228 resultados para socialt ansvarstagande


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Negotiating experience in the court How do judges assess witness credibility, and how do they proceed to reach sustainable conclusions in a criminal court? This article is based on discussions in four focus groups with lay judges in Swedish district courts. In criminal court trials, a version of an event is generally reinforced if it is confirmed by witnesses. However, if their narratives are too similar, none of them is found trustworthy. The focus group participants agreed that if witnesses were suspected of having discussed their individual experiences of an event and accommodated them into a common story, their testimonies were not considered credible. While testimonies should ideally be untainted by other people’s impressions and opinions, other rules govern the truth of the court. The lay judges appreciated their deliberations, including negotiations on impressions and memories of the trial, and they sometimes adjusted their perceptions in the light of information provided by other members of the court. However, if the lay judges are viewed as witnesses of what takes place in the trial, this gives rise to a paradox: While witness negotiations on experiences are regarded as a means to construct a false or biased story, the same kind of interaction between the judges is considered necessary to establish a consensual truth of what actually happened.

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The overall aim of this thesis was to explore surgical nurses’ experiences of being confronted with patients’ existential issues when caring for patients with cancer, and to examine whether an educational intervention may support nurses in addressing existential needs when caring for patients with cancer. Previously recorded discussions from supervision sessions with eight healthcare professionals were analysed (I), written descriptions of critical incidents were collected from 10 nurses, and interviews with open questions were conducted (II). An educational intervention on existential issues was pilot tested and is presented in Studies III and IV. The intervention was the basis of a pilot study with the purpose of testing whether the whole design of the educational intervention, including measurements instruments, is appropriate. In Study III and IV interviews with 11 nurses were conducted and 42 nurses were included in the quantitative measurements of four questionnaires, which were distributed and collected. Data was analysed using qualitative secondary analysis (I), hermeneutical analysis (II), and mixed methods using qualitative content analysis and statistical analyses (III-IV). Results in all studies show that existential issues are part of caring at surgical wards. However, although the nurses were aware of them, they found it difficult to acknowledge these issues owing to for example insecurity (I-III), a strict medical focus (II) and/or lacking strategies (I-III) for communicating on these issues. Modest results from the pilot study are reported and suggest beneficial influences of a support in communication on existential issues (III). The results indicate that the educational intervention may enhance nurses’ understanding for the patient’s situation (IV), help them deal with own insecurity and powerlessness in communication (III), and increase the value of caring for severely ill and dying patients (III) in addition to reducing work-related stress (IV). An outcome of all the studies in this thesis was that surgical nurses consider it crucial to have time and opportunity to reflect on caring situations together with colleagues. In addition, descriptions in Studies III and IV show the value of relating reflection to a theory or philosophy in order for attitudes to be brought to awareness and for new strategies to be developed.

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Undersökningens syfte är att synliggöra lärares uppfattning och erfarenheter av nyanlända elever i den svenska skolan, både ur ett lärandeperspektiv och ur ett socialt perspektiv. Studien syftar även till att se vilka möjligheter respektive hinder läraren upplever i mötet med dessa elever samt hur läraren bemöter de svårigheter som kan uppstå. Skriftliga intervjuer ligger till grund för resul-tatet och de insamlade svaren analyserades senare enligt en hermeneutisk innehållsanalysmodell. Resultatet visade på att i en mångkulturell skola skapas möjligheter att diskutera värdegrunden i "naturliga miljöer" samt ökas förståelsen och toleransen för andra människor. Nyanlända elever upplevs även som ambitiösa och tacksamma och kontakten med dessa vårdnadshavare skiljer sig inte åt jämförelsevis svenskfödda elevers föräldrar. Det största hindret i verksamheten är onekligen bristande språkkunskaper vilket resulterar i ouppnådda mål, utanförskap, misslyckade gruppe-ringar och orättvisa betyg. Det sistnämnda är en följd av de kunskapsmål som finns i läroplanen vilken informanterna upplever som direkt segregerande för nyanlända elever. En förutsättning för att verksamhetens skall fungera är att det finns tillgång till resurspersonal, stödmaterial vilket in-formanterna ser som framförallt nödvändigt men också som bristfälligt. Dessutom upplevs mo-dersmålsundervisning positivt då denna stärker känslan av gemenskap och tillhörighet vilket inte alltid är självklart i den reguljära klassen. Dock har informanterna ingen eller mycket liten kontakt med modersmålsläraren och andraspråk läraren vilket undersökningen tolkat som ett hinder. Informanterna har även en viktig roll gällande socialiseringen av nyanlända elever. Dock menar lärarna att det inte är helt enkelt att styra så pass stora elever (högstadieelever) men i klassrummet finns förutsättningar för att öka gemenskapen genom övningar och styrda grupperingar. Trots språksvårigheter, frustration och inte alltför fördelaktiga kursplanemål försöker lärarna arbeta utefter de resurser som finns vilka man också ser som ovärderliga och något man önskar mer av. Trots att både förutsättningar och möjligheter upptar stor del av intervjusvaren är dock de hinder som uppstår övervägande störst och bildar helheten i resultatet. Jag ville även veta vilken typ av lärandeteori som är gynnsamt för de nyanlända eleverna. Min tolkning av resultatet är att det be-havioristska lärandeperspektivet är fördelaktigt för dessa elever. Denna lärandeteori bygger på att eleven lär i lätta, observerbara och hanterbara miljöer där små delar av kunskap bildar en helhet. Det sociokulturella lärandeperspektivet bygger allt för mycket på reflektion, diskussion och muntligt agerande vilket informanterna menar inte gynnar denna elevgrupp

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The core concepts of CA In the theoretical framework of CA, well-being is constituted by a person’s unique way of functioning and capabilities. This means that a person's well-being is personal and involves freedom of choice which in turn means they have a number of options. Although many people may have the same resources, it is of importance to study how these resources are converted into how they function. Thus, wellbeing is about the person's freedom to achieve in general and the capabilities to function in particular (Sen, 1995). Strength of the capability approach The capability approach is a useful tool for matching objective evaluations with subjective metrics. Furthermore, although one’s individual abilities are in focus, contextual factors, and subjective perceptions and experiences, are taken into consideration. Critiques against the CA The capability approach has been criticized for being too individual-centered and not taking sufficient account to social structures in society. It is difficult to know what a person would choose to do if other options were available. Therefore, to operationalize abilities involves uncertainties.

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Objective: To examine in depth the views and experiences of continence service leads in England on key service and continence management characteristics in order to identify and to improve our understanding of barriers to a good-quality service and potential facilitators to develop and to improve services for older people with urinary incontinence (UI). Design: Qualitative semistructured interviews using a purposive sample recruited across 16 continence services. Setting: 3 acute and 13 primary care National Health Service Trusts in England. Participants: 16 continence service leads in England actively treating and managing older people with UI. Results: In terms of barriers to a good-quality service, participants highlighted a failure on the part of commissioners, managers and other health professionals in recognising the problem of UI and in acknowledging the importance of continence for older people and prevalent negative attitudes towards continence and older people. Patient assessment and continence promotion regardless of age, rather than pad provision, were identified as important steps for a good-quality service for older people with UI. More rapid and appropriate patient referral pathways, investment in service capacity, for example, more trained staff and strengthened interservice collaborations and a higher profile within medical and nurse training were specified as being important facilitators for delivering an equitable and highquality continence service. There is a need, however, to consider the accounts given by our participants as perhaps serving the interests of their professional group within the context of interprofessional work. Conclusions: Our data point to important barriers and facilitators of a good-quality service for older people with UI, from the perspective of continence service leads. Further research should address the views of other stakeholders, and explore options for the empirical evaluation of the effectiveness of identified service facilitators.

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There is a lack of research on the everyday lives of older people in developing countries. This exploratory study used structured observation and content analysis to examine the presence of older people in public fora, and considered the methods’ potential for understanding older people’s social integration and inclusion. Structured observation occurred of public social spaces in six cities each located in a different developing country, and in one city in the United Kingdom, together with content analysis of the presence of people in newspaper pictures and on television in the selected countries. Results indicated that across all fieldwork sites and data sources, there was a low presence of older people, with women considerably less present than men in developing countries. There was variation across fieldwork sites in older people’s presence by place and time of day, and in their accompanied status. The presence of older people in images drawn from newspapers was associated with the news/non-news nature of the source. The utility of the study’s methodological approach is considered, as is the degree to which the presence of older people in public fora might relate to social integration and inclusion in different cultural contexts.

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Summary To become, to be and to have been: about the  Jehovah’s Witnesses The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, in the following text referred to as the Jehovah’s Witnesses or “the organisation”, is a worldwide Christian organisation with about 6.7 million members. The organisation has many times, without any success so far, proclaimed Armageddon when they expect Jehovah to return to Earth. They interpret the Bible in their own, often very literal way, and require their members to live according to these interpretations. Among the consequences of this, members are forbidden to vote, to do military service or to receive blood transfusions. Apart from attending the three weekly meetings, members are expected to be active in missionary work, known as “publishing”. If a member fails to do a certain number of hours’ publishing, he or she risks being deprived of active membership status Sweden in general is considered to be a society where the population is not very religious. The formerly state-governed Lutheran church has lost its influence and the vast majority of ordinary Swedes do not visit church on other occasions than weddings, funerals or christenings. Expressing one’s own religious values has become somewhat of a private matter where publicity is seldom appreciated, which is contrary to the practice of the Jehovah’s Witnesses. This is one of the reasons why the Jehovah’s Witnesses are commonly perceived by average Swedes as a “suspicious” religious organisation. The aim and methods of the study This dissertation seeks to describe and investigate the entering and leaving of a highly structured and hierarchical religious community, exemplified in this case by the Jehovah’s Witnesses. What are the thoughts and aspirations of someone who is considering becoming a Jehovah’s Witness? What are the priorities and what experiences seem important when a person is going through such a process? And when this person has finally reached his or her goal of becoming a member, is it the same motivation that makes him or her stay in the organisation for longer periods of time, possibly for the rest of their lives, or does it change during the process of entering, or does this motivation change its character during the transition from entering to being a regular member? Why do some of the members change their attitude to the Jehovah’s Witnesses from rejoicing to bitterness? And how does this process of exit manifest itself? In what way is it different from the process of entry? The respondents in this study were chosen from both active members of the Jehovah’s Witnesses in Sweden and those who have left the organisation for personal reasons. Repeated interviews with ten active members of the organisation have been conducted in the course of the study and compared to equal numbers of former members. The interviews have been semi-structured to deal with questions of how a person has come into contact with the organisation; how they retrospectively experienced the process of entry; the reasons for becoming a member. Questions have also been asked about life in the organisation. The group of “exiters” have also been asked about the experience of leaving, why they wanted to leave, and how this process was started and carried out. In addition to this I have analysed a four-year diary describing the time inside and the process of leaving the organisation. This has given me an extra psychological insight into the inner experience of someone who has gone through the whole process. The analysis has been done by categorising the content of the transcribed interviews. An attempt to outline a model of an entry and exit process has been made, based on ideas and interpretations presented in the interviews. The analysis of the diary has involved thorough reading, resulting in a division of it into four different parts, where each part has been given a certain key-word, signifying the author’s emotional state when writing it. A great deal of the information about the Jehovah’s Witnesses has been collected through discussion boards on the Internet, informal talks with members and ex-members, interviews with representatives of the organisations during visits to its different offices (Bethels), such as St. Petersburg, Russia, and Brooklyn, New York, USA. The context Each organisation evolves in its own context with its own norms, roles and stories that would not survive outside it. With this as a starting point, there is a chapter dedicated to the description of the organisation’s history, structure and activities. It has been stated that the organisation’s treatment of its critical members and the strategies for recruiting new members have evolved over the years of its history. At the beginning there was an openness allowing members to be critical. As the structure of the organisation has become more rigid and formalised, the treatment of internal critics has become much less tolerated and exclusion has become a frequent option. As a rule many new members have been attracted to the organisation when (1) the day of Armageddon has been pronounced to be approaching; (2) the members of the organisation have been persecuted or threatened with persecution; and (3) the organisation has discovered a “new market”. The processes for entering and exiting How the entering processes manifest themselves depends on whether the person has been brought up in the organisation or not. A person converting as an adult has to pass six phases before being considered a Jehovah’s Witness by the organisation. These are:  Contact with the Jehovah’s Witnesses, Studying the bible with members of the organisation, Questioning, Accepting, Being active as publisher (spreading the belief), Being baptised.  For a person brought up in the organisation, the process to full membership is much shorter:   Upbringing in the organisation, Taking a stand on the belief, Being baptised. The exit process contains of seven phases:   Different levels of doubts, Testing of doubts, Turning points, Different kinds of decisions, Different steps in executing the decisions, Floating, a period of emotional and cognitive consideration of membership and its experiences, Realtive neutrality.   The process in and the process out are both slow and are accompanied with anguish and doubts. When a person is going through the process in or out of the organisation he or she experiences criticism. This is when people around the adept question the decision to continue in the process. The result of the criticism depends on where in the process the person is. If he or she is at the beginning of the process, the criticism will probably make the person insecure and the process will slow down or stop. If the criticism is pronounced in a later phase, the process will probably speed up. The norms of the organisation affect the behaviour of the members. There are techniques for inclusion that both bind members to the organisation and shield them off from the surrounding society. Examples of techniques for inclusion are the “work situation” and “closed doors”. The work situation signifies that members who do as the organisation recommends – doing simple work – often end up in the same branch of industry as many other Jehovah’s Witnesses. This often means that the person has other witnesses as workmates. If the person is unemployed or moves to another town it is easy to find a new job through connections in the organisation. Doubts and exclusions can lead to problems since they entail a risk of losing one’s job. This can also result in problems getting a new job. Jehovah’s Witnesses are not supposed to talk to excluded members, which of course mean difficulties working together. “Closed doors” means that members who do as the organisation recommends – not pursuing higher education, not engaging in civil society, working with a manual or in other way simple job, putting much time into the organisation – will, after a long life in the organisation, have problems starting a new life outside the Jehovah’s Witnesses. The language used in the organisation shows the community among the members, thus the language is one of the most important symbols. A special way of thinking is created through the language. It binds members to the organisation and sometimes it can work as a way to get back into the normative world of the organisation. Randall Collins’s (1990, 2004) thoughts about “emotional energy” have enabled an understanding of the solidarity and unity in the organisation. This also gives an understanding of the way the members treat doubting and critical members. The members who want to exit have to open up the binding/screening off. A possible way to do that is through language, to become aware of the effect the language might have. Another way is to search for emotional energy in another situation. During the exit process, shame might be of some importance. When members become aware of the shame they feel, because they perceive they are “acting a belief”, the exit process might accelerate.

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It is an everyday experience to realize that things do not turn out the as expected. But what if you realize that everything you have so far experienced as reality is illusion? This article is about former members of the Jehovah’s Witnesses who have had doubts about what they previously believed to be the Truth. The article also treats the exit process, from being a Jehovah’s Witness to becoming an ex-Jehovah’s Witness. The data consists of twenty qualitative interviews with ten Jehovah’s Witnesses and twenty qualitative interviews with ten former Jehovah’s Witnesses. The data also include a diary written during four years preceding an exit from the organization. The analysis was made through thematic concentration. Ontologically the analysis and the article are based on a constructionist view though it is mainly empirical with no further theoretical assessment. However, to be able to understand the results a contextual frame is sketched with two factors affecting members who make an exit. First there are tying factors that bind the person closer to the organization; these are closeness and friendship and confirmation. A secluding factor is something that secludes the member from the outside society; these factors are the work situation and »closed doors«. With high values on these factors the exit process will be more arduous. The results are presented through a process model in which different phases or steps in the exit process are described. The following steps in the process are: (1) different levels of doubts; (2) trying out doubts; (3) turning points; (4) different decisions; (5) different steps in execution; (6) floating; (7) relative neutrality. The process is defined as an altogether ambivalent and emotionally tough experience, but other parts of life may be affected as well, such as employment, social life, family life and career.

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Sammanfattning Socialstyrelsen har initierat ett utvecklingsarbete i fem kommuner i syfte att samordna stödet till barn under 18 år och föräldrar i familjer där föräldrar har problem med riskbruk/missbruk. Arbetet skulle särskilt stärka helhetssynen och samverkan mellan enheter i kommunen som har ansvar för barn, ungdom och familj respektive missbruk och beroende. Med helhetssyn avses här att se barns och vuxnas individuella behov, men även som familj, när det gäller socialtjänstens arbete med att upptäcka missbruk bland föräldrar, utreda, ge insatser och följa upp. Utvärderingen, som om avser tiden november 2012 till september 2014., avser såväl själva utvecklingsarbetet (processen) som dess resultat. Det kan med utvärderingstermer benämnas programteoriutvärdering och som genererat tre övergripande frågeställningar: Har kommunerna genomfört vad de föresatt sig göra? Har de uppnått de mål som de satt upp? Vilka förhållanden hindrar alternativt befrämjar ett familjeperspektiv i socialtjänstens arbete med barn och vuxna? För analys och tolkning av resultaten har implementeringsteori och teorier kring organisation och samverkan använts. Två år är en kort tid för att ett utvecklingsarbete av den här omfattningen ska ge några synbara avtryck i verksamheterna och framförallt innebära något för brukarna/ klienterna. I två kommuner har arbetet fått ett sådant genomslag att även klienterna kunnat tillfrågas om upplevelsen av samordningen samt om och hur arbetet inneburit någon förändring för dem. I en kommun har arbetet inte gett några större avtryck vare sig i organisationen eller för klienterna. I två kommuner har det inneburit viss utveckling av samarbete och samordning på professions- och verksamhetsnivå. Alla fem kommuner har fullföljt projektet och har en ambition att fortsätta utvecklingsarbetet. Målsättningen att pröva de samordnande insatserna i större skala har omsatts i en av de deltagande kommunerna. Det kan konstateras att de i teorin beskrivna hindren även förekommer i detta projekt. Det gäller exempelvis brister i kommuniceringen, hur samordnandet och uppföljningen med familjen faktiskt ska gå till, hög personalomsättning, hög arbetsbelastning och brister i ledningsstöd. Att enheterna är lokaliserade på olika ställen eller organiserade i olika förvaltningar är andra hinder. Framgångsfaktorer har varit fungerande arbetsledarskap och förankring på flera nivåer. Ledare som tar aktiv del och lyssnar och lär. Att det finns mottagningsfunktioner på bägge enheterna inom respektive kommun banar vägen för samverkan när det gäller upptäckt och utredning. Att testa en samordningsmodell i några pilotärenden förefaller vara ett bra sätt att förbereda sig innan implementering sker i större skala. Att utbyta erfarenheter med andra kommuner har visat sig verkningsfullt. Det finns flera exempel på hur kommunerna av lärt varandra och även använt varandra i utvecklingsarbetet. Optimistiska, erfarna och uthålliga projektmedarbetare med tydliga mandat som leder implementeringen är en framgångsfaktor, liksom att utgå från faktiska behov av förändringar i organisationen. Tre förhållanden som identifierats som hindrande eller försvårande av ett samordnat arbetssätt kan sammankopplats med lagstiftning och organisationsformer. Utredning och insats går inte alltid i fas med varandra tidsmässigt på vuxenheten och enheten för barn och unga. Enligt socialtjänstlagen ska en barnutredning vara slutförd inom fyra månader och en förhandbedömning ska vara gjord inom 14 dagar (SOL 11:2). Sådana tidsgränser formuleras inte för vuxenärenden. Barnutredningen kan avslutas utan insats med hänvisning till att det finns en fungerande förälder och vuxenutredningen likaså, därför att den vuxne inte är motiverad att göra något åt sitt missbruk. Själva arbetets organiserande gör att det finns flera ärenden i en familj som inte synkroniseras. Slutligen diskuteras resultatet utifrån den vedertagna metaforen stuprör. De flesta kommuner i Sverige har en specialiserad organisation. I en sådan organisation flyter barnärendena i ett stuprör och vuxenärenden i ett annat. Utöver detta införs här metaforerna hängrännor och rännkrokar. Hängrännor behövs för att möjliggöra ett helhetsperspektiv på familjen, i hängrännorna blandas ärendena. Rännkrokar slutligen ses som strukturerna i organisationen som underlättar de blandade ärendeflödena. De samordningsmodeller som kommunerna prövat kan liknas vid försök att montera upp hängrännor. 

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Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur lärare i årskurs 1-3 uppfattar begreppet hållbar utveckling samt undervisning om hållbar utveckling i So-ämnena och dess relevans för elever i årskurs 1-3. Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka hur lärare beskriver att de planerar och genomför undervisning om hållbar utveckling i So-ämnena i årskurs 1-3. Studiens syfte besvaras med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer med lärare. Resultatet visar att lärare ser på hållbar utveckling och undervisning kring detta utifrån tre perspektiv som i studien benämns som miljö, socialt perspektiv samt ett omfattande begrepp. Det mest framträdande perspektivet är miljö följt av ett socialt perspektiv. Genom undervisning kopplat till hållbar utveckling i So får eleverna lära sig om hur man tar hand om naturen men även om sociala och samhälleliga frågor. Undervisningen bidrar även till att eleverna får kunskaper om demokrati samt till att ge eleverna förståelse för andra människors situation. I studien framkommer att lärare ser undervisning om hållbar utveckling som relevant för elever i årskurs 1-3 gällande miljö och sociala frågor.

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Bakgrund: Diabetes typ 2 är en endokrin sjukdom och ett globalt hälsoproblem, där antalet insjuknande personer ökar kraftigt. Behandlingen vid diabetes typ 2 utgörs till största del av egenvård vilket ställer stora krav på patienten och på sjukvården. En bristande följsamhet till råd om egenvård kan leda till sämre hälsa för patienten och ökade kostnader för samhället. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att beskriva vilka faktorer som påverkar följsamheten till råd om egenvård hos patienter med diabetes typ 2. Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar där både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar har granskats. Databaserna CINAHL och PubMed har använts. Resultat: Faktorer som påverkade följsamheten till råd om egenvård identifierades och resulterade i fem huvudkategorier: Information; Kunskap; Socialt stöd; Teknologiskt stöd och Livssituation. Dessa faktorer framkom som viktiga för en god följsamhet till råd om egenvård. Slutsats: Det är av stor betydelse att försöka identifiera varje individs olika förutsättningar, för att på så sätt ha möjlighet att anpassa både information, utbildning och egenvårdsplanering utifrån individen.

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Bakgrund: Beröringen är ett av människans grundläggande behov. Närhet och beröring har betydelse för välbefinnandet. Beröring är en central del i vårdandet, där den är förväntad och accepterad. Att leva med cancer innebär ett stort lidande. Både fysiskt, psykiskt, socialt och existentiellt. Många genomgår tuffa behandlingar med biverkningar, vilket skapar ett lidande för både patient och närstående. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att beskriva beröringens betydelse i vårdandet av cancerpatienter. Metod: En litteraturöversikt, där femton vårdvetenskapliga artiklar har använts, nio med kvantitativ metod och sex med kvalitativ metod. Resultat: Studiens resultat visade att beröring har betydelse i omvårdnaden av cancerpatienter, både i livets slut och hos de som genomgår tuffa behandlingar. Beröring dämpade svåra biverkningar såsom illamående, oro/ångest, smärta samt att lindra lidandet. Patienterna upplevde ökad livskvalitet. Beröringen hade även en positiv betydelse för patienternas relation med både sjuksköterskan och anhöriga. Slutsats: Att drabbas av cancer innebär ett stort lidande, både fysiskt, psykiskt, socialt och existentiellt. Litteraturöversikten visar att beröring som omvårdnadsåtgärd hjälper patienterna att öka sitt välbefinnande på alla dessa fyra plan. Genom att använda beröring inom vårdandet av cancerpatienter kan man öka deras livskvalité och välbefinnande.

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The purpose of the study is to investigate social workers experiences of compassion fatigue as well as their thoughts about health and risk factors in the area. The method used is a qualitative interview study in which eight social workers, investigating child welfare matters, were individually interviewed. The study shows that most of the social workers describe their own experiences of burnout but not of secondary traumatic stress. The most important support for not suffer from compassion fatigue is to be supported and the possibility to ventilate with colleagues and managers. However, the social workers consider that the risk of burnout is primarily due to a heavy workload in terms of the number of cases and high staff turnover. Finally, the study indicates that social workers do not have experience of secondary traumatic stress because they are using tools that prevent this. However, the risk of experiencing burnout is high since they have not found strategies for managing workplace stress.

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In present study interviews with five officials and the gathering of documentation carried out in a reception center for newly arrived refugees located in a medium-sized municipality in central Sweden. The aim has been on the basis of the collected empirical data to evaluate how the municipality worked to promote the integration of newcomers, what measures were available, whether there were existing goals, and how they were formulated, and the extent to which they were implemented. This constituted, together with earlier research and systems theory based framework for the study's conclusions. The study showed that communication between and within the investigated unit was partly flawed. It has also showed that there was a degree of conflict in organizational approaches within the examined entity which could cause bottlenecks in the activity. The current study also showed the difficulty in estimating the resources currently needed to cover the need of, among others, Swedish for immigrants.

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Syftet med denna studie är att nå en djupare förståelse om hur samhället ska kunna stödja barn som växer upp under ogynnsamma förhållanden på ett bättre sätt. Studien baseras på en litteraturstudie på sex stycken självbiografier som valts ut efter vissa kriterier. Dessa självbiografier har sammanställts utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och ett antal teman som svarar på våra forskningsfrågor identifierades. Utifrån studiens syfte och frågeställningar har teorier om risk- och skyddsfaktorer, KASAM, skam, resiliens samt anknytning valts ut. Tidigare forskning visar på att utsatta barn och social barnavård är ett eftersatt forskningsområde. Vårt resultat av denna studie visar på brister inom såväl socialtjänsten som samhället i övrigt. Det finns ett omfattande behov av att ständigt uppmärksamma och tydliggöra vilket stöd dessa barn kan få.