Perusteollisuus muuttuvassa toimintaympäristössä 2000-2030: malli investointitarpeelle

Kyseisen tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tarkastella perusteollisuuden tulevien vuosien investointitarvetta ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Tutkimuksessa arvioidaan perusteollisuuden nykytilaa, hahmotellaan kolme vaihtoehtoista kehitysskenaariota ja luodaan malli investointitarpeen määrittämiseksi. Mallin avulla esitetään arviot perusteollisuuden tulevalle investointitarpeelle. Malli kuvaa tutkimusaluetta analyyttisesti ja ottaa eräitä ajankohtaisia ongelmia keskustelun kohteeksi. Laadittu malli osoittaa, että pääoman tuottotavoitteenkorottaminen merkitsee perusteollisuuden investointiasteen alenemista. Jotta julkisuudessa esitetyt tuottotavoitteet olisivat pitkällä aikavälillä realistisia,on perusteollisuuden kyettävä siirtämään pääomia entistä tuottavammille liiketoiminta-alueille. Käytännössä pääomien vapauttaminen merkitsee usein käyttöomaisuuden myyntejä ja yritysjärjestelyjä. Käyttökatetason parantaminen puolestaan edellyttää nykyisten toimintakustannusten merkittävää alentamista tai entistä kannattavampien hankkeiden ja liiketoiminta-alueiden löytämistä. Liikevaihdon kasvumahdollisuudet asettavat käytännössä puitteet tavoitteelliselle investointiasteelle. Perusteollisuuden kansainvälisten suuryritysten kasvunäkymät ovat kotimarkkinayrityksiä paremmat, mikä selittää niiden parempia investointiedellytyksiä.

Molecular method for the characterization of Coxiella burnetii from clinical and environmental samples: variability of genotypes in Spain

Background: Coxiella burnetii is a highly clonal microorganism which is difficult to culture, requiring BSL3 conditions for its propagation. This leads to a scarce availability of isolates worldwide. On the other hand, published methods of characterization have delineated up to 8 different genomic groups and 36 genotypes. However, all these methodologies, with the exception of one that exhibited limited discriminatory power (3 genotypes), rely on performing between 10 and 20 PCR amplifications or sequencing long fragments of DNA, which make their direct application to clinical samples impracticable and leads to a scarce accessibility of data on the circulation of C. burnetii genotypes. Results: To assess the variability of this organism in Spain, we have developed a novel method that consists of a multiplex (8 targets) PCR and hybridization with specific probes that reproduce the previous classification of this organism into 8 genomic groups, and up to 16 genotypes. It allows for a direct haracterization from clinical and environmental samples in a single run, which will help in the study of the different genotypes circulating in wild and domestic cycles as well as from sporadic human cases and outbreaks. The method has been validated with reference isolates. A high variability of C. burnetii has been found in Spain among 90 samples tested, detecting 10 different genotypes, being those adaA negative associated with acute Q fever cases presenting as fever of intermediate duration with liver involvement and with chronic cases. Genotypes infecting humans are also found in sheep, goats, rats, wild boar and ticks, and the only genotype found in cattle has never been found among our clinical samples. Conclusions: This newly developed methodology has permitted to demonstrate that C. burnetii is highly variable in Spain. With the data presented here, cattle seem not to participate in the transmission of C. burnetii to humans in the samples studied, while sheep, goats, wild boar, rats and ticks share genotypes with the human population.

Ocupa-la palabra

Abonda con repasa-los manuais de historia da literatura galega para comprobar que a presencia feminina de certo releyo queda limitada a unha figura sobranceira, Rosalía de Castro, que logo foi acompañándose de Pura Vázqtíez, Luz Pozo Garza, Xohana Torres ou Maria Xosé Queízan. Poucas máis son as escritoras galegas de antes de 1976 que tiveron acceso 6 recoñecemento xeral. Cerramenre este mangado de nomes é máis ben caríveiro en comparación coa longa restra de autores masculinos, pero resulta moito máis rechamante se o comparamos co grande pulo que está a te-la poesía de muller hoxe en día; un pulo moito maior ca noutros xéneros, e aínda así moi por detrás da literatura infantil e da crítica literaria. A presencia destacada da muller nestes ámbitos lévanos, necesariamente, a constara-lo efecto espello que se produce entre a súa situación social e os xéneros literarios ós que semella ter un acceso máis doado...

Ocupa-la palabra

Abonda con repasa-los manuais de historia da literatura galega para comprobar que a presencia feminina de certo releyo queda limitada a unha figura sobranceira, Rosalía de Castro, que logo foi acompañándose de Pura Vázqtíez, Luz Pozo Garza, Xohana Torres ou Maria Xosé Queízan. Poucas máis son as escritoras galegas de antes de 1976 que tiveron acceso 6 recoñecemento xeral. Cerramenre este mangado de nomes é máis ben caríveiro en comparación coa longa restra de autores masculinos, pero resulta moito máis rechamante se o comparamos co grande pulo que está a te-la poesía de muller hoxe en día; un pulo moito maior ca noutros xéneros, e aínda así moi por detrás da literatura infantil e da crítica literaria. A presencia destacada da muller nestes ámbitos lévanos, necesariamente, a constara-lo efecto espello que se produce entre a súa situación social e os xéneros literarios ós que semella ter un acceso máis doado...

GdBaCo2O5+x layered perovskite as an intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell cathode

GdBaCo2O5+x (GBCO) was evaluated as a cathode for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells. A porous layer of GBCO was deposited on an anode-supported fuel cell consisting of a 15m thick electrolyte of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) prepared by dense screen-printing anda Ni–YSZ cermet as an anode (Ni–YSZ/YSZ/GBCO). Values of power density of 150 mW cm−2 at 700◦C and ca. 250 mW cm−2 at 800◦C are reported for this standard configuration using 5% of H2 in nitrogen as fuel. An intermediate porous layer of YSZ was introduced between the electrolyte and the cathode improving the performance of the cell. Values for power density of 300 mW cm−2 at 700◦C and ca. 500 mW cm−2 at 800◦C in this configuration were achieved.

Refráns meteorolóxicos e atlas románicos, paremioloxía e territorio

Tras unha presentación da Base de datos sobre refranes del calendario y meteorológicos en la Romania (BADARE) e do progresivo baleirado nela de diversos atlas lingüísticos da Romania, preséntanse tres mostras da variación diatópica deste tipo de refráns no espazo iberorromance: (1) coa implicación do arco da vella, (2) dos roibéns e (3) das imaxes de ceo ovellado e afíns. Cómpre destacar o grande interese dos materiais contidos nos atlas románicos, que se poden complementar cos doutras obras vinculadas á lingua e ao territorio: repertorios paremiográficos, monografías dialectais, achegas diversas. Aínda que non parece factible un grande atlas paremiolóxico romance nin sequera de segunda xeración, pois os refráns (meteorolóxicos o de outros tipos) son nos atlas de primeira xeración unha propina ocasional, coidamos que mediante a base de datos BADARE se poden administrar eses materiais de xeito que faciliten o estudo da paremioloxía románica ligada ao territorio.

Hemmet som ethos : en idéhistorisk studie av hur hemmet som ethos blev evident i hälsosysterns vårdande under 1900-talets första hälft

The home as ethos, an ethical dimension of human beings, is this study’s focus of interest. Can the home as ethos comprise motive and driving force for a human being? This dissertation has a mainly hermeneutic approach with a Caring Science interpretive horizon. Firstly, the purpose of this study is to develop the concept “home” through etymological and semantic analysis. The concept’s Caring Science content is also investigated. Secondly, the purpose of this study is to investigate, through the use of a history of ideas method, how the home as ethos is made visible and evident in public health nurses’ caring during the first half of the 20th century. Which motives compromise the driving force behind public health nurses’ caring? Which idea patterns are stressed? Material for the study’s concept determination consists of tymological dictionaries as well as Swedish language dictionaries published from 1850 – 2001. The results of the concept determination provide a preliminary idea-model, where dimensions such as ethos as a human being’s innermost room, human beings’ manner of being, and the metaphor “my home is my castle” are stressed. These results comprise the background of the history of ideas portion of the study. The study’s history of ideas investigation occurs through the evaluation and interpretation of historical sources focusing on the caring provided by public health nurses. Public health nurses comprise both the context and prevalent traditions during the time-period studied. The historical sources consist of three different types of sources, namely textbooks, archived material, and the professional nursing journals Epione and Sairaanhoitajatarlehti. The purpose is to rediscover fundamental idea-patterns through the thematic structuring of the patterns appearing in the historical sources. Three main idea-patterns and underlying themes are rediscovered: love- a fire which burns inside human beings; reverence for human beings and home; and the honor of responsibility. The emerging patterns are tightly interwoven and form a pattern. A new interpretation occurs, widening the study’s horizon and leading to the emergence of the theory-model’s contours. The study’s theory-model is formed from three different levels. Ethos as a human being’s innermost room- the spirit, encompasses a human being’s value base and the spirit that he/she is permeated with. Fundamental values are converted into an internal ethic, becoming visible in human beings’ manner of being- the manner of conduct. The metaphor “my home is my castle”- the tone, symbolizes the room where a human being’s abstract or concrete being lives. The spirit, the ethos, is expressed in a home’s culture and atmosphere, that is to say the tone of a home or how one lives in a room. Communion is a significant component in the creation of a culture and atmosphere. This study’s theory-model gives rise to a new perspective that can generate new patterns of action. The study’s theory-model results in a new historically-based view that create new patterns of action in care and Caring Science today.

Sivistyksestä sivilisaatioon. Kulttuurikäsitys J. V. Snellmanin historiallisessa ajattelussa

From Bildung to Civilisation. Conception of Culture in J. V. Snellman’s Historical Thinking The research explores Johan Vilhelm Snellman’s (1806–1881) conception of culture in the context of his historical thinking. Snellman was a Finnish, Swedish-speaking journalist, teacher and thinker, who held a central position in the Finnish national discourse during the nineteenth century. He has been considered as one of the leading theorists of a Finnish nation, writing widely about the themes such as the advancement of the national education, Finnish language and culture. Snellman is already a widely studied person in Finnish intellectual history, often characterised as a follower of G. W. F. Hegel’s philosophical system. My own research introduces a new kind of approach on Snellman’s texts, emphasising the conceptual level of his thought. With this approach, my aim is to broaden the Finnish research tradition on conceptual history. I consider my study as a cultural history of concepts, belonging also to the field of intellectual history. My focus is on one hand on the close reading of Snellman’s texts and on the other hand on contextualising his texts to the European intellectual tradition of the time. A key concept of Snellman’s theoretical thinking is his concept of bildning, which can be considered as a Swedish counterpart of the German concept of Bildung. The Swedish word incorporated all the main elements of the German concept. It could mean education or the so-called high culture, but most fundamentally it was about the self-formation of the individual. This is also the context in which Snellman’s concept of bildning has often been interpreted. In the study, I use the concept of bildning as a starting point of my research but I broaden my focus on the cognate concepts such as culture (kultur), spirit (anda) and civilisation. The purpose of my study is thus to illustrate how Snellman used and modified these concepts and from these observations to draw a conclusion about the nature of his conception of culture. Snellman was an early Finnish philosopher of history but also interested in the practice of the writing of history. He did not write any historical presentations himself but followed the publications in the field of history and introduced European historical writing to the Finnish, Swedish-speaking reading audience in his newspapers. The primary source material consists of different types of Snellman’s texts, including philosophical writings, lecture material, newspaper articles and private letters. I’m reading Snellman’s texts in the context of other texts produced both by his Finnish predecessors and contemporaries and by Swedish, German and French writers. Snellman’s principal philosophical works, Versuch einer spekulativen Entwicklung der Idee der Persönlichkeit (1841) and Läran om staten (1842), were both written abroad. Both of the works were contributions to contemporary debates on the international level, especially in Germany and Sweden. During the 1840s and 1850s Snellman had two newspapers of his own, Saima and Litteraturblad, which were directed towards the Swedish-speaking educated class. Both of the newspapers were very popular and their circulations were among the largest of their day in Finland. The topics of his articles and reviews covered literature, poetry, philosophy and education as well as issues concerning the economic, industrial and technical development in Finland. In his newspapers Snellman not only brought forth his own ideas but also spread the knowledge of European events and ideas to his readers. He followed very carefully the cultural and political situation in Western Europe. He also followed European magazines and newspapers and was well acquainted with German, French and also English literature – and of course Swedish literature to with which he had the closest ties. In his newspapers Snellman wrote countless number of literary reviews and critics, introducing his readers to European literature. The study consists of three main chapters in which I explore my research question in three different, yet overlapping contexts. In the first of these chapters, I analyse Snellman’n theoretical thinking and his concepts of bildning, kultur, anda and civilisation in the context of earlier cultural discourse in Finland as well as the tradition of German idealistic philosophy and neo-humanism. With the Finnish cultural discourse I refer to the early cultural discussion in Finland, which emerged after the year 1809, when Finland became an autonomous entity of its own as a Grand Duchy of Russia. Scholars of the Academy of Turku opened a discussion on the themes such as the state of national consciousness, the need for national education and the development of the Finnish language as a national language of Finland. Many of these academics were also Snellman’s teachers in the early years of his academic career and Snellman clearly formulated his own ideas in the footsteps of these Finnish predecessors. In his theoretical thinking Snellman was a collectivist; according to him an individual should always be understood in connection with the society, its values and manners, as well as to the traditions of a culture where an individual belongs to. In his philosophy of the human spirit Snellman was in many ways a Hegelian but his notion of education or ‘bildning’ includes also elements that connect him with the wider tradition of German intellectual history, namely the neo-humanist tradition and, at least to some extent, to the terminology of J. G. Herder or J. G. Fichte, for example. In this chapter, I also explore Snellman’s theory of history. In his historical thinking Snellman was an idealist, believing in the historical development of the human spirit (Geist in German language). One can characterise his theory of history by stating that it is a mixture of a Hegelian triumph of the spirit and Herderian emphasis on humanity (Humanität) and the relative nature of ‘Bildung’. For Snellman, the process of ‘bildning’ or ‘Bildung’ is being realised in historical development through the actions of human beings. Snellman believed in the historical development of the human civilization. Still Snellman himself considered that he had abandoned Hegel’s idea about the process of world history. Snellman – rightly or wrongly – criticised Hegel of emphasising the universal end of history (the realisation of the freedom of spirit) at the expense of the historical plurality and the freedom of each historical era. Snellman accused Hegel of neglecting the value and independency of different historical cultures and periods by imposing the abstract norm, the fulfilment of the freedom of spirit, as the ultimate goal of history. The historicist in Snellman believed in the individuality of each historical period; each historical era or culture had values, traditions and modes of thought of its own. This historicist in Snellman could not accept the talk about one measure or the end of history. On the other hand Snellman was also a universalist. He believed that mankind had a common task and that task was the development of ‘Bildung’, freedom or humanity. The second main chapter consists of two parts. In the first part, I explore the Finnish nationalistic discourse from the cultural point of view by analysing the notions such as a nation, national spirit or national language and showing how Snellman formulated his own ideas in a dialogic situation, participating in the Finnish discourse but also reacting to international discussions on the themes of the nation and nationality. For Snellman nationality was to a great extent the collective knowledge and customs or practices of the nation. Snellman stated that nationality is to be considered as a form of ‘bildning’. This could be seen not simply as affection for the fatherland but also for the mental identity of the nation, its ways of thinking, its practices, national language, customs and laws, the history of the nation. The simplest definition of nationality that Snellman gives is that nationality is the social life of the people. In the second part of the chapter I exam Snellman’s historical thinking and his understanding about historical development, interaction between different nations and cultures in the course of history, as well as the question of historical change; how do cultures or civilisations develop and who are the creators of culture? Snellman did not believe in one dominating culture but understood the course of history as a dialogue between different cultures. On the other hand, his views are very Eurocentric – here he follows the ideas of Hegel or for example the French historian François Guizot – for Snellman Europe represented the virtue of pluralism; in Europe one could see the diversity of cultures which, on the other hand, were fundamentally based on a common Christian tradition. In the third main chapter, my focus is on the writing of history, more precisely on Snellman’s ideas on the nature of history as a science and on the proper way of writing historical presentations. Snellman wrote critics on the works of history and introduced his readers to the writing of history especially in France, Sweden and German-speaking area – in some extend also in Britain. Snellman’s collectivistic view becomes evident also in his reviews on historical writing. For Snellman history was not about the actions of the states and their heads, nor about the records of ruling families and battles fought. He repeatedly stressed that history is a discipline that seeks to provide a total view of a phenomenon. A historian should not only collect information on historical events, since this information touches only the surface of a certain epoch or civilisation; he has to understand an epoch as totality. This required an understanding about the major contours in history, connections between civilisations and an awareness of significant turning points in historical development. In addition, it required a holistic understanding about a certain culture or historical era, including also the so-called inner life of a specific nation, a common people and their ways of life. Snellman wrote explicitly about ‘cultural history’ in his texts, referring to this kind of broad understanding of a society. In historical writing Snellman found this kind of broader view from the works of the French historians such as François Guizot and Jules Michelet. In all of these chapters, I elaborate the conceptual dimension of Snellman’s historical thinking. In my study I argue that Snellman not only adopted the German concepts of Bildung or Kultur in his own thinking but also developed the Swedish concepts in a way that include personal and innovative aspects. Snellman’s concept of bildning is not only a translation from ‘Bildung’ but he uses the Swedish concept in a versatile way that includes both the moral aspect of human development and social dimension of a human life. Along with ‘bildning’ Snellman used also the terms ‘kultur’ and ‘civilisation’ when referring to the totality of a certain nation or historical era, including both the so-called high culture (arts, science, religion) and the modes of thought as well as ways of life of the people as a whole. Unlike many of his Finnish contemporaries, Snellman did not use civilisation as a negative concept, lacking the moral essence of German term ‘Bildung’ or ‘Kultur’. Instead, for Snellman civilisation was a neutral term and here he comes close to the French tradition of using the term. In the study I argue that Snellman’s conception of culture in fact includes a synthesis of the German tradition of ‘Bildung’ and the French tradition of ‘civilisation’.

Runeberg, Johan Ludvig

J.L. Runeberg Johan Ludvig Runeberg f. 5.2.1804 i Jakobstad d. 6.5.1877 i Borgå Under flera decennier bidrog Johan Ludvig Runebergs diktning till att skapa det unga Finlands fosterländska patos. Runeberg påverkade också starkt den litterära smaken i hemlandet och fick som svenskspråkig författare stor uppskattning även i Sverige. Runeberg framträdde från 1830-talet framåt, både som diktare och som dominerande kulturpersonlighet i sin tids Finland. I sin produktion kombinerar han ofta en yttre realistisk stil och enkelhet med idealiserande skildring av Finland och det finska folket i nationell romantisk anda. Som författare till balladsamlingen Fänrik Ståls sägner (1848 ̶ 1860), om 1808 ̶ 1809 års krig, och den finländska nationalsången ”Vårt land” (1848) befäste han sin status som nationalskald. Runebergs dominerande ställning som litterär förebild och hans idealiserande skildring av t.ex. det finska folkets fattigdom och offervilja gav emellertid också upphov till kritik och litterära ”fadermord” i den senare finländska litteraturen, t.ex. i verk av författarna K.A. Tavaststjerna och Väinö Linna.

Erkko, J. H.

J. H. Erkko Juhana Heikki (Johan Henrik) Erkko f. 16.1.1849 i Orimattila d. 16.11.1906 i Helsingfors J.H. Erkko var en av den samtida nationella väckelsens centrala lyriker. Erkko utbildade sig till lärare vid seminariet i Jyväskylä och inledde sitt författarskap i en ljust idealistisk anda. Han skrev gracila dikter i folkvisestil, ideologiskt laddade av nationalitetsidén. Många av Erkkos fosterländska dikter har börjat leva sitt eget liv oberoende av sin författare, och så gott som förvandlats till allmän egendom. Till hans kändaste dikter hör ”Kansalaislaulu” (sv. Medborgarsång), ”Hämäläisen laulu” (sv. Tavastlänningens sång) och ”Jouluaatto” (sv. Julaftonen, populär finsk julsång som inleds ”No, onkos tullut kesä/nyt talven keskellen?”). I sina dramer behandlade Erkko även sin tids samhälleliga problem och sina religiösa uppfattningar.

Kaatra, Kössi

Kössi Kaatra, fram till år 1906 Gustaf Adolf Lindström f. 6.11.1882 i Lojo d. 15.11.1928 i Huddinge, Sverige Kössi Kaatra är den finska arbetarlitteraturens kändaste lyriker. Hans tidiga produktion går i nyromantisk stil, och han visar i sin lyrik prov på skicklig hantering av versmått och slutrim. Kaatra blev därför även känd som ’Tammerfors egen Eino Leino’. Sin bana som arbetarlyriker inledde Kaatra efter generalstrejksåren med tre diktsamlingar i socialistisk anda, varefter han fortsatte att skriva samhällsengagerad dikt under revolutionsåren 1917 och 1918. Efter det finska inbördeskrigets utbrott flydde Kaatra till Sverige, där han tillbringade resten av sitt liv. I den sena produktionen återkom Kaatra ofta till inbördeskrigets händelser. Som en höjdpunkt i produktionen ses diktsamlingen Alhaisolauluja (sv. Proletärsånger) från 1922. I likhet med många andra av den s.k. äldre arbetarrörelsens diktare behandlade Kaatra ofta bibliska och religiösa ämnen i sin lyrik. http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/kb/artikkeli/2898/

Gummerus, Karl Jakob

Karl Jakob Gummerus f. 13.4.1840 i Karleby d. 20.3.1898 i Helsingfors Karl Jakob Gummerus var en av de mest lästa finskspråkiga författarna under 1860- och 1870-talen, och samtidigt verksam som framgångsrik förläggare. Förlaget K.J. Gummerus, som han grundade tillsammans med sin hustru Gustava, gav i tidens folkbildande anda ut finskspråkig litteratur. Det första utgivna verket på förlaget var Gummerus egna Ylhäiset ja alhaiset (sv. Hög och låg), som baserade sig på texter utgivna som följetonger i tidningar. Detta verk som gavs ut år 1870 kan ses som den första romanen skriven på finska, även om Aleksis Kivis Sju bröder (Seitsemän veljestä) utgavs samma år. Gummerus övriga litterära produktion bestod av det han själv kallade ”uuteloita”. Det var alltså fråga om noveller, en ny litterär genre i tiden. http://www.blf.fi/artikel.php?id=2886 http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/kb/artikkeli/2886/

Siljo, Juhani

Juhani Siljo, urspr. Johan Alarik Siljo, fram till år 1906 Sjögren f. 3.5.1888 i Uleåborg d. 6.5.1918 i Tammerfors Sekelskiftesdiktaren Juhani Siljo är speciellt känd för sin etiska strävan och sitt letande efter självet i filosoferna Kierkegaards och Nietzsches anda. Denna, i finsk litteratur kända ”Siljolinje” (”Siljon linja”), fick en fortsättning framför allt i poesi av Uuno Kailas, Aaro Hellaakoski och Helvi Juvonen, samt i 1920-talets fackelbärares (Tulenkantajat-generationens) litterära produktion. Dominerande teman i Siljos postumt utgivna samling Selvään veteen (sv. Mot öppet vatten) från 1919 är byggandet av självet, kompromisslöshet och vilja, centrala tematiska spår även i diktarens övriga produktion. Också kärleksdikter ingår i produktionen. I dem kombineras sinnlighet med askes och livsrädsla. Siljos poesi fick särskilt stor uppskattning på 1940-talet. Han var också en av pionjärerna inom den finska, aforistiska diktningen. http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/kb/artikkeli/2848/

Topelius, Zachris

Zachris Topelius s. 14.1.1818 Kuddnäsissä, Uusikaarlepyyn lähellä k. 12.3.1898 Sipoossa Zachris Topelius on yksi aikansa suurimpia suomalaisia kirjailijoita, kulttuuripersoonia ja yhteiskunnallisia vaikuttajia. Topeliuksen pääosin 1800-luvun jälkipuoliskolla syntyneessä tuotannossa vallitsee kansallisromantiikan henki, mutta teoksista löytyy myös realistisia piirteitä. Ominaista Topeliuksen kansankuvaukselle on naiivi tunteellisuus ja isänmaallisuus. Kirjailijan teoksiin vaikutti myös hänen kristillinen elämänkatsomuksensa. Topeliuksen mittavan tuotannon tärkeimpiin teoksiin kuuluvat lapsille suunnatut teokset, esimerkiksi Lukemisia lapsille (Läsning för barn I-VIII, 1865‒1896) sekä oppikirja Maamme kirja (Boken om vårt land, 1875), jotka vaikuttivat ajan ruotsinkielisen lastenkirjallisuuden uudistumiseen. Suomessa Topelius oli edelläkävijä myös historiallisten romaanien ja novellien kirjoittajana. Hänen teoksiaan ovat esimerkiksi Suomen herttuatar (Hertiginnan af Finland, 1850) ja Välskärin kertomuksia (Fältskärns berättelser I-V, kirjana 1853‒1867). Topelius tunnettiin lisäksi tuotteliaana lyyrikkona, jonka useita runoja on sävelletty. Virsi- ja laulutuotantoon kuuluvat sellaiset edelleen tunnetut virret ja laulut kuten ”En etsi valtaa loistoa” (”Julvisa”/”Gif mig ej glans”, 1887), ”Kesäpäivä Kangasalla” (”En sommardag i Kangasala”, 1853), ”Sylvian joululaulu” (”Sylvias hälsning från Sicilien”/”Sylvias julvisa”, 1853) ja ”Pajulaulu” (”Videvisan”/”Sof, du lilla vide ung”, 1869). - - - - - Zachris Topelius f. 14.1.1818 i Kuddnäs, nära Nykarleby d. 12.3.1898 i Sibbo Zachris Topelius är en av de största finländska författarna, kulturpersonligheterna och samhällspåverkarna under sin tid. Hans litterära produktion, främst tillkommen under den senare halvan av 1800-talet, präglas av den nationella romantikens anda men även av realistiska drag. Topelius fosterländskhet och bild av det finländska karakteriseras av en naiv känslosamhet och är starkt präglad av hans kristna livssyn. Till det mest betydelsefulla i hans omfattande författarskap hör hans produktion för barn (t.ex. Läsning för barn I-VIII, 1865-1896 samt läroboken Boken om vårt land, 1875) som innebar en förnyelse av tidens svenskspråkiga barnlitteratur. Han var också en föregångare som finländsk författare till historiska romaner och noveller (t.ex. Hertiginnan af Finland, 1850 och Fältskärns berättelser I-V, i bokform 1853-1867), samt mycket produktiv som lyriker. Topelius lyrik har i flera fall tonsatts och han är upphovsman till en rad klassiska och fortfarande sjungna psalmer och andra sånger (t.ex. Julvisa/Gif mig ej glans…, 1887, En sommardag i Kangasala, 1853, Sylvias hälsning från Sicilien/Sylvias julvisa, 1853 och Videvisan/Sof, du lilla vide ung, 1869). Kansallisbiografia: http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/kb/artikkeli/2854/ http://www.blf.fi/artikel.php?id=2854