Peripartum management of glycemia in women with type 1 diabetes

OBJECTIVE We aimed to 1) describe the peripartum management of type 1 diabetes at an Australian teaching hospital and 2) discuss factors influencing the apparent transient insulin independence postpartum. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of women with type 1 diabetes delivering singleton pregnancies from 2005 to 2010. Information was collected regarding demographics, medical history, peripartum management and outcome, and breast-feeding. To detect a difference in time to first postpartum blood glucose level (BGL) >8 mmol/L between women with an early (<4 h) and late (>12 h) requirement for insulin postpartum, with a power of 80% and a type 1 error of 0.05, at least 24 patients were required. RESULTS An intravenous insulin infusion was commenced in almost 95% of women. Univariate analysis showed that increased BMI at term, lower creatinine at term, longer duration from last dose of long- or intermediate-acting insulin, and discontinuation of an insulin infusion postpartum were associated with a shorter time to first requirement of insulin postpartum (P = 0.005, 0.026, 0.026, and <0.001, respectively). There was a correlation between higher doses of insulin commenced postpartum and number of out-of-range BGLs (r[36] = 0.358, P = 0.030) and hypoglycemia (r[36] = 0.434, P = 0.007). Almost 60% had at least one BGL <3.5 mmol/L between delivery and discharge. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the pharmacodynamic profile of insulin may contribute to the transient insulin independence sometimes observed postpartum in type 1 diabetes. A dose of 50–60% of the prepregnancy insulin requirement resulted in the lowest rate of hypoglycemia and glucose excursions. These results require validation in a larger, prospective study.

The Utility of Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide Suppression in the Identification of Nonadherence in Difficult Asthma

Rationale: Nonadherence to inhaled corticosteroid therapy (ICS) is a major contributor to poor control in difficult asthma, yet it is challenging to ascertain. Objectives: Identify a test for nonadherence using fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) suppression after directly observed inhaled corticosteroid (DOICS) treatment. Methods: Difficult asthma patients with an elevated FENO (>45 ppb) were recruited as adherent (ICS prescription filling >80%) or nonadherent (filling <50%). They received 7 days of DOICS (budesonide 1,600 µg) and a test for nonadherence based on changes in FENO was developed. Using this test, clinic patients were prospectively classified as adherent or nonadherent and this was then validated against prescription filling records, prednisolone assay, and concordance interview. Measurements and Main Results: After 7 days of DOICS nonadherent (n = 9) compared with adherent subjects (n = 13) had a greater reduction in FENO to 47 ± 21% versus 79 ± 26% of baseline measurement (P = 0.003), which was also evident after 5 days (P = 0.02) and a FENO test for nonadherence (area under the curve = 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.68-1.00) was defined. Prospective validation in 40 subjects found the test identified 13 as nonadherent; eight confirmed nonadherence during interview (three of whom had excellent prescription filling but did not take medication), five denied nonadherence, two had poor inhaler technique (unintentional nonadherence), and one also denied nonadherence to prednisolone despite nonadherent blood level. Twenty-seven participants were adherent on testing, which was confirmed in 21. Five admitted poor ICS adherence but of these, four were adherent with oral steroids and one with omalizumab. Conclusions: FENO suppression after DOICS provides an objective test to distinguish adherent from nonadherent patients with difficult asthma. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 01219036). Copyright © 2012 by the American Thoracic Society.

The Effects of Lead Sources on Oral Bioaccessibility in Soil and Implications for Contaminated Land Risk Management

Lead (Pb) is a non-threshold toxin capable of inducing toxic effects at any blood level but availability of soil screening criteria for assessing potential health risks is limited. The oral bioaccessibility of Pb in 163 soil samples was attributed to sources through solubility estimation and domain identification. Samples were extracted following the Unified BARGE Method. Urban, mineralisation, peat and granite domains accounted for elevated Pb concentrations compared to rural samples. High Pb solubility explained moderate-high gastric (G) bioaccessible fractions throughout the study area. Higher maximum G concentrations were measured in urban (97.6 mg kg−1) and mineralisation (199.8 mg kg−1) domains. Higher average G concentrations occurred in mineralisation (36.4 mg kg−1) and granite (36.0 mg kg−1) domains. Findings suggest diffuse anthropogenic and widespread geogenic contamination could be capable of presenting health risks, having implications for land management decisions in jurisdictions where guidance advises these forms of pollution should not be regarded as contaminated land.

Impact de l’axe de la parathormone sur la masse ventriculaire gauche suite à une chirurgie de remplacement de la valve aortique

L’hypertrophie du ventricule gauche est une complication fréquente chez les gens souffrant de sténose aortique. Lorsque ces patients subissent un remplacement de la valve aortique, l’ampleur de la régression de l’hypertrophie dépend de plusieurs facteurs hémodynamiques qui sont peu ou pas modifiables. Dans ce travail, l’implication de la parathormone dans l’hypertrophie du ventricule gauche chez ces patients a été évaluée. Il s’agit d’une étude transversale comptant 195 patients recrutés 8±3,5 ans après leur chirurgie. La fonction et la masse ventriculaire gauche ont été évaluées par échocardiographie Doppler. Des mesures du niveau plasmatique de parathormone, de vitamine D, de calcium et de phosphate ont été obtenues. Les résultats démontrent que le niveau de parathormone est associé de façon indépendante et significative avec la masse ventriculaire gauche et l’hypertrophie du ventricule gauche. De plus, le niveau de vitamine D et la fonction rénale étaient en corrélation inverse avec le niveau de parathormone.

Impact of clinical practice guidelines on priorisation for intensive care beds allocation in high-risk acute coronary syndrome patients: does age play a role?

QUESTION UNDER STUDY: To assess which high-risk acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patient characteristics played a role in prioritising access to intensive care unit (ICU), and whether introducing clinical practice guidelines (CPG) explicitly stating ICU admission criteria altered this practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All consecutive patients with ACS admitted to our medical emergency centre over 3 months before and after CPG implementation were prospectively assessed. The impact of demographic and clinical characteristics (age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors, and clinical parameters upon admission) on ICU hospitalisation of high-risk patients (defined as retrosternal pain of prolonged duration with ECG changes and/or positive troponin blood level) was studied by logistic regression. RESULTS: Before and after CPG implementation, 328 and 364 patients, respectively, were assessed for suspicion of ACS. Before CPG implementation, 36 of the 81 high-risk patients (44.4%) were admitted to ICU. After CPG implementation, 35 of the 90 high-risk patients (38.9%) were admitted to ICU. Male patients were more frequently admitted to ICU before CPG implementation (OR=7.45, 95% CI 2.10-26.44), but not after (OR=0.73, 95% CI 0.20-2.66). Age played a significant role in both periods (OR=1.57, 95% CI 1.24-1.99), both young and advanced ages significantly reducing ICU admission, but to a lesser extent after CPG implementation. CONCLUSION: Prioritisation of access to ICU for high-risk ACS patients was age-dependent, but focused on the cardiovascular risk factor profile. CPG implementation explicitly stating ICU admission criteria decreased discrimination against women, but other factors are likely to play a role in bed allocation.

Étude des tachykinines et de leurs dérivés peptidiques associés à la douleur neuropathique grâce à l’utilisation de modèles animaux et de la chromatographie en phase liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse

Thèse réalisée en co-tutelle avec l'Université Claude Bernard de Lyon 1, en France.

Expansion des mégacaryocytes par HoxB4 pour accélérer la reconstitution plaquettaire

La greffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques est parfois le seul traitement efficace contre les cancers hématologiques ainsi que plusieurs autres désordres reliés au système hématopoïétique. La greffe autologue est souvent le traitement de choix pour les patients atteints de lymphome ou de myélome. Dans ce cas, les cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) du patient sont récoltées et congelées. Le patient subit ensuite des traitements de chimiothérapie et/ou radiothérapie qui éliminent les cellules malignes, mais détruisent aussi son système hématopoïétique. Ce dernier sera ensuite reconstitué par la greffe de CSH. Ces traitements ont pour conséquence de plonger le patient en état d’aplasie pour une période variant de 2 à 4 semaines. La thrombocytopénie (faible taux de plaquettes) est une complication majeure nécessitant des transfusions plaquettaires répétées et associée à une augmentation de la mortalité hémorragique post-transplantation. Il serait particulièrement intéressant de développer une thérapie accélérant la reconstitution des mégacaryocytes (MK), ce qui aurait pour effet de raccourcir la période de thrombopénie et donc de diminuer les besoins transfusionnels en plaquettes et potentiellement augmenter la survie. HOXB4 est un facteur de transcription qui a déjà démontré sa capacité à expandre les CSH et les progéniteurs multipotents (CFU-GEMM) donnant naissance aux MK. Il est donc un bon candidat pour l’expansion des progéniteurs MK. Comme la protéine HoxB4 a par contre une courte demi-vie (~1.1h), des protéines HoxB4 de deuxième génération avec une plus grande stabilité intracellulaire ont été créées (1423 (HoxB4L7A), 1426 (HoxB4Y23A) et 1427 (HoxB4Y28A)). Nous avons donc étudié la capacité d’HoxB4 sauvage et de deuxième génération à expandre les CSH, ainsi que les MK donnant naissance aux plaquettes. La surexpression rétrovirale de ces protéines HoxB4Y23A et HoxB4Y28A conduit à une expansion des progéniteurs MK murins in vitro supérieure à HoxB4-wt, 1423 et au contrôle GFP. La reconstitution plaquettaire in vivo dans un modèle murin a ensuite été évaluée par des transplantations primaires et secondaires. Les résultats révèlent que la surexpression rétrovirale des différents HoxB4 n’apporte pas de bénéfice significatif à la reconstitution plaquettaire des souris. Lorsque cultivées dans un milieu favorisant la différenciation mégacaryocytaire, le traitement de cellules CD34+ dérivées du sang de cordon ombilical avec les protéines recombinantes TATHoxB4WT ou de seconde génération n’a pas augmenté la production plaquettaire. Par contre, de manière intéressante, les cellules CD34+ provenant de sang mobilisé de patients atteints de myélome et mises en culture dans un milieu favorisant l’expansion des CSH ont montré des différences significatives dans la différenciation des progéniteurs MK en présence de la protéine recombinante TATHoxB4. La protéine HOXB4 possède donc un avenir prometteur quant à une amélioration de l’état thrombocytopénique chez les patients.

Efeitos do fentanil, droperidol e inoval sobre função renal e eletrólitos (sódio e potássio)

The influence of Fentanyl, Droperidol and Innovar on renal function and electrolytes (sodium and potassium) were studied on 18 dogs. Fentanyl disturbs kidney function and decreases plasmatic potassium. Droperidol and Innovar do not disturb the main renal function but decrease plasmatic potassium. The results obtained point out the importance of associate employment of Fentamyl and Droperidol, since the latter seems to establish the renal disorders occasioned by Fentanyl, probably owing to its adrenergic α blocking action.

ESTUDO DO ZINCO PLASMATICO E HEMATICO NA DESNUTRICAO PROTEICO CALORICA EXPERIMENTAL

Plasma and red cell zinc was assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in three groups of male rats, 58 days old, weaned in the 30th day of life. Control group (20 rats) was fed with normal lab diet while the kwashiorkor group (20 rats) received a protein-free diet and the marasmic group (15 rats) received a protein calorie deficient diet. The clinical and biochemical data obtained in the different groups agreed with the nutritional state. A lower and similar concentration of Zinc in plasma and red cells was observed among both malnourished groups. In this paper the authors discuss the results and present a review of the literature concerning the role of zinc in nutrition.

Endogenous corticosteroids and insulin in acute inflammation

Carrageenin-induced inflammatory responses in the hindpaws of rats were quantitated by measuring: (1) alterations in volumes of the paws; and (2) alterations in concentration of dye, previously injected intravenously, which was recovered in perfusates from the paws. The inflammatory response in one paw was attenuated by previously inducing an inflammatory response in the contralateral paw. The effect was abolished by pretreatment with insulin. Indexes of adrenal activity were increased after the induction of the inflammatory response and they were not attenuated by pretreatment with insulin. Adrenal hyperactivity was characterized by increased serum corticosterone concentration, decreased adrenal ascorbic acid content, and reduced number of circulating eosinophils. It is concluded that inflammatory stimuli which lead to alterations in microvessels depend on a facilitatory effect of insulin. This effect is antagonized by glucocorticoids released in enhanced concentrations after the application of noxious stimuli. Therefore, endogenous insulin and glucocorticoids act as modulators of inflammatory responses.