105 resultados para sovellettu matematiikka


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Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastelen soluautomaatteja ja niiden yleisesti käytettyj ä keskivertokenttä- ("mean field") ja pariapproksimaatioita. Määrittelen soluautomaatin käsitteen yleisellä tasolla ja kuvailen kolme eri tyypillisesti käytettyä soluautomaattityyppiä, joista kahdesta esimerkkeinä mainitsen John Conwayn tunnetun "Game of Life" -soluautomaatin sekä epidemiologian alalla yleisesti käytetyn hilakontaktiprosessin. Tutkielman toisessa osassa esittelen eri tapoja, joilla soluautomaattien käyttäytymistä voidaan analyyttisesti approksimoida ja karakterisoida, mukaanlukien niin kutsuttu soluautomaatin aktiviteetti (λ) sekä yllämainitut keskivertokenttä- ja pariapproksimaatiot. Kahta jälkimmäistä sovellan hilakontaktiprosessiin, ja vertailen näin saatuja tuloksia.

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Agriculture is an economic activity that heavily relies on the availability of natural resources. Through its role in food production agriculture is a major factor affecting public welfare and health, and its indirect contribution to gross domestic product and employment is significant. Agriculture also contributes to numerous ecosystem services through management of rural areas. However, the environmental impact of agriculture is considerable and reaches far beyond the agroecosystems. The questions related to farming for food production are, thus, manifold and of great public concern. Improving environmental performance of agriculture and sustainability of food production, sustainabilizing food production, calls for application of wide range of expertise knowledge. This study falls within the field of agro-ecology, with interphases to food systems and sustainability research and exploits the methods typical of industrial ecology. The research in these fields extends from multidisciplinary to interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary, a holistic approach being the key tenet. The methods of industrial ecology have been applied extensively to explore the interaction between human economic activity and resource use. Specifically, the material flow approach (MFA) has established its position through application of systematic environmental and economic accounting statistics. However, very few studies have applied MFA specifically to agriculture. The MFA approach was used in this thesis in such a context in Finland. The focus of this study is the ecological sustainability of primary production. The aim was to explore the possibilities of assessing ecological sustainability of agriculture by using two different approaches. In the first approach the MFA-methods from industrial ecology were applied to agriculture, whereas the other is based on the food consumption scenarios. The two approaches were used in order to capture some of the impacts of dietary changes and of changes in production mode on the environment. The methods were applied at levels ranging from national to sector and local levels. Through the supply-demand approach, the viewpoint changed between that of food production to that of food consumption. The main data sources were official statistics complemented with published research results and expertise appraisals. MFA approach was used to define the system boundaries, to quantify the material flows and to construct eco-efficiency indicators for agriculture. The results were further elaborated for an input-output model that was used to analyse the food flux in Finland and to determine its relationship to the economy-wide physical and monetary flows. The methods based on food consumption scenarios were applied at regional and local level for assessing feasibility and environmental impacts of relocalising food production. The approach was also used for quantification and source allocation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of primary production. GHG assessment provided, thus, a means of crosschecking the results obtained by using the two different approaches. MFA data as such or expressed as eco-efficiency indicators, are useful in describing the overall development. However, the data are not sufficiently detailed for identifying the hot spots of environmental sustainability. Eco-efficiency indicators should not be bluntly used in environmental assessment: the carrying capacity of the nature, the potential exhaustion of non-renewable natural resources and the possible rebound effect need also to be accounted for when striving towards improved eco-efficiency. The input-output model is suitable for nationwide economy analyses and it shows the distribution of monetary and material flows among the various sectors. Environmental impact can be captured only at a very general level in terms of total material requirement, gaseous emissions, energy consumption and agricultural land use. Improving environmental performance of food production requires more detailed and more local information. The approach based on food consumption scenarios can be applied at regional or local scales. Based on various diet options the method accounts for the feasibility of re-localising food production and environmental impacts of such re-localisation in terms of nutrient balances, gaseous emissions, agricultural energy consumption, agricultural land use and diversity of crop cultivation. The approach is applicable anywhere, but the calculation parameters need to be adjusted so as to comply with the specific circumstances. The food consumption scenario approach, thus, pays attention to the variability of production circumstances, and may provide some environmental information that is locally relevant. The approaches based on the input-output model and on food consumption scenarios represent small steps towards more holistic systemic thinking. However, neither one alone nor the two together provide sufficient information for sustainabilizing food production. Environmental performance of food production should be assessed together with the other criteria of sustainable food provisioning. This requires evaluation and integration of research results from many different disciplines in the context of a specified geographic area. Foodshed area that comprises both the rural hinterlands of food production and the population centres of food consumption is suggested to represent a suitable areal extent for such research. Finding a balance between the various aspects of sustainability is a matter of optimal trade-off. The balance cannot be universally determined, but the assessment methods and the actual measures depend on what the bottlenecks of sustainability are in the area concerned. These have to be agreed upon among the actors of the area

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Governance has been one of the most popular buzzwords in recent political science. As with any term shared by numerous fields of research, as well as everyday language, governance is encumbered by a jungle of definitions and applications. This work elaborates on the concept of network governance. Network governance refers to complex policy-making situations, where a variety of public and private actors collaborate in order to produce and define policy. Governance is processes of autonomous, self-organizing networks of organizations exchanging information and deliberating. Network governance is a theoretical concept that corresponds to an empirical phenomenon. Often, this phenomenon is used to descirbe a historical development: governance is often used to describe changes in political processes of Western societies since the 1980s. In this work, empirical governance networks are used as an organizing framework, and the concepts of autonomy, self-organization and network structure are developed as tools for empirical analysis of any complex decision-making process. This work develops this framework and explores the governance networks in the case of environmental policy-making in the City of Helsinki, Finland. The crafting of a local ecological sustainability programme required support and knowledge from all sectors of administration, a number of entrepreneurs and companies and the inhabitants of Helsinki. The policy process relied explicitly on networking, with public and private actors collaborating to design policy instruments. Communication between individual organizations led to the development of network structures and patterns. This research analyses these patterns and their effects on policy choice, by applying the methods of social network analysis. A variety of social network analysis methods are used to uncover different features of the networked process. Links between individual network positions, network subgroup structures and macro-level network patterns are compared to the types of organizations involved and final policy instruments chosen. By using governance concepts to depict a policy process, the work aims to assess whether they contribute to models of policy-making. The conclusion is that the governance literature sheds light on events that would otherwise go unnoticed, or whose conceptualization would remain atheoretical. The framework of network governance should be in the toolkit of the policy analyst.

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The aim of the dissertation is to explore the idea of philosophy as a path to happiness in classical Arabic philosophy. The starting point is in comparison of two distinct currents between the 10th and early 11th centuries, Peripatetic philosophy, represented by al-Fārābī and Ibn Sīnā, and Ismaili philosophy represented by al-Kirmānī and the Brethren of Purity. They initially offer two contrasting views about philosophy in that the attitude of the Peripatetics is rationalistic and secular in spirit, whereas for the Ismailis philosophy represents the esoteric truth behind revelation. Still, they converge in their view that the ultimate purpose of philosophy lies in its ability to lead man towards happiness. Moreover, they share a common concept of happiness as a contemplative ideal of human perfection, which refers primarily to an otherworldly state of the soul s ascent to the spiritual world. For both the way to happiness consists of two parts: theory and practice. The practical part manifests itself in the idea of the purification of the rational soul from its bodily attachments in order for it to direct its attention fully to the contemplative life. Hence, there appears an ideal of philosophical life with the goal of relative detachment from the worldly life. The regulations of the religious law in this context appear as the primary means for the soul s purification, but for all but al-Kirmānī they are complemented by auxiliary philosophical practices. The ascent to happiness, however, takes place primarily through the acquisition of theoretical knowledge. The saving knowledge consists primarily of the conception of the hierarchy of physical and metaphysical reality, but all of philosophy forms a curriculum through which the soul gradually ascends towards a spiritual state of being along an order that is inverse to the Neoplatonic emanationist hierarchy of creation. For Ismaili philosophy the ascent takes place from the exoteric religious sciences towards the esoteric philosophical knowledge. For Peripatetic philosophers logic performs the function of an instrument enabling the ascent, mathematics is treated either as propaedeutic to philosophy or as a mediator between physical and metaphysical knowledge, whereas physics and metaphysics provide the core of knowledge necessary for the attainment of happiness.

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The aim of this dissertation is to model economic variables by a mixture autoregressive (MAR) model. The MAR model is a generalization of linear autoregressive (AR) model. The MAR -model consists of K linear autoregressive components. At any given point of time one of these autoregressive components is randomly selected to generate a new observation for the time series. The mixture probability can be constant over time or a direct function of a some observable variable. Many economic time series contain properties which cannot be described by linear and stationary time series models. A nonlinear autoregressive model such as MAR model can a plausible alternative in the case of these time series. In this dissertation the MAR model is used to model stock market bubbles and a relationship between inflation and the interest rate. In the case of the inflation rate we arrived at the MAR model where inflation process is less mean reverting in the case of high inflation than in the case of normal inflation. The interest rate move one-for-one with expected inflation. We use the data from the Livingston survey as a proxy for inflation expectations. We have found that survey inflation expectations are not perfectly rational. According to our results information stickiness play an important role in the expectation formation. We also found that survey participants have a tendency to underestimate inflation. A MAR model has also used to model stock market bubbles and crashes. This model has two regimes: the bubble regime and the error correction regime. In the error correction regime price depends on a fundamental factor, the price-dividend ratio, and in the bubble regime, price is independent of fundamentals. In this model a stock market crash is usually caused by a regime switch from a bubble regime to an error-correction regime. According to our empirical results bubbles are related to a low inflation. Our model also imply that bubbles have influences investment return distribution in both short and long run.

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Medialla on valta päättää, miten väkivallasta kerrotaan, ja miten kriisit esitetään. Median kerrontatavoilla on suuri vaikutus siihen, miten katastrofi näyttäytyy tavalliselle kansalaiselle. Keskityn tutkielmassani siihen, millaisia kerrontatapoja Jokelan ja Kauhajoen koulusurmien tv-uutisointiin on rakennettu. Selvitän, mitä eroja ja yhtäläisyyksiä uutiskerronnassa oli kahden koulusurmatapauksen välillä sekä eri tv-kanavien välillä. Tarkastelen myös, mitkä toimijat korostuvat uutisten eri kerrontatavoissa. Laadullisen tutkimusotteen piirissä metodologinen tutkimustapani on representaatioanalyysi. Tutkielman lähtökohtana on malli katastrofiuutisoinnin kerrontatavoista. Gert Z. Nordström (1996) on kehittänyt mallin alun perin kuva-analyysiä varten. Myöhemmin sitä on sovellettu mediatekstien analyysiin (Huhtala jaa Hakala 2007). Tässä tutkielmassa sovellan mallia audiovisuaalisen kerronnan analyysiin. Tutkimusaineistoni koostuu television uutislähetyksistä seitsemän päivän ajalta sekä Jokelan että Kauhajoen tapahtumien jälkeen neljällä valtakunnallisella tv-kanavalla. Analyysimallin mukaisesti koulusurmat esitetään televisiossa käyttäen eeppistä, dramaattista, lyyristä ja didaktista kerrontatapaa. Lisäksi kyseessä olleesta tv-aineistosta nousi viides kerronnan luokka, kriittinen kerronta. Eeppisellä kerronnalla tarkoitetaan tyypillistä raportoivaa ja referoivaa uutiskerrontaa. Dramaattista kerrontaa käytetään raportoitaessa suoraan tapahtumapaikalta. Lyyrinen kerronta kuvaa tunteita. Didaktisessa kerronnassa pohditaan, mitä tapahtuneesta voi oppia. Kriittisen kerronnan keinoin vaaditaan vastuunottoa tapahtuneesta. Tv-uutisten kerrontatavoissa näyttäisi korostuvan eeppisen kerronnan määrä. Kauhajoen ja Jokelan uutiskerronnat kuitenkin erosivat toisistaan niin, että eeppinen kerronta lisääntyi entisestään Kauhajoen uutisoinnissa. Myös kriittinen kerronta korostui Kauhajoen uutisoinnissa. Jokelan uutisoinnissa esiintyi puolestaan enemmän dramaattista, lyyristä ja didaktista kerrontaa. MTV3-kanavalla käytettiin muita kanavia vähemmän eeppistä kerrontaa. Didaktista kerrontaa esiintyi MTV3:lla muita kanavia reilusti enemmän molempien koulusurmatapausten yhteydessä. Lisäksi MTV3-kanavalla esiintyi eniten kriittistä kerrontaa Kauhajoen uutisoinnissa. YLEn ja Nelosen kerrontatapojen esiintyminen oli lähes samankaltaista sekä Jokelan että Kauhajoen uutisoinnissa. Jokelan uutisoinnissa Nelonen käytti kuitenkin merkittävästi enemmän dramaattista kerrontaa YLEen verrattuna. Jokelan uutisoinnissa toimijoina korostuivat ampuja, ja uhrit, kun taas Kauhajoella päätoimijoita olivat poliisi ja poliitikot. Jokelan tv-uutisoinnissa sekä uhrit että ampuja olivat kolmen keskeisimmän toimijan joukossa useassa kerrontatavan luokassa. Kauhajoen uutisoinnissa puolestaan uhrit eivät olleet missään kerrontatavan luokassa kolmen keskeisimmän toimijan joukossa, ja ampujakin vain yhdessä luokassa. Eeppisen ja kriittisen kerrontatavan korostuminen sekä poliitikkojen keskeisyys toimijoina Kauhajoen tv-uutisoinnissa kertoo siitä, että Jokelaan nähden Kauhajoen koulusurmien uutisointi oli selvästi yhteiskuntakeskeisempää. Jokelan uutisointi painottui enemmän yksittäisen tapahtuman traagisuuteen sekä henkilökohtaloihin.

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Ever since its initial introduction some fifty years ago, the rational expectations paradigm has dominated the way economic theory handles uncertainty. The main assertion made by John F. Muth (1961), seen by many as the father of the paradigm, is that expectations of rational economic agents should essentially be equal to the predictions of relevant economic theory, since rational agents should use information available to them in an optimal way. This assumption often has important consequences on the results and interpretations of the models where it is applied. Although the rational expectations assumption can be applied to virtually any economic theory, the focus in this thesis is on macroeconomic theories of consumption, especially the Rational Expectations–Permanent Income Hypothesis proposed by Robert E. Hall in 1978. The much-debated theory suggests that, assuming that agents have rational expectations on their future income, consumption decisions should follow a random walk, and the best forecast of future consumption level is the current consumption level. Then, changes in consumption are unforecastable. This thesis constructs an empirical test for the Rational Expectations–Permanent Income Hypothesis using Finnish Consumer Survey data as well as various Finnish macroeconomic data. The data sample covers the years 1995–2010. Consumer survey data may be interpreted to directly represent household expectations, which makes it an interesting tool for this particular test. The variable to be predicted is the growth of total household consumption expenditure. The main empirical result is that the Consumer Confidence Index (CCI), a balance figure computed from the most important consumer survey responses, does have statistically significant predictive power over the change in total consumption expenditure. The history of consumption expenditure growth itself, however, fails to predict its own future values. This indicates that the CCI contains some information that the history of consumption decisions does not, and that the consumption decisions are not optimal in the theoretical context. However, when conditioned on various macroeconomic variables, the CCI loses its predictive ability. This finding suggests that the index is merely a (partial) summary of macroeconomic information, and does not contain any significant private information on consumption intentions of households not directly deductible from the objective economic variables. In conclusion, the Rational Expectations–Permanent Income Hypothesis is strongly rejected by the empirical results in this thesis. This result is in accordance with most earlier studies conducted on the topic.

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Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan yhtä kansainvälisten suhteiden ja diplomatian lähihistorian pulmallisinta haastetta, kysymystä Kosovon asemasta vuosina 1998–2010. Se oli yksi keskeisimmistä 1990-luvun Jugoslavian hajoamissotien solmukohdista ja suhtautuminen siihen jakaa edelleen kansainvälisen yhteisön rivejä maailmanlaajuisesti. Tapaus on erityisen mielenkiintoinen myös nationalismin ja historiapolitiikan kannalta, sillä Kosovo on sekä albaanien että serbien kansallisen identiteetin ydinaluetta. Varhaishistorian myytit ja etnohistorialliset kertomukset ovat olleet tärkeässä asemassa lukuisissa aluetta koetelleissa konflikteissa. Tutkimuksen lähtökohtana on historiapolitiikan lähestymistavan välttämättömyys kansainvälisesti politisoituneen ”Kosovon kysymyksen” ymmärtämisessä. Historiapolitiikan teoreettisen viitekehyksen soveltuvuuden koettelu diplomatian argumentaation ja kansainvälisten suhteiden analysoinnissa on olennainen osa tutkimuksen tehtävänasettelua, sillä varsinkaan Suomessa ei vastaavaa tutkimusta ole ennen tehty. Samalla tutkimuksen tavoitteena on luokitella, analysoida ja vertailla eri valtioiden diplomaattisten historia-argumenttien käyttöä Kosovon kysymyksen yhteydessä sekä tarkastella näiden argumenttien kautta suhtautumista kansallisiin etnohistorian tulkintoihin ja niiden käyttöön 1990-luvun retoriikassa. Tutkielman tärkeimpiä alkuperäislähteitä ovat YK:n turvallisuusneuvoston Kosovoa käsittelevien istuntojen pöytäkirjat vuosilta 1998–2010 sekä huhti- ja heinäkuussa 2009 YK:n kansainväliselle tuomioistuimelle (ICJ) toimitetut, Kosovon itsenäisyysjulistuksen lainmukaisuutta käsittelevät, kirjalliset lausunnot ja kommentit. Tutkimuskirjallisuuden osalta tutkielman tärkeimpiä lähteitä ovat muun muassa Oliver Jens Schmittin, Marc Wellerin ja Pekka Visurin teokset sekä monet albaanien ja serbien kansallisia historiakäsityksiä ilmentävät teokset. Tutkielman metodologisena apuvälineenä on sovellettu suomalaisessa tutkimuksessa aikaisemmin hyvin vähän käytettyä Karl-Georg Faberin mallia historian poliitisen käytön kategorisoimiseksi. Faberin mallia käytetään paitsi historia-argumenttien luokittelun kehikkona, myös ajattelua ohjaavana historianfilosofisena kolmitasoisena mallina. Sitä on täydennytty Chaïm Perelmanin ja Lucie Olbrechts-Tytecan retoriikan tutkimuksen teorialla. Tutkimuksen tärkeimpiä johtopäätöksiä on historiapolitiikan näkökulman ja Faberin mallin hedelmällisyyden toteaminen diplomatian argumentaation analysoinnissa. Samalla tutkimus osoittaa, että historia-argumenteilla oli (ja on edelleen) Kosovon kysymyksessä oma erityinen roolinsa, joka vaihteli ajallisesti ja teemoittain. Toisaalta kansalliset historiakäsitykset, kuten käsitys omasta kansasta uhrina, näkyivät argumenteissa selvästi, toisaalta pyrkimyksenä oli vältellä nationalistiseksi tulkittavia historia-argumentteja. Lisäksi monissa argumenteissa vaaditiin väkivaltaisen historian jättämistä taakse eurooppalaisen tulevaisuuden toivossa.

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Tutkielman aiheena on ranskalaisen antropologin Claude Lévi-Straussin laajalti tunnettu malli, kulinaarinen kolmio, jonka Lévi-Strauss esitti alun perin primitiivistä mytologiaa käsittelevän tutkimusprojektinsa yhteydessä. Hänen mukaansa mallin avulla oli mahdollista esittää eräs tutkimuksen kohteena olevaa myyttiaineistoa jäsentävä syvärakenne. Myyttitutkimuksessaan Lévi-Strauss osoitti, että mallin avulla on mahdollista jäsentää ennen kaikkea erilaisia luonnon ja kulttuurin väliseen vastakkaisuuteen liittyviä ilmiöitä. Mallia on mahdollista käyttää myyttien ja niissä ilmenevän symbolisen ajattelun ohella myös konkreettisten ruokajärjestelmien analyysivälineenä. Mallia onkin sovellettu erilaisissa empiirisissä tutkimuksissa sekä määrättyihin empiirisiin ruokajärjestelmiin, että mitä erilaisimpiin kulttuurisiin ilmiöihin. Vaikka malli on ollut laajalti tunnettu ja synnyttänyt runsaasti keskustelua, ei siitä ole esitetty minkäänlaista systemaattista tulkintaa. Mallia koskeva keskustelu on ollut suurimmaksi osaksi kuvailevaa ja siihen kohdistetut kriittiset arviot ovat usein keskittyneet johonkin määrättyyn mallin aspektiin. Tutkielmani tehtävänä on täsmentää sitä, mistä mallissa on itse asiassa kyse ja millä tavalla Lévi-Strauss itse mallinsa mielsi. Tehtävä edellyttää mallin suhteuttamista sen taustalla olevaan teoreettiseen ja metodologiseen viitekehykseen. Tutkielmani ensimmäinen aineisto muodostuu Lévi-Straussin kulinaariseen kolmioon ja mallin taustalla olevaan viitekehykseen liittyvistä teksteistä. Erityisen keskeisiä lähteitä ovat artikkeli The Culinary Triangle ja myyttitutkimussarjan (Mythologiques) teokset. Tutkielman toisena tehtävänä on kartoittaa sitä, miten mallia on sovellettu erilaisissa empiirisissä tutkimuksissa ja millä tavalla nämä suhteutuvat Lévi-Straussin tapaan käyttää mallia ja hänen noudattamaansa tutkimusmetodologiaan. Keskityn kolmen mallia käyttävän tutkimuksen tarkastelemiseen ja erittelen sitä, millä tavalla ne suhteutuvat Lévi-Straussin tapaan käyttää mallia. Mallia soveltavat tutkimukset muodostavat opinnäytteeni toisen aineiston. Tutkielmani osoittaa, että malli on yleisestä luonteestaan johtuen altis erilaisille tulkinnoilla ja sovellusmahdollisuuksille. Tuon myös esille sen, millaisia reunaehtoja mallin soveltamiseen yleisesti liittyy ja millaisia seikkoja on otettava huomioon, kun mallia sovelletaan nyky-yhteiskuntiin. Vaikka mallia on mahdollista soveltaa hyvin erilaisiin ilmiöihin, ei sen avulla ole mahdollista käsitellä monia yhteiskuntatieteiden kannalta keskeisiä kysymyksiä.

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Spectroscopy can provide valuable information on the structure of disordered matter beyond that which is available through e.g. x-ray and neutron diffraction. X-ray Raman scattering is a non-resonant element-sensitive process which allows bulk-sensitive measurements of core-excited spectra from light-element samples. In this thesis, x-ray Raman scattering is used to study the local structure of hydrogen-bonded liquids and solids, including liquid water, a series of linear and branched alcohols, and high-pressure ice phases. Connecting the spectral features to the local atomic-scale structure involves theoretical references, and in the case of hydrogen-bonded systems the interpretation of the spectra is currently actively debated. The systematic studies of the intra- and intermolecular effects in alcohols, non-hydrogen-bonded neighbors in high-pressure ices, and the effect of temperature in liquid water are used to demonstrate different aspects of the local structure that can influence the near-edge spectra. Additionally, the determination of the extended x-ray absorption fine structure is addressed in a momentum-transfer dependent study. This work demonstrates the potential of x-ray Raman scattering for unique studies of the local structure of a variety of disordered light-element systems.

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Hamiltonian systems in stellar and planetary dynamics are typically near integrable. For example, Solar System planets are almost in two-body orbits, and in simulations of the Galaxy, the orbits of stars seem regular. For such systems, sophisticated numerical methods can be developed through integrable approximations. Following this theme, we discuss three distinct problems. We start by considering numerical integration techniques for planetary systems. Perturbation methods (that utilize the integrability of the two-body motion) are preferred over conventional "blind" integration schemes. We introduce perturbation methods formulated with Cartesian variables. In our numerical comparisons, these are superior to their conventional counterparts, but, by definition, lack the energy-preserving properties of symplectic integrators. However, they are exceptionally well suited for relatively short-term integrations in which moderately high positional accuracy is required. The next exercise falls into the category of stability questions in solar systems. Traditionally, the interest has been on the orbital stability of planets, which have been quantified, e.g., by Liapunov exponents. We offer a complementary aspect by considering the protective effect that massive gas giants, like Jupiter, can offer to Earth-like planets inside the habitable zone of a planetary system. Our method produces a single quantity, called the escape rate, which characterizes the system of giant planets. We obtain some interesting results by computing escape rates for the Solar System. Galaxy modelling is our third and final topic. Because of the sheer number of stars (about 10^11 in Milky Way) galaxies are often modelled as smooth potentials hosting distributions of stars. Unfortunately, only a handful of suitable potentials are integrable (harmonic oscillator, isochrone and Stäckel potential). This severely limits the possibilities of finding an integrable approximation for an observed galaxy. A solution to this problem is torus construction; a method for numerically creating a foliation of invariant phase-space tori corresponding to a given target Hamiltonian. Canonically, the invariant tori are constructed by deforming the tori of some existing integrable toy Hamiltonian. Our contribution is to demonstrate how this can be accomplished by using a Stäckel toy Hamiltonian in ellipsoidal coordinates.

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Toeplitz operators are among the most important classes of concrete operators with applications to several branches of pure and applied mathematics. This doctoral thesis deals with Toeplitz operators on analytic Bergman, Bloch and Fock spaces. Usually, a Toeplitz operator is a composition of multiplication by a function and a suitable projection. The present work deals with generalizing the notion to the case where the function is replaced by a distributional symbol. Fredholm theory for Toeplitz operators with matrix-valued symbols is also considered. The subject of this thesis belongs to the areas of complex analysis, functional analysis and operator theory. This work contains five research articles. The articles one, three and four deal with finding suitable distributional classes in Bergman, Fock and Bloch spaces, respectively. In each case the symbol class to be considered turns out to be a certain weighted Sobolev-type space of distributions. The Bergman space setting is the most straightforward. When dealing with Fock spaces, some difficulties arise due to unboundedness of the complex plane and the properties of the Gaussian measure in the definition. In the Bloch-type spaces an additional logarithmic weight must be introduced. Sufficient conditions for boundedness and compactness are derived. The article two contains a portion showing that under additional assumptions, the condition for Bergman spaces is also necessary. The fifth article deals with Fredholm theory for Toeplitz operators having matrix-valued symbols. The essential spectra and index theorems are obtained with the help of Hardy space factorization and the Berezin transform, for instance. The article two also has a part dealing with matrix-valued symbols in a non-reflexive Bergman space, in which case a condition on the oscillation of the symbol (a logarithmic VMO-condition) must be added.

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The most prominent objective of the thesis is the development of the generalized descriptive set theory, as we call it. There, we study the space of all functions from a fixed uncountable cardinal to itself, or to a finite set of size two. These correspond to generalized notions of the universal Baire space (functions from natural numbers to themselves with the product topology) and the Cantor space (functions from natural numbers to the {0,1}-set) respectively. We generalize the notion of Borel sets in three different ways and study the corresponding Borel structures with the aims of generalizing classical theorems of descriptive set theory or providing counter examples. In particular we are interested in equivalence relations on these spaces and their Borel reducibility to each other. The last chapter shows, using game-theoretic techniques, that the order of Borel equivalence relations under Borel reduciblity has very high complexity. The techniques in the above described set theoretical side of the thesis include forcing, general topological notions such as meager sets and combinatorial games of infinite length. By coding uncountable models to functions, we are able to apply the understanding of the generalized descriptive set theory to the model theory of uncountable models. The links between the theorems of model theory (including Shelah's classification theory) and the theorems in pure set theory are provided using game theoretic techniques from Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé games in model theory to cub-games in set theory. The bottom line of the research declairs that the descriptive (set theoretic) complexity of an isomorphism relation of a first-order definable model class goes in synch with the stability theoretical complexity of the corresponding first-order theory. The first chapter of the thesis has slightly different focus and is purely concerned with a certain modification of the well known Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé games. There we (me and my supervisor Tapani Hyttinen) answer some natural questions about that game mainly concerning determinacy and its relation to the standard EF-game

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Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan suomalaisten eturivin poliitikkojen blogiviestintää imagonrakennuksen näkökulmasta. Tarkoitus on selvittää, millä tavalla poliitikot käyttävät blogejaan osana imagonrakennusprosessia. Tutkimuskysymyksen taustalla on ajatus yhteiskunnan viestinnällistymisestä, ”medialisoitumisesta”. Mediavälineiden ja -sisältöjen kyllästämässä mielikuvayhteiskunnassa jokainen joutuu pitämään huolta siitä, millainen imago hänelle muiden mielissä muodostuu. Mielikuvayhteiskunnassa imagot kilpailevat toisiaan vastaan ideologioiden sijaan, ja poliitikot pyrkivät erottumaan toisistaan ja kauppaamaan itseään äänestäjille mielikuvien avulla. Koska poliitikot taustaryhmineen voivat kommunikoida yleisöille blogien avulla ilman perinteisten tiedotusvälineiden väliintuloa, blogien merkitys imagoiden rakentamisessa, muokkaamisessa ja ylläpitämisessä on huomionarvoinen. Tutkielma sijoittuu poliittisen viestinnän tutkimuksen kenttään ja siinä hyödynnetään myös retoriikan tutkimuksen perusteita. David Nimmon teoria jakaa imagoviestinnän kolmeen aspektiin: ajatteluun ja tulkintaan liittyvään kognitiiviseen puoleen, tunteisiin vetoavaan affektiiviseen osaan sekä konatiiviseen, eli toimintaan kehottavaan elementtiin. Ferdinand de Saussuren linjaamien semiotiikan käytäntöjen mukaan viestintä puolestaan koostuu semioottisista valinnoista. Blogeissa käytettyjen semioottisen valintojen perusteella imagoviestinnän eri aspektit korostuvat halutuilla tavoilla. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan imagonrakennuksen näkökulmasta niitä retorisia keinoja ja valintoja, joita blogikirjoituksissa esiintyy. Tutkielman alkuperäislähteinä ovat 24:n näkyvässä asemassa olevan suomalaisen poliitikon blogit tai vastaavat verkkosivut syksyltä 2009 ja keväältä 2010. Mukaan valittiin kaikki sellaiset eduskuntapuolueiden sekä valiokuntien puheenjohtajat, jotka päivittivät sisältöä blogeihinsa säännöllisesti. Tutkielman tärkeimpiä kirjallisuuslähteitä ovat muiden muassa Erkki Karvosen, David Nimmon, Risto Uimosen sekä Pekka Isotaluksen teokset. Tutkielman metodologisena apuvälineenä on sovellettu laadullisen sisällönanalyysin menetelmiä kuten palautesilmukkaa. Palautesilmukan induktiivisessa vaiheessa aineiston pohjalta on ensin toistuvien lukukertojen myötä muodostettu kategoriat, joihin varsinaiset sisällöt on sitten deduktiivisessa vaiheessa lajiteltu lopullista analyysia varten. Näin on saatu esiin erilaisia imagotyyppejä, joihin poliitikot itsensä blogeissaan asemoivat sekä imagonrakennuskeinoja, joita he blogiviestinnässään käyttävät. Tutkimus osoittaa, että useimmat suomalaiset poliitikot pyrkivät rakentamaan imagojaan asiapitoisista lähtökohdista, riskittömästi ja hillitysti. Imagoviestit sisällytetään tiiviisti asia-aiheiden yhteyteen eikä imagotekijöitä tyrkytetä sisältöjen kustannuksella. Kognitiiviset elementit korostuvat affektiivisten kustannuksella. Vaikka provokatiivisia intohimopoliitikkojakin joukosta löytyy, suurin osa pyrkii profiloitumaan imagoltaan viileiksi ja osaaviksi asiantuntijoiksi.

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The main results of this thesis show that a Patterson-Sullivan measure of a non-elementary geometrically finite Kleinian group can always be characterized using geometric covering and packing constructions. This means that if the standard covering and packing constructions are modified in a suitable way, one can use either one of them to construct a geometric measure which is identical to the Patterson-Sullivan measure. The main results generalize and modify results of D. Sullivan which show that one can sometimes use the standard covering construction to construct a suitable geometric measure and sometimes the standard packing construction. Sullivan has shown also that neither or both of the standard constructions can be used to construct the geometric measure in some situations. The main modifications of the standard constructions are based on certain geometric properties of limit sets of Kleinian groups studied first by P. Tukia. These geometric properties describe how closely the limit set of a given Kleinian group resembles euclidean planes or spheres of varying dimension on small scales. The main idea is to express these geometric properties in a quantitative form which can be incorporated into the gauge functions used in the modified covering and packing constructions. Certain estimation results for general conformal measures of Kleinian groups play a crucial role in the proofs of the main results. These estimation results are generalizations and modifications of similar results considered, among others, by B. Stratmann, D. Sullivan, P. Tukia and S. Velani. The modified constructions are in general defined without reference to Kleinian groups, so they or their variants may prove useful in some other contexts in addition to that of Kleinian groups.