Effect of pentaquark Theta(+) on the equation of state of nuclear matter

Assuming Theta(+) interacts with nucleon or Theta(+) by exchanging isoscalar mesons sigma and omega, the equation of state of {p, n, Theta(+)} and possible metastable state are studied in the framwork of the density dependent relativistic hadron field theory(DDRH). The ratio of the proton isospin to the neutron isospin with different baryon densities and the effect of the Theta(+) component on the binding energy per baryon of the system are also discussed. It is shown that when the binding energy per baryon of the system takes the maximal value, Theta(+) might be bound in the nuclear matter.

Mechanism on flame retardancy of polystyrene/clay composites-The effect of surfactants and aggregate state of organoclay

Effects of organically modified montmorillonites (OMMTs) with different type and amount of modifiers on flame retardancy of polystyrene (PS) have been studied. The results from morphology analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and cone calorimeter have showed different mechanisms for the flame retardancy of PS/OMMTs composites, depending on surface property of OMNTrs. One is the catalysis of acid sites formed on the surface of octadecylammonium modified MMT (c-MMT) via Hoffman decomposition on the carbonization of degradation products, which promotes the formation of clay-enriched char barrier.

Effect of surface state properties of TiO2 nanoparticle film on its photocatalytic activity

TiO2 nanoparticle film catalysts with different thicknesses were prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition(PECVD) method and the surfaces were subsequently treated by TiCl4 or O-2 plasma. Two kinds of TiO2 films with different surface properties were obtained. Their surface microstructures and energy levels of surface states were tested by AFM, XRD, SPS, The photocatalytic activities of the catalysts were determined via photodegradation experiments of phenol. The results demonstrated that photocatalytic activities of samples whose surface was treated by O-2 plasma were greater than those treated by TiCl4 plasma. Moreover, photodegradation ratio of phenol during the first hour catalyzed by 0. 17 mu m thickness TiO2 nanoparticle film was greater than other samples. Especially, the difference of photocatalytic activities of TiO2 nanoparticle films treated by TiCl4 or O-2 plasma was respectively explained by energy band theory.

Viscous state effect on the activity of Fe nanocatalysts.

Many applications of nanotubes and nanowires require controlled bottom-up engineering of these nanostructures. In catalytic chemical vapor deposition, the thermo-kinetic state of the nanocatalysts near the melting point is one of the factors ruling the morphology of the grown structures. We present theoretical and experimental evidence of a viscous state for nanoparticles near their melting point. The state exists over a temperature range scaling inversely with the catalyst size, resulting in enhanced self-diffusion and fluidity across the solid-liquid transformation. The overall effect of this phenomenon on the growth of nanotubes is that, for a given temperature, smaller nanoparticles have a larger reaction rate than larger catalysts.

Does an incremental filling technique reduce polymerization shrinkage stresses

It is widely accepted that volumetric contraction and solidification during the polymerization process of restorative composites in combination with bonding to the hard tissue result in stress transfer and inward deformation of the cavity walls of the restored tooth. Deformation of the walls decreases the size of the cavity during the filling process. This fact has a profound influence on the assumption-raised and discussed in this paper-that an incremental filling technique reduces the stress effect of composite shrinkage on the tooth. Developing stress fields for different incremental filling techniques are simulated in a numerical analysis. The analysis shows that, in a restoration with a well-established bond to the tooth-as is generally desired-incremental filling techniques increase the deformation of the restored tooth. The increase is caused by the incremental deformation of the preparation, which effectively decreases the total amount of composite needed to fill the cavity. This leads to a higher-stressed tooth-composite structure. The study also shows that the assessment of intercuspal distance measurements as well as simplifications based on generalization of the shrinkage stress state cannot be sufficient to characterize the effect of polymerization shrinkage in a tooth-restoration complex. Incremental filling methods may need to be retained for reasons such as densification, adaptation, thoroughness of cure, and bond formation. However, it is very difficult to prove that incrementalization needs to be retained because of the abatement of shrinkage effects.

Factors That Can Undermine the Psychological Benefits of Coastal Environments: Exploring the Effect of Tidal State, Presence, and Type of Litter

The beneficial effects of blue environments have been well documented; however, we do not know how marine litter might modify these effects. Three studies adopted a picture-rating task to examine the influence of litter on preference, perceived restorative quality, and psychological impacts. Photographs varied the presence of marine litter (Study 1) and the type of litter (Studies 2 and 3). The influence of tide and the role of connectedness were also explored. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, it was shown that litter can undermine the psychological benefits that the coast ordinarily provides, thus demonstrating that, in addition to environmental costs of marine litter, there are also costs to people. Litter stemming from the public had the most negative impact. This research extends our understanding of the psychological benefits from natural coastal environments and the threats to these benefits from abundant and increasing marine litter

Charge-state distribution and Doppler effect in an expanding photoionized plasma.

The charge state distributions of Fe, Na, and F are determined in a photoionized laboratory plasma using high resolution x-ray spectroscopy. Independent measurements of the density and radiation flux indicate unprecedented values for the ionization parameter ���¾=20 25 erg cm s-1 under near steady-state conditions. Line opacities are well fitted by a curve-of-growth analysis which includes the effects of velocity gradients in a one-dimensional expanding plasma. First comparisons of the measured charge state distributions with x-ray photoionization models show reasonable agreement.

Revealing the effect of angular correlation in the ground-state He wavefunction: a coincidence study of the transfer ionization process

A joint theoretical-experimental study of the transfer ionization process p + He -> H-0 + He2+ + e(-) is presented. For the first time all particles in the final state have been detected in triple coincidence. This fully differential measurement is in good agreement with a theoretical model where the target is described by a wavefunction containing both radial and angular correlation terms.

On the complexity of the water-gas shift reaction mechanism over a Pt/CeO2 catalyst: Effect of the temperature on the reactivity of formate surface species studied by operando DRIFT during isotopic transient at chemical steady-state

The present report investigates the role of formate species as potential reaction intermediates for the WGS reaction (CO + H2O -> CO2 + H-2) over a Pt-CeO2 catalyst. A combination of operando techniques, i.e., in situ diffuse reflectance FT-IR (DRIFT) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) during steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA), was used to relate the exchange of the reaction product CO2 to that of surface formate species. The data presented here suggest that a switchover from a non-formate to a formate-based mechanism could take place over a very narrow temperature range (as low as 60 K) over our Pt-CeO2 catalyst. This observation clearly stresses the need to avoid extrapolating conclusions to the case of results obtained under even slightly different experimental conditions. The occurrence of a low-temperature mechanism, possibly redox or Mars van Krevelen-like, that deactivates above 473 K because of ceria over-reduction is suggested as a possible explanation for the switchover, similarly to the case of the CO-NO reaction over Cu, I'd and Rh-CeZrOx (see Kaspar and co-workers [1-3]). (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.