969 resultados para sp-equared sp2 sp^2 hybrid orbital
Resumo:
五味子科(Schisandraceae)隶属于木兰亚纲八角目(Illiciales)，为攀缘藤本，花单性，雌雄异株或同株。近年来分子系统学的研究结果显示，一个包括八角目在内的所谓ANITA类群（Amborellaceae – Nymphaeales – Illiciales – Trimeniaceae - Austrobaileyaceae）代表了被子植物最基部的类群。这使得五味子科成为解决原始被子植物起源和演化问题的重要类群之一，而倍受关注。作为被子植物的原始类群，其繁育系统、传粉生物学和种子传播等方面的知识对于理解被子植物起源和基部各大类群之间的系统发育关系是至关重要的，而五味子科在这些方面的研究几乎还是空白。本研究选取几种代表不同雄蕊群类型的五味子科植物，对其进行传粉生物学和种子散播方式的研究，在此基础上讨论了该科植物和早期被子植物的传粉机制和种子散播机制。 1．翼梗五味子的传粉生物学 翼梗五味子是严格的雌雄异株。雄花在颜色、形状和大小上都与雌花非常相似，但是数量明显多于雌花。在开放后，雌雄花的花被片都不完全张开，把雄蕊群和雌蕊群包在其中，花被片和雄蕊群或雌蕊群之间的空隙非常狭小。翼梗五味子的花不能产热，不能散发出花香，也不分泌花蜜。翼梗五味子的传粉者只有Megommata sp.（瘿蚊科）的雌性成虫，花粉是对传粉者的唯一回报。Megommata sp.访问翼梗五味子的雄花摄取花粉作为其卵巢发育或产卵所需的额外营养，而雌花则是通过模拟雄花的形态来吸引昆虫的。绿叶五味子的传粉机制与翼梗五味子相似，也是雌花模拟雄花的形态欺骗昆虫访花。这种欺骗性传粉在基部被子植物是普遍存在的。 2．南五味子的传粉生物学 南五味子是雌雄同株。雌雄花的花被片都是黄色，子房绿色，雄蕊有黄色和红色两种颜色，开黄色雄花的和开红色雄花的植株在所研究的14个居群中都是随机分布的。南五味子的雌雄花都是在晚上开放，并能散发出强烈的花香，红色雄花、黄色雄花和雌花的花香成分非常相似，主要成分都是丁酸甲酯 (methyl butyrate)。南五味子的雌雄花还可以产生热量。南五味子的传粉者只有一种昆虫-- Megommata sp.（瘿蚊科），它们的访花时间与花香的散发时间以及花热产生的时间基本吻合，都集中在花开后的4-5小时内。在南五味子中，花香在吸引传粉者上起着决定性作用，花热可以增强花香的散发，而花色则不起作用。花粉是南五味子对Megommata sp.的唯一的回报，雌花利用与雄花相同的诱物（花香和花热）来吸引传粉者，因此南五味子的传粉系统也是一种欺骗性传粉。 3．五味子科植物的传粉系统 五味子科植物的花一般比较小，花器官多而不定，螺旋状排列。五味子科不存在风媒传粉，传粉昆虫主要是双翅目昆虫和甲虫类。翼梗五味子、南五味子、绿叶五味子只是由瘿蚊科Megommata属的一种昆虫来传粉的，表现出一种专化地传粉系统。而Schisandra glabra则有多种昆虫参与传粉，表现出泛化的传粉系统。以瘿蚊为媒介的传粉系统中，只有雄花能为昆虫提供报酬，而雌花则是通过模拟雄花来欺骗昆虫访花的。在这个欺骗性传粉系统中，味觉和视觉线索对瘿蚊都是很重要的，五味子的雌花可以通过模拟雄花的形态或者通过散发出与雄花相同的花香气味来吸引传粉者的。在泛化传粉的系统中，花粉、柱头和花被片都可作为昆虫的食物，并且S.glabra花还可以为昆虫提供栖息或交配场所。 五味子科植物的传粉模式符合“菌蚊类昆虫传粉综合征”。这个传粉综合征的特点是：植物一般具有较小的两性花或单性花、能散发强烈的花香、能够产生花热;传粉昆虫是菌蚊科、瘿蚊科和其他长角亚目的昆虫;欺骗性传粉;具有自交不亲和现象。Austrobaileyales 分支中的各类群和睡莲科植物都适合这个传粉综合征。 4．五味子科植物的种子散播 五味子的果实都是由小浆果组成的聚合果，五味子属的果实是长穗状，南五味子属的呈球形。成熟小浆果的颜色从红色到紫红色;具有中等大小的种子。翼梗五味子的果实是以小浆果为单位脱落的，整个脱落过程仅持续13天，种子是由鸟类和哺乳类散播的。异形南五味子和南五味子的聚合果虽然都是球形的，但是异形南五味子的果实和种子比南五味子大得多;它们的果实脱落和种子散播方式有很大差异，异形南五味子是整个聚合果脱落，脱落时间集中在20天内，而南五味子是以小浆果为单位脱落，脱落时间可长达4个月之久。异形南五味子的种子很可能是通过鸟类来散播的，而南五味子则没有发现有效的种子散播者。在五味子科内，果实形态总的进化趋势是由短到长，南五味子属所具有的球形聚合果很可能代表了五味子科果实的祖先性状。五味子科植物果实形状的进化可能最少要经历两个过程。在白垩纪和第三纪的交界期前后，由于气候和植被的变化，一些五味子类群的果实和种子变大;而后在第三纪，随着特化的果实散播者如鸟类和鼠类的出现，五味子科一些种类的花托在果期明显变长，球形聚合果进化成长穗状聚合果。
Resumo:
Feeding habits of many animals have been used widely in animal classifications. This is so, because the type of diet an organism requires demands structural specialisation which will utilise the available resource. Many animals may however have many structural modifications to enable them to be described as omnivourous or generalised feeders such as H. empodisma and H. riponianus (GREENWOOD 1960) which may show varying degrees of structural and adaptational intermediacy between two trophic groups. Generally, however, the diet of many animals including fish changes as the animal grow larger. The change in structural modifications is usually correlated with changes in the diet. In fishes the change may involve change from tricuspid to biscuspid and finally to unicuspid type of teeth. The degree of modification in the structure depends on the diet, thus Haplochromis that feeds on soft tissues of snails only requires modifications in oral dentition while Haplochromis that feeds on both soft tissues and shells of snails require modification in the lower pharyngeal bone for grinding purposes. Other modifications connected with food utilisation may be located in the alimentary canal. (I) The fish species that are commercially exploited are Protopterus aethiopicus, Clarias mossambicus, Tilapia esculenta, Tilapia amphimelas and Tilapia hybrids. The other fish species present in the lake but not commercially exploited are: Gnathonemus sp. Alestes sp. Labeo sp., Barbus paludinoses, Barbus jacksoni, Barbus lineomaculatus, Barbus regersi, Leptogrlanis sp., Schilbe sp., Haplochromis spp. and Hemihaplochromis sp. (2) Protopterus sp. and Clarias sp. are mostly caught with hooks on long lines. There has been a steady increase in number of hooks on the lake. Since the stocks of Protopterus and C/arias in the lake have a limit, we should control the number of hooks used by each of the fishermen in order to avoid overharvesting. (3) All the previous studies on Lake Kitangiri fisheries suggested the use of gill nets with mesh size greater than 88.9 mm in order to avoid the capture of immature Ti/apia spp. But if the fishermen are to obtain economic gains from the fishery, the optimum mesh size for use is 88.9 -101.6 mm. (4) The gillnet is a passive gear with very beneficial selective characteristics. Unfortunately the drive-in fishery which exists on Lake Kitangiri more or less destroys the gillnet selectivity characteristics. It is therefore recommended that the beating of water with poles be discouraged and stopped. (5) There is need for provision of stable fishing canoes to replace the unstable bottle palm dug-out canoes which are currently being used and which are very risky to operate. (6) The fish processing facilities on Lake Kitangiri are still inadequate. Most of the fish is sun dried, Since sun drying is very difficult during the rainy season, most fishermen carry out intensive fishing during the dry season, Concentrating most of the fishing effort in anyone season instead of spreading evenly this effort over the whole year could damage the age structure of the exploitable stocks. (7) There are considerable fluctuations in the volume of water of the lake. The feasibility of regulating the water loss through the effluent Sibiti river should be investigated by the Water Development Department. (8) Damming the Sibiti river is an expensive undertaking and therefore, the Rural Development Bank of Tanzania should be asked to assess the economic feasibility of such a project.
Resumo:
Class Condrichthyes consist of two sub-classes: Holocehali and. Elasmobranchii, the second one are more divers and has more importance. Selachimorpha (sharkes) and Batidoidimorpha (rays and skates) are two super-order of Elasmobranchii, which they have crucial role in ecological balance in marine ecosystmes. Except few cases, most of sharks and rays (rays and skates) are not well identified, so a lot of works need to be done in this regards. The area of study is located between 49°, 35' and 52°, 33' E and between 27°, 21' and 30°, 02' N in depth of 7 to 78 in. Study were conducted diuring August 1998, September 1999. Samples were taken during 3 sea cruises from 70 bottom trawl net. All sharks and batoid fishes were identified based on biometric specifications (weight, total, length and sexuality for both group and extra biometric specifications, disc width, disc length, and tail length only for, batoid fishes). The 1140 specimens of batoid fishes identified belonged to 6 families, and 18 species. 3 new species were identified, they are Himantura sp.1 and Himantura sp.2 belonged to Dasyatidae family and Rhinobatos sp. belonged to Rhinobatidae Familiy. It needs more works and more adaquate ducuments for cl.earfing scientific names of these species. The 275 specimens of sharks identified belonged to 6 families and 10 species. Chiloscyllium sp. belonged to Hemiscylliidae, family as a new species was identified.
Resumo:
A noncatalytic chemical vapor deposition mechanism is proposed, where high precursor concentration, long deposition time, high temperature, and flat substrate are needed to grow large-area nanocrystalline graphene using hydrocarbon pyrolysis. The graphene is scalable, uniform, and with controlled thickness. It can be deposited on virtually any nonmetallic substrate that withstands ∼1000 °C. For typical examples, graphene grown directly on quartz and sapphire shows transmittance and conductivity similar to exfoliated or metal-catalyzed graphene, as evidenced by transmission spectroscopy and transport measurements. Raman spectroscopy confirms the sp 2-C structure. The model and results demonstrate a promising transfer-free technique for transparent electrode production. © 2012 American Institute of Physics.
Resumo:
Metal-catalyst-free chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of large area uniform nanocrystalline graphene on oxidized silicon substrates is demonstrated. The material grows slowly, allowing for thickness control down to monolayer graphene. The as-grown thin films are continuous with no observable pinholes, and are smooth and uniform across whole wafers, as inspected by optical-, scanning electron-, and atomic force microscopy. The sp 2 hybridized carbon structure is confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Room temperature electrical measurements show ohmic behavior (sheet resistance similar to exfoliated graphene) and up to 13 of electric-field effect. The Hall mobility is ∼40 cm 2/Vs, which is an order of magnitude higher than previously reported values for nanocrystalline graphene. Transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and transport measurements indicate a graphene crystalline domain size ∼10 nm. The absence of transfer to another substrate allows avoidance of wrinkles, holes, and etching residues which are usually detrimental to device performance. This work provides a broader perspective of graphene CVD and shows a viable route toward applications involving transparent electrodes. © 2012 American Institute of Physics.
Resumo:
Direct formation of large-area carbon thin films on gallium nitride by chemical vapor deposition without metallic catalysts is demonstrated. A high flow of ammonia is used to stabilize the surface of the GaN (0001)/sapphire substrate during the deposition at 950°C. Various characterization methods verify that the synthesized thin films are largely sp 2 bonded, macroscopically uniform, and electrically conducting. The carbon thin films possess optical transparencies comparable to that of exfoliated graphene. This paper offers a viable route toward the use of carbon-based materials for future transparent electrodes in III-nitride optoelectronics, such as GaN-based light emitting diodes and laser diodes. © 1988-2012 IEEE.
Resumo:
Raman spectroscopy is an integral part of graphene research. It is used to determine the number and orientation of layers, the quality and types of edge, and the effects of perturbations, such as electric and magnetic fields, strain, doping, disorder and functional groups. This, in turn, provides insight into all sp(2)-bonded carbon allotropes, because graphene is their fundamental building block. Here we review the state of the art, future directions and open questions in Raman spectroscopy of graphene. We describe essential physical processes whose importance has only recently been recognized, such as the various types of resonance at play, and the role of quantum interference. We update all basic concepts and notations, and propose a terminology that is able to describe any result in literature. We finally highlight the potential of Raman spectroscopy for layered materials other than graphene.
Resumo:
To investigate the effect of radiation damage on the stability and the compressive stress of cubic boron nitride (c-BN) thin films, c-BN films with various crystalline qualities prepared by dual beam ion assisted deposition were irradiated at room temperature with 300 keV Ar+ ions over a large fluence range up to 2 x 10(16) cm(-2). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data were taken before and after each irradiation step. The results show that the c-BN films with high crystallinity are significantly more resistant against medium-energy bombardment than those of lower crystalline quality. However, even for pure c-BN films without any sp(2)-bonded BN, there is a mechanism present, which causes the transformation from pure c-BN to h-BN or to an amorphous BN phase. Additional high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) results support the conclusion from the FTIR data. For c-BN films with thickness smaller than the projected range of the bombarding Ar ions, complete stress relaxation was found for ion fluences approaching 4 x 10(15) cm(-2). This relaxation is accompanied, however, by a significant increase of the width of c-BN FTIR TO-line. This observation points to a build-up of disorder and/or a decreasing average grain size due to the bombardment. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Carbon films with an open-ended structure were obtained by mass-selected ion-beam deposition technique at 800degreesC. Raman spectra show that these films are mainly sp(2)-bonded. In our case, threshold ion energy of 140 eV was found for the formation of such surface morphology. High deposition temperature and ion-beam current density are also responsible for the growth of this structure. Additionally, the growth mechanism of the carbon films is discussed in this article. It was found that the ions sputtered pits on the substrate in the initial stage play a key role in the tubular surface morphology. (C) 2002 American Vacuum Society.
Resumo:
Considering the complexity of the general plasma techniques, pure single CH3+ ion beams were selected for the deposition of hydrogenated amorphous (a) carbon films with various ion energies and temperatures. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements have been performed on the films and violet/blue emission has been observed. The violet/blue emission is attributed to the small size distribution of sp(2) clusters and is related to the intrinsic properties of CH3 terminals, which lead to a very high barrier for the photoexcited electrons. Ion bombardment plays an important role in the PL behavior. This would provide further insight into the growth dynamics of a-C:H films. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.
Resumo:
Three new lanthanide (Ln)-alkylaluminium (Al) bimetallic complexes with the formula [(mu-CF3CO2)(2)Ln(mu-CF3CHO2)AIR(2) . 2THF](2) (Ln = Nd, Y, R=i-C4H9 (i-Bu); Ln=Eu, R=C2H5(Et); THF=tetrahydrofuran) were synthesized by the reaction of Ln(CF,CO,), (Ln=Nd, Y) with HAI (i-Bu)(2) and of Eu(CF3CO2)(3) with AlEt(3), respectively. Their crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction at 233 K. [(mu-CF3CO2)(2)Nd (mu-CF3CHO2)Al(i-Bu)(2) . 2THF](2) (Nd-Al) and [(mu-CF3CO2)(2)Y(mu-CF3CHO2)Al(i-Bu)(2) . 2THF](2) (Y-Al) are isomorphous and crystallize in space group
Resumo:
Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) is a fragile, fish-killing alga. Efforts to understand and prevent blooms due to this harmful species to mitigate the impact on aquaculture require the development of methods for rapid and precise identification and quantification, so that adequate warning of a harmful algal bloom may be given. Here, we report the development and application of rRNA and rDNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to aid in the detection and enumeration of H. akashiwo. The designed probes were species specific, showing no cross-reactivity with four common HAB causative species: Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg, P. minimum (Pavillard) Schiller, Alexandrium tarmarense (Lebour) Balech, and Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve, or with four other microalgae, including Gymnodinium sp. Stein, Platy-monas cordiformis (Karter) Korsch, Skeletonema sp.1 Greville and Skeletonema sp.2. The rRNA-targeted probe hybridized to cytoplasmic rRNA, showing strong green fluorescence throughout the whole cell, while cells labeled by rDNA-targeted probe exhibited exclusively fluorescent nucleus. The detection protocols were optimized and could be completed within an hour. For rRNA and rDNA probes, about a corresponding 80% and 70% of targeted cells could be identified and quantified during the whole growth circle, despite the inapparent variability in the average probe reactivity. The established FISH was proved promising for specific, rapid, precise, and quantitative detection of H. akashiwo. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
本文从赤潮发生前的现场模拟实验、赤潮发生时的现场培养实验和赤潮发生过程中的现场调查等方面，较为系统地研究了东海大规模赤潮对微型浮游动物群落结构的影响。 2005年长江口及邻近海区赤潮发生前，赤潮973MC2005－03航次在本海区进行了综合调查，期间分别于4月27日、5月4日和5月8日，在zzf1、zc18a和ra5三个站位利用现场船基培养的方法，研究了添加到赤潮密度106 cells L-1的东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）对微型浮游动物群落结构的影响。结果发现，赤潮密度的东海原甲藻对小型无壳纤毛虫的种群数量影响较大，而对中大型砂壳纤毛虫的影响较小，从而使得微型浮游动物群落有向中大型砂壳纤毛虫演替的趋势。在zzf1站位，小型无壳纤毛虫占绝对优势，添加东海原甲藻72 h后，优势种由管游虫（Cyrtostrombidium sp.）演替为另一种小型无壳纤毛虫急游虫4（Strombidium sp.4）；在以中型砂壳纤毛虫百乐拟铃虫（Tintinnospsis beroidea）为优势种的zc18a站位，仍然是以此为优势种，但其在群落中的优势度更加明显；ra5站位也是以小型无壳纤毛虫为主，添加东海原甲藻72 h后，其群落结构由急游虫2（Strombidium sp.2）向中大型砂壳纤毛虫纤毛虫百乐拟铃虫和亚速岛网纹虫（Favella azorica）演替。不同站位微型浮游动物群落结构变化的差异与其本身的群落结构组成有一定关系，也与浮游植物的群落组成有关。zzf1和ra5站位实验组中微型浮游动物的总丰度和总生物量都低于对照组，而zc18a站位变化不明显，这是由于前两个站位实验组中的优势种管游虫（zzf1站位）和急游虫2（ra5站位）的丰度和生物量迅速下降，而zc18a站位实验组的优势种百乐拟铃虫的丰度和生物量比较稳定造成的。 2005年长江口及邻近海区赤潮发生时，赤潮973 MC2005－04航次在本海区进行了综合调查，期间分别于5月26日、5月28日、5月28日和5月29日，在xzm1、srb、sra1和hb8a四个站位利用现场培养的方法，研究了东海大规模赤潮对微型浮游动物群落结构的影响。结果发现，东海大规模赤潮对微型浮游动物群落结构的影响与赤潮藻的密度密切相关：xzm1、srb和sra1站位是赤潮区，两种赤潮藻的总密度分别为，1.3×106 cells L-1、1.8×106 cells L-1和5.6×106 cells L-1，而hb8a站位位于非赤潮区，两种赤潮藻的总密度仅为5×105 cells L-1；实验进行72 h后，在以大型砂壳纤毛虫网纹虫和筒壳虫（Tintinnidium sp.）为主的xzm1、srb和sra1站位，仍然是以这些大型砂壳纤毛虫为主，且其在群落中的百分比显著增大，尤其在赤潮藻密度最高的的sra1站位，这种演替趋势表现的最明显；而在以小型无壳纤毛虫急游虫2为主的hb8a站位，微型浮游动物群落向中型砂壳纤毛虫真丁丁虫（Eutintinnus sp.）演替。培养过程中微型浮游动物总丰度的变化以及总生物量的变化都与赤潮藻的密度密切相关：赤潮藻密度较低的xzm1站位和srb站位变化不大；赤潮藻密度较高的sra1站位则快速下降；而非赤潮区的hb8a站位呈快速上升的趋势。以上结果进一步表明东海大规模赤潮能使微型浮游动物群落向中大型砂壳纤毛虫演替。 在2006年4月18日－5月30日，赤潮973项目MC2006航次在长江口及其邻近海区围绕东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻赤潮进行了综合调查。为了研究该过程中微型浮游动物群落结构的变化，我们在南北5个断面共计21个站位进行了取样，样品涉及赤潮发生前期、发生期和消退期。本次调查共发现纤毛虫66种，其中砂壳纤毛虫有8属37种，寡毛类无壳纤毛虫25种，另外还有前口类3属4种。在赤潮发生前之前，小型无壳纤毛虫的丰度普遍较高，平均值为1574 ind L-1，而中大型砂壳纤毛虫的丰度普遍偏低，平均值仅为14 ind L-1；赤潮发生以后，在大多数站位小型无壳纤毛虫的丰度出现不同程度的下降，平均值降为171 ind L-1，而中大型砂壳纤毛虫的丰度出现一定程度的上升，平均值增至216 ind L-1。赤潮消退时，小型无壳纤毛虫丰度的平均值降为109 ind L-1，而中大型砂壳纤毛虫的丰度继续增长，变为401 ind L-1。不同微型浮游动物百分比的统计结果也表明：微型浮游动物群落由小型无壳纤毛虫向中大型砂壳纤毛虫演替的趋势：小型无壳纤毛虫在群落中百分比的平均值由赤潮发生前的62 %变为赤潮发生时的32 %，至赤潮消退时又降为15 %；而中大型砂壳纤毛虫百分比的平均值从赤潮发生前的10 %变为赤潮发生时的24 %，至赤潮消退时增至50 %。典型站位za3、za5、zb7和zb9的结果再次表明了赤潮发生过程中微型浮游动物群落由小型无壳纤毛虫向中大型砂壳纤毛虫演替的趋势。 由以上赤潮发生前的现场模拟实验、赤潮发生时的现场培养实验和赤潮发生过程中的现场调查的结果均可见，东海大规模赤潮可以改变微型浮游动物的群落结构，呈现由小型无壳纤毛虫向中大型砂壳纤毛虫演替的趋势，进而有可能影响中大型浮游动物等摄食者的种群数量和群落结构，最终可能会影响整个海洋生态系统的结构和功能。
Resumo:
对虾疾病在世界范围内的频频爆发，给地区经济造成了重大损失。然而到目前为止，我们对于对虾免疫系统的分子机制还知之甚少，深入了解其免疫应答过程，包括异物识别，信息传递以及作用方式等是从根本上解决疾病问题的关键之一。本论文从中国明对虾血细胞中分别克隆了一种C型凝集素基因（Fclectin）、参与凝结过程的谷氨酰胺转移酶基因（FcTG）以及参与凝结级联反应和酚氧化酶原激活系统的两种丝氨酸蛋白酶基因（SP-1和SP-2）和两种丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因（SPI-1和SPI-2），分析了它们的分子结构特征，预测了其可能的作用，并对它们的组织分布及应答不同病原感染的表达变化模式进行了研究。 首次从对虾中克隆了Fclectin基因，比对结果发现该基因属于C型凝集素超家族的成员之一；Northern blot和原位杂交结果显示，Fclectin基因在部分血细胞中呈组成型表达；利用毛细管电泳半定量RT-PCR方法分别研究了细菌和病毒感染后该基因的表达特征，并初步尝试了利用体外培养的原代血细胞系统研究LPS刺激后Fclectin的表达变化。该基因在感染或刺激后表达水平有明显的改变。 利用RACE技术从中国明对虾血细胞中克隆了一个FcTG基因，它与斑节对虾的谷氨酰胺转移酶基因有93%的相似性，可能编码一种具有活性的TG；原位杂交结果FcTG主要在血细胞中表达，在淋巴器官管腔的血细胞中表达尤为丰富，推断该基因可能主要在吞噬细胞中表达；病原的刺激未能使该基因的表达明显改变，但损伤（注射）的刺激会对其表达产生一定影响。 利用本组构建的对虾血液cDNA文库，克隆到了两个不同的丝氨酸蛋白酶基因，命名为SP-1和SP-2。前者为具有假clip结构域的胰蛋白酶样SP类似物（SPH），后者是一个具有完整的clip结构域的SPH，这在对虾中是首次发现。SP-1和SP-2都主要在血细胞中表达，此外SP-1在淋巴器官中的表达水平也很高；细菌的刺激对SP-1的影响不大，但会诱导SP-2表达量的增加，这两个基因的表达模式在病毒刺激后很相似，都出现先上调后下降的过程，可见病毒的感染会导致这两个基因转录的增强。 利用SMART-RACE技术结合对虾血液cDNA文库的利用，从中国明对虾血细胞中克隆到了两种SPI基因，它们分别为kazal-SPI和serpin-SPI，属于两个不同的家族。SPI-1与斑节对虾的SPI有76%的相似性，推断SPI-1可能主要对弹性蛋白酶、枯草杆菌蛋白酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶等有抑制作用；SPI-2为对虾中首次报道的serpin型抑制剂，它与淡水螯虾的serpin有42%的相似性，SPI-2可能主要对胰蛋白酶、酚氧化酶原激活酶、凝血酶和凝结酶有抑制活性。组织分别特征显示这两个抑制剂基因都在鳃、血细胞和淋巴器官中有高水平的表达。细菌的刺激都会导致这两个基因的表达在感染后出现下调，随后又上升至原有水平；病毒感染后，SPI-1和SPI-2的表达变化情况相似，感染后前12h基本没有明显的改变，到了感染的晚期（感染后24h和48h），随着病毒在体内大量复制，这两个基因的表达都急剧下降至接近基因关闭的状态，这可能暗示着与SPI相对应的蛋白酶的活力将很大程度的异常的增加，机体内稳定的免疫系统平衡状态可能已被破坏。
