to metal-support interaction. Active TiO2(anatase) prepared from gel route gives an additional species involving Ni3+.

Creep in TiO2 doped Zirconia: Implications for high strain rate superplasticity

In ceramics, dopants offer the possibility of higher creep rates by enhancing diffusion. The present study examines the potential for high strain rate superplasticity in a TiO2 doped zirconia, by conducting creep experiments together with microstructural characterization. It is shown that both pure and doped zirconia exhibit transitions in creep behaviour from Coble diffusion creep with n similar to 1 to an interface controlled process with n similar to 2. Doping with TiO2 enhances the creep rate by over an order of magnitude. There is evidence of substantial grain boundary sliding, consistent with diffusion creep.

Photocatalytic Inactivation of Escherichia coli with LbL Fabricated Immobilized TiO2 Thin Films

Photocatalysis using semiconductor catalyst such as TiO2, in presence of UV light, is a promising technique for the inactivation of various microorganisms present in water. In the current study, the photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli bacteria was studied with commercial Degussa Aeroxide TiO2 P25 (Aeroxide) and combustion synthesized TiO2 (CS TiO2) catalysts immobilized on glass slides in presence of UV irradiation. Thin films of the catalyst and polyelectrolytes, poly(allyl amine hydrochloride) and poly(styrene sulfonate sodium salt), were deposited on glass slides by layer by layer (LbL) deposition method and characterized by SEM and AFM imaging. The effect of various parameters, namely, catalyst concentration, surface area and number of bilayers, on inactivation was studied. Maximum inactivation of 8-log reduction in the viable count was observed with 1.227 mg/cm(2) of catalyst loaded slides. With this loading, complete inactivation was observed within 90 min and 75 min of irradiation, for Aeroxide and CS TiO2, respectively. Further increase in the catalyst concentration or increasing number of bilayers had no significant effect on inactivation. The effect of surface area on the inactivation was studied by increasing the number of slides and the inactivation was observed to increase with increasing surface area. It was also observed that the immobilized catalyst slides can be used for several cycles leading to an economic process. The study shows potential application of TiO2, for the inactivation of bacteria, in its fixed form by a simple immobilization technique.

Role of lattice defects and crystallite morphology in the UV and visible-light-induced photo-catalytic properties of combustion-prepared TiO2

The physico-chemical, photo-physical and micro-structural properties responsible for the strikingly different photocatalytic behavior of combustion-prepared TiO2 (c.TiO2) and Degussa P25 (d.TiO2) samples are elucidated in this study. Electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction micrographs revealed that the two samples exhibited different morphologies. The grains of c.TiO2 were spherical and comprised of 5-6 nm size primary particle. On the other hand, d.TiO2 consisted of large (0.5-3.0 mu m) size and irregular shape aggregates having primary particles of 15-40 nm cross-sectional diameter. The ESR study revealed that the presence of certain defect states in c.TiO2 helped in stabilization of O-. and Ti3+-OH type species during room-temperature UV-irradiation. No such paramagnetic species were however formed over d.TiO2 under similar conditions. C1s and Ti 2p XPS spectra provide evidence for the presence of some lattice vacancies in c.TiO2 and also for the bulk Ti4+ -> Ti3+ conversion during its UV-irradiation. Compared to d.TiO2, c.TiO2 displayed considerably higher activity for discoloration of methyl orange but very poor activity for splitting of water, both under UV and visible light radiations. This is attributed to enhanced surface adsorption of dye molecules over c.TiO2, because of its textural features and also the presence of photo-active ion-radicals. On the other hand, the poor activity of c.TiO2 for water splitting is related to certain defect-induced inter-band charge trapping states in the close vicinity of valence and conduction bands of c.TiO2, as revealed by thermoluminescence spectroscopy. Further, the dispersion of nanosize gold particles gave rise to augmented activity of both the catalysts, particularly for water splitting. This is explained by the promotional role of Au-0 or Au-0/TiO2 interfacial sites in the adsorption and charge-adsorbate interaction processes. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mesoporous phases based on SnO2 and TiO2

A hexagonal mesoporous phase based on SnO2 is synthesized for the first time by using an anionic surfactant; hexagonal phases of TiO2 are prepared with neutral amine surfactants.

Effect of TiO2 electrode thickness on photovoltaic properties of dye sensitized solar cell based on randomly oriented Titania nanotubes

Anatase titania nanotubes (TNTs) have been synthesized from P25 TiO2 powder by alkali hydrothermal method followed by post annealing. The microstructure analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation of anatase nanotubes with a diameter of 9-10 nm. These NTs are used to make photo anode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Layer by layer deposition with curing of each layer at 350 C is employed to realize films of desired thickness. The performance of these cells is studied using photovoltaic measurements. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is used to quantitatively analyze the effect of thickness on the performance of these cells. These studies revealed that the thickness of TiO2 has a pronounced impact on the cell performance and the optimum thickness lies in the range of 10-14 mu m. In comparison to dye solar cells made of P25, TNTs based cells exhibit an improved open circuit voltage and fill factor (FF) due to an increased electron lifetime, as revealed by EIS analysis. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sub-micrometre spherical particles of TiO2, ZrO2, and PZT by nebulized spray pyrolysis of metal-organic precursors

Nebulized spray pyrolysis of metal-organic precursors in methanol solution has been employed to prepare powders of TiO2, ZrO2 and PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 (PZT). This process ensures complete decomposition of the precursors at relatively low temperatures. The particles have been examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as X-ray diffraction. As prepared, the particles are hollow agglomerates of diameter 0.1-1.6 mu m, but after heating to higher temperatures the ultimate size of the particles comprising the agglomerates are considerably smaller (0.1 mu m or less in diameter) and crystalline.

Structural dielectric and optical properties of SrB4O7-BaO-TiO2 glasses

Glass samples with compositions (100-2x)SrB4O7-xBaO-xTiO(2) (10 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 40) were prepared by conventional melt quenching and the influence of the addition of BaO-TiO2 on the structural, dielectric and optical properties of SBO glasses was studied The molar volume, glass transition temperature and the optical polarisability of the glass samples were found to decrease with increase in BaO-TiO2 content while the refractive index and optical band gap increase with increase in BaO-TiO2 content.

Structural characterization of DC magnetron-sputtered TiO2 thin films using XRD and Raman scattering studies

Titanium dioxide films have been deposited using DC magnetron sputtering technique onto well-cleaned p-silicon substrates at an oxygen partial pressure of 7 x 10(-5) mbar and at a sputtering pressure (Ar + O-2) Of I X 10(-3) mbar. The deposited films were calcinated at 673 and 773 K. The composition of the films as analyzed using Auger electron spectroscopy reveals the stoichiometry with an 0 and Ti ratio 2.08. The influence of post-deposition annealing at 673 and 773 K on the structural properties of the titanium dioxide thin films have been studied using XRD and Raman scattering. The structure of the films deposited at the ambient was found to be amorphous and the films annealed at temperature 673 K and above were crystalline with anatase structure. The lattice constants, grain size, microstrain and the dislocation density of the film are calculated and correlated with annealing temperature. The Raman scattering study was performed on the as-deposited and annealed samples and the existence of Raman active modes A(1g), B-1g and E-g corresponding to the Raman shifts are studied and reported. The improvement of crystallinity of the TiO2 films was also studied using Raman scattering studies. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.