Soil-nutrient availability modifies the response of young pioneer and late successional trees to elevated carbon dioxide in a Brazilian tropical environment

The aim of this work was to determine the impact of three levels of [CO2] and two levels of soil-nutrient availability on the growth and physiological responses of two tropical tree species differing in their ecological group: Croton urucurana Baillon, a pioneer (P), and also Cariniana legalis (Martius) Kuntze, a late succession (LS). We aimed to test the hypothesis that P species have stronger response to elevated [CO2] than LS species as a result of differences in photosynthetic capacity and growth kinetics between both functional groups. Seedlings of both species were grown in open-top-chambers under high (HN) or low (LN) soil-nutrient supply and exposed to ambient (380 mu mol mol(-1)) or elevated (570 and 760 mu mol mol(-1)) [CO2]. Measurements of gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, seedling biomass and allocation were made after 70 days of treatment. Results suggest that elevated [CO2] significantly enhances the photosynthetic rates (A) and biomass production in the seedlings of both species, but that soil-nutrient supply has the potential to modify the response of young tropical trees to elevated [CO2]. In relation to plants grown in ambient [CO2], the P species grown under 760 mu mol mol(-1) [CO2] showed increases of 28% and 91% in A when grown in LN and HN, respectively. In P species grown under 570 mu mol mol(-1) [CO2], A increased by 16% under HN, but there was no effect in LN. In LS species, the enhancement of A by effect of 760 mu mol mol(-1) [CO2] was 30% and 70% in LN and HN, respectively. The exposure to 570 mu mol mol(-1) [CO2] stimulated A by 31% in HN, but was no effect in LN. Reductions in stomatal conductance (g(s)) and transpiration (E), as a result of elevated [CO2] were observed. Increasing the nutrient supply from low to high increased both the maximum rate of carboxylation (V-cmax) and maximum potential rate of electron transport (J(max)). As the level of [CO2] increased, both the V-cmax and the J(max) were found to decrease, whereas the J(max)/V-cmax ratio increased. In the LS species, the maximum efficiency of PSII (F-v/F-m) was higher in the 760 mu mol mol(-1) [CO2] treatment relative to other [CO2] treatments. The results suggest that when grown under HN and the highest [CO2], the performance of the P species C. urucurana, in terms of photosynthesis and biomass enhancement, is better than the LS species C. legalis. However, a larger biomass is allocated to roots when C. legalis seedlings were exposed to elevated [CO2]. This response would be an important strategy for plant survival and productivity of the LS species under drought stresses conditions on tropical environments in a global-change scenario. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Root Foraging Increases Performance of the Clonal Plant Potentilla reptans in Heterogeneous Nutrient Environments

Background Plastic root-foraging responses have been widely recognized as an important strategy for plants to explore heterogeneously distributed resources. However, the benefits and costs of root foraging have received little attention. Methodology/Principal Findings In a greenhouse experiment, we grew pairs of connected ramets of 22 genotypes of the stoloniferous plant Potentilla reptans in paired pots, between which the contrast in nutrient availability was set as null, medium and high, but with the total nutrient amount kept the same. We calculated root-foraging intensity of each individual ramet pair as the difference in root mass between paired ramets divided by the total root mass. For each genotype, we then calculated root-foraging ability as the slope of the regression of root-foraging intensity against patch contrast. For all genotypes, root-foraging intensity increased with patch contrast and the total biomass and number of offspring ramets were lowest at high patch contrast. Among genotypes, root-foraging intensity was positively related to production of offspring ramets and biomass in the high patch-contrast treatment, which indicates an evolutionary benefit of root foraging in heterogeneous environments. However, we found no significant evidence that the ability of plastic foraging imposes costs under homogeneous conditions (i.e. when foraging is not needed). Conclusions/Significance Our results show that plants of P. reptans adjust their root-foraging intensity according to patch contrast. Moreover, the results show that the root foraging has an evolutionary advantage in heterogeneous environments, while costs of having the ability of plastic root foraging were absent or very small.

Escape performance of temperate king scallop, Pecten maximus under ocean warming and acidification

Among bivalves, scallops are exceptional due to their capacity to escape from predators by swimming which is provided by rapid and strong claps that are produced by the phasic muscle interspersed with tonic muscle contractions. Based on the concept of oxygen and capacity-limited thermal tolerance, the following hypothesis was tested: ocean warming and acidification (OWA) would induce disturbances in aerobic metabolic scope and extracellular acid-case status and impair swimming performance in temperate scallops. Following long-term incubation under near-future OWA scenarios [20 vs. 10 °C (control) and 0.112 kPa CO2 (hypercapnia) vs. 0.040 kPa CO2 (normocapnic control)], the clapping performance and metabolic rates (MR) were measured in resting (RMR) and fatigued (maximum MR) king scallops, Pecten maximus, from Roscoff, France. Exposure to OA, either alone or combined with warming, left MR and swimming parameters such as the total number of claps and clapping forces virtually unchanged. Only the duration of the escape response was affected by OA which caused earlier exhaustion in hyper- than in normocapnic scallops at 10 °C. While maximum MR was unaffected, warm exposure increased RMR in both normocapnic and hypercapnic P. maximus resulting in similar Q 10 values of ~2.2. The increased costs of maintenance and the observation of strongly reduced haemolymph PO2 levels indicate that at 20 °C scallops have reached the upper thermal pejus range with unbalanced capacities for aerobic energy metabolism. As a consequence, warming to 20 °C decreased mean phasic force during escape performance until fatigue. The observed prolonged recovery time in warm incubated scallops might be a consequence of elevated metabolic costs at reduced oxygen availability in the warmth.

CO2 and inorganic nutrient enrichment affect the performance of a calcifying green alga and its noncalcifying epiphyte

Ocean acidification studies in the past decade have greatly improved our knowledge of how calcifying organisms respond to increased surface ocean CO2 levels. It has become evident that, for many organisms, nutrient availability is an important factor that influences their physiological responses and competitive interactions with other species. Therefore, we tested how simulated ocean acidification and eutrophication (nitrate and phosphate enrichment) interact to affect the physiology and ecology of a calcifying chlorophyte macroalga (Halimeda opuntia (L.) J.V. Lamouroux) and its common noncalcifying epiphyte (Dictyota sp.) in a 4-week fully crossed multifactorial experiment. Inorganic nutrient enrichment (+NP) had a strong influence on all responses measured with the exception of net calcification. Elevated CO2 alone significantly decreased electron transport rates of the photosynthetic apparatus and resulted in phosphorus limitation in both species, but had no effect on oxygen production or respiration. The combination of CO2 and +NP significantly increased electron transport rates in both species. While +NP alone stimulated H. opuntia growth rates, Dictyota growth was significantly stimulated by nutrient enrichment only at elevated CO2, which led to the highest biomass ratios of Dictyota to Halimeda. Our results suggest that inorganic nutrient enrichment alone stimulates several aspects of H. opuntia physiology, but nutrient enrichment at a CO2 concentration predicted for the end of the century benefits Dictyota sp. and hinders its calcifying basibiont H. opuntia.

Effects of ocean acidification on the photosynthetic performance, carbonic anhydrase activity and growth of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera

Under ocean acidification (OA), the 200 % increase in CO2(aq) and the reduction of pH by 0.3-0.4 units are predicted to affect the carbon physiology and growth of macroalgae. Here we examined how the physiology of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera is affected by elevated pCO2/low pH. Growth and photosynthetic rates, external and internal carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity, HCO3 (-) versus CO2 use were determined over a 7-day incubation at ambient pCO2 400 µatm/pH 8.00 and a future OA treatment of pCO2 1200 µatm/pH 7.59. Neither the photosynthetic nor growth rates were changed by elevated CO2 supply in the OA treatment. These results were explained by the greater use of HCO3 (-) compared to CO2 as an inorganic carbon (Ci) source to support photosynthesis. Macrocystis is a mixed HCO3 (-) and CO2 user that exhibits two effective mechanisms for HCO3 (-) utilization; as predicted for species that possess carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), photosynthesis was not substantially affected by elevated pCO2. The internal CA activity was also unaffected by OA, and it remained high and active throughout the experiment; this suggests that HCO3 (-) uptake via an anion exchange protein was not affected by OA. Our results suggest that photosynthetic Ci uptake and growth of Macrocystis will not be affected by elevated pCO2/low pH predicted for the future, but the combined effects with other environmental factors like temperature and nutrient availability could change the physiological response of Macrocystis to OA. Therefore, further studies will be important to elucidate how this species might respond to the global environmental change predicted for the ocean.

Experiment: Combined effects of CO2, temperature, irradiance and time on the physiological performance of Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta)

In natural environments, marine biotas are exposed to a variety of simultaneously acting abiotic factors. Among these, temperature, irradiance and CO2 availability are major factors influencing the physiological performance of marine macroalgae. To test whether elevated levels of CO2 may remediate the otherwise reduced performance of uncalcified seaweeds under the influence of other stressful abiotic factors, we performed multifactorial experiments with the red alga Chondrus crispus from Helgoland (North Sea) with two levels of CO2, temperature and irradiance: low and high pCO2 levels were tested in combination with either (1) optimal and low irradiances or (2) optimal and sub-lethal high temperatures for growth. Performance of C. crispus was evaluated as biomass increase and relative growth rates (RGR), gross photosynthesis and pigment content. Acclimations of growth and photosynthesis were measured after 4 and 8 days. Acclimation time was crucial for elucidating single or combined CO2 effects on growth and photosynthesis. Signifi- cant CO2 effects became evident only in combination with either elevated temperature or reduced irradiance. Growth and photosynthesis had divergent patterns: RGR and biomass significantly increased only under a combination of high pCO2 and elevated temperature; gross photosynthesis was significantly reduced under high pCO2 conditions at low irradiance. Pigment content varied in response to irradiance and temperature, but was independent of pCO2.

Improving runoff estimates from regional climate models: a performance analysis in Spain

An important step to assess water availability is to have monthly time series representative of the current situation. In this context, a simple methodology is presented for application in large-scale studies in regions where a properly calibrated hydrologic model is not available, using the output variables simulated by regional climate models (RCMs) of the European project PRUDENCE under current climate conditions (period 1961–1990). The methodology compares different interpolation methods and alternatives to generate annual times series that minimise the bias with respect to observed values. The objective is to identify the best alternative to obtain bias-corrected, monthly runoff time series from the output of RCM simulations. This study uses information from 338 basins in Spain that cover the entire mainland territory and whose observed values of natural runoff have been estimated by the distributed hydrological model SIMPA. Four interpolation methods for downscaling runoff to the basin scale from 10 RCMs are compared with emphasis on the ability of each method to reproduce the observed behaviour of this variable. The alternatives consider the use of the direct runoff of the RCMs and the mean annual runoff calculated using five functional forms of the aridity index, defined as the ratio between potential evapotranspiration and precipitation. In addition, the comparison with respect to the global runoff reference of the UNH/GRDC dataset is evaluated, as a contrast of the “best estimator” of current runoff on a large scale. Results show that the bias is minimised using the direct original interpolation method and the best alternative for bias correction of the monthly direct runoff time series of RCMs is the UNH/GRDC dataset, although the formula proposed by Schreiber (1904) also gives good results

The relevance of seed size in modulating leaf physiology and early plant performance in two tree species

he size of seeds and the microsite of seed dispersal may affect the early establishment of seedlings through different physiological processes. Here, we examined the effects of seed size and light availability on seedling growth and survival, and whether such effects were mediated by water use efficiency. Acorns of Quercus petraea and the more drought-tolerant Quercus pyrenaica were sowed within and around a tree canopy gap in a sub-Mediterranean forest stand. We monitored seedling emergence and measured predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd), leaf nitrogen per unit area (Na), leaf mass per area, leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13C) and plant growth at the end of the first summer. Survival was measured on the next year. Path analysis revealed a consistent pattern in both species of higher δ13C as Ψpd decreased and higher δ13C as seedlings emerged later in the season, indicating an increase in 13C as the growing season is shorter and drier. There was a direct positive effect of seed size on δ13C in Q. petraea that was absent in Q. pyrenaica. Leaf δ13C had no effect on growth but the probability of surviving until the second year was higher for those seedlings of Q. pyrenaica that had lower δ13C on the first year. In conclusion, leaf δ13C is affected by seed size, seedling emergence time and the availability of light and water, however, leaf δ13C is irrelevant for first year growth, which is directly dependent on the amount of seed reserves.

The role of residual stresses in the performance and durability of prestressing steel wires

Residual stresses developed during wire drawing influence the mechanical behavior and durability of steel wires used for prestressed concrete structures, particularly the shape of the stress–strain curve, stress relaxation losses, fatigue life, and environmental cracking susceptibility. The availability of general purpose finite element analysis tools and powerful diffraction techniques (X-rays and neutrons) has made it possible to predict and measure accurately residual stress fields in cold-drawn steel wires. Work carried out in this field in the past decade, shows the prospects and limitations of residual stress measurement, how the stress relaxation losses and environmentally-assisted cracking are correlated with the profile of residual stresses and how the performance of steel wires can be improved by modifying such a stress profile

Performance evaluation of database replication systems.

One of the most demanding needs in cloud computing is that of having scalable and highly available databases. One of the ways to attend these needs is to leverage the scalable replication techniques developed in the last decade. These techniques allow increasing both the availability and scalability of databases. Many replication protocols have been proposed during the last decade. The main research challenge was how to scale under the eager replication model, the one that provides consistency across replicas. In this paper, we examine three eager database replication systems available today: Middle-R, C-JDBC and MySQL Cluster using TPC-W benchmark. We analyze their architecture, replication protocols and compare the performance both in the absence of failures and when there are failures.

Comparison of Architectures and Performance of Database Replication Systems

One of the most demanding needs in cloud computing and big data is that of having scalable and highly available databases. One of the ways to attend these needs is to leverage the scalable replication techniques developed in the last decade. These techniques allow increasing both the availability and scalability of databases. Many replication protocols have been proposed during the last decade. The main research challenge was how to scale under the eager replication model, the one that provides consistency across replicas. This thesis provides an in depth study of three eager database replication systems based on relational systems: Middle-R, C-JDBC and MySQL Cluster and three systems based on In-Memory Data Grids: JBoss Data Grid, Oracle Coherence and Terracotta Ehcache. Thesis explore these systems based on their architecture, replication protocols, fault tolerance and various other functionalities. It also provides experimental analysis of these systems using state-of-the art benchmarks: TPC-C and TPC-W (for relational systems) and Yahoo! Cloud Serving Benchmark (In- Memory Data Grids). Thesis also discusses three Graph Databases, Neo4j, Titan and Sparksee based on their architecture and transactional capabilities and highlights the weaker transactional consistencies provided by these systems. It discusses an implementation of snapshot isolation in Neo4j graph database to provide stronger isolation guarantees for transactions.

Contributions to uncertainty reduction in the estimation of PV plants performance

Esta tesis doctoral presenta un procedimiento integral de control de calidad en centrales fotovoltaicas, que comprende desde la fase inicial de estimación de las expectativas de producción hasta la vigilancia del funcionamiento de la instalación una vez en operación, y que permite reducir la incertidumbre asociada su comportamiento y aumentar su fiabilidad a largo plazo, optimizando su funcionamiento. La coyuntura de la tecnología fotovoltaica ha evolucionado enormemente en los últimos años, haciendo que las centrales fotovoltaicas sean capaces de producir energía a unos precios totalmente competitivos en relación con otras fuentes de energía. Esto hace que aumente la exigencia sobre el funcionamiento y la fiabilidad de estas instalaciones. Para cumplir con dicha exigencia, es necesaria la adecuación de los procedimientos de control de calidad aplicados, así como el desarrollo de nuevos métodos que deriven en un conocimiento más completo del estado de las centrales, y que permitan mantener la vigilancia sobre las mismas a lo largo del tiempo. Además, los ajustados márgenes de explotación actuales requieren que durante la fase de diseño se disponga de métodos de estimación de la producción que comporten la menor incertidumbre posible. La propuesta de control de calidad presentada en este trabajo parte de protocolos anteriores orientados a la fase de puesta en marcha de una instalación fotovoltaica, y las complementa con métodos aplicables a la fase de operación, prestando especial atención a los principales problemas que aparecen en las centrales a lo largo de su vida útil (puntos calientes, impacto de la suciedad, envejecimiento…). Además, incorpora un protocolo de vigilancia y análisis del funcionamiento de las instalaciones a partir de sus datos de monitorización, que incluye desde la comprobación de la validez de los propios datos registrados hasta la detección y el diagnóstico de fallos, y que permite un conocimiento automatizado y detallado de las plantas. Dicho procedimiento está orientado a facilitar las tareas de operación y mantenimiento, de manera que se garantice una alta disponibilidad de funcionamiento de la instalación. De vuelta a la fase inicial de cálculo de las expectativas de producción, se utilizan los datos registrados en las centrales para llevar a cabo una mejora de los métodos de estimación de la radiación, que es la componente que más incertidumbre añade al proceso de modelado. El desarrollo y la aplicación de este procedimiento de control de calidad se han llevado a cabo en 39 grandes centrales fotovoltaicas, que totalizan una potencia de 250 MW, distribuidas por varios países de Europa y América Latina. ABSTRACT This thesis presents a comprehensive quality control procedure to be applied in photovoltaic plants, which covers from the initial phase of energy production estimation to the monitoring of the installation performance, once it is in operation. This protocol allows reducing the uncertainty associated to the photovoltaic plants behaviour and increases their long term reliability, therefore optimizing their performance. The situation of photovoltaic technology has drastically evolved in recent years, making photovoltaic plants capable of producing energy at fully competitive prices, in relation to other energy sources. This fact increases the requirements on the performance and reliability of these facilities. To meet this demand, it is necessary to adapt the quality control procedures and to develop new methods able to provide a more complete knowledge of the state of health of the plants, and able to maintain surveillance on them over time. In addition, the current meagre margins in which these installations operate require procedures capable of estimating energy production with the lower possible uncertainty during the design phase. The quality control procedure presented in this work starts from previous protocols oriented to the commissioning phase of a photovoltaic system, and complete them with procedures for the operation phase, paying particular attention to the major problems that arise in photovoltaic plants during their lifetime (hot spots, dust impact, ageing...). It also incorporates a protocol to control and analyse the installation performance directly from its monitoring data, which comprises from checking the validity of the recorded data itself to the detection and diagnosis of failures, and which allows an automated and detailed knowledge of the PV plant performance that can be oriented to facilitate the operation and maintenance of the installation, so as to ensure a high operation availability of the system. Back to the initial stage of calculating production expectations, the data recorded in the photovoltaic plants is used to improved methods for estimating the incident irradiation, which is the component that adds more uncertainty to the modelling process. The development and implementation of the presented quality control procedure has been carried out in 39 large photovoltaic plants, with a total power of 250 MW, located in different European and Latin-American countries.

Alleviation of Zn toxicity by low water availability

Heavy metal contamination and drought are expected to increase in large areas worldwide. However, their combined effect on plant performance has been scantly analyzed. This study examines the effect of Zn supply at different water availabilities on morpho-physiological traits of Quercus suber L. in order to analyze the combined effects of both stresses. Seedlings were treated with four levels of zinc from 3 to 150 µM and exposed to low watering (LW) or high watering (HW) frequency in hydroponic culture, using a growth chamber. Under both watering regimes, Zn concentration in leaves and roots increased with Zn increment in nutrient solution. Nevertheless, at the highest Zn doses, Zn tissue concentrations were almost twice in HW than in LW seedlings. Functional traits as leaf photosynthetic rate and root hydraulic conductivity, and morphological traits as root length and root biomass decreased significantly in response to Zn supply. Auxin levels increased with Zn concentrations, suggesting the involvement of this phytohormone in the seedling response to this element. LW seedlings exposed to 150 µM Zn showed higher root length and root biomass than HW seedlings exposed to the same Zn dose. Our results suggest that low water availability could mitigate Zn toxicity by limiting internal accumulation. Morphological traits involved in the response to both stresses probably contributed to this response.

Strumenti e metodi per il miglioramento delle performance: il pilastro TPM del Focus Improvement. Il caso Philip Morris Manufacturing & Technology Bologna S.p.A.

Le peculiarità del contesto competitivo attuale richiedono alle aziende di muoversi con la massima velocità per rispondere il più rapidamente possibile al soddisfacimento delle richieste dei clienti. La ricerca di massima flessibilità non può prescindere dall’esigenza di mantenere alti livelli di efficienza produttiva e di tendere ad un continuo miglioramento dei flussi interni. L’elaborato ripercorre i passaggi fondamentali di un progetto di miglioramento delle performance di un impianto svolto nel primo semestre 2016 presso Philip Morris Manufacturing & Technology Bologna S.p.A. La metodologia utilizzata riprende strumenti, modelli e metodi dai principi alla base del Focus Improvement, primo pilastro del tempio della Total Productive Maintenance. Attraverso l’applicazione sistematica di tecniche tipiche del problem solving (ciclo di Deming) e di approcci analitici per la determinazione delle cause di guasto (curva di Pareto, Diagramma di Ishikawa), è stato possibile identificare i principali tipi di perdite (tempo, performance, difetti qualitativi) di una macchina industriale e mettere in atto gli interventi migliorativi necessari. L’analisi si conclude con la valutazione dei futuri sviluppi dello scenario, proponendo diverse alternative a seconda dell’abilità dell’organizzazione di sostenere i risultati raggiunti o addirittura di superarli.

Measurement of free drug and clinical end-point by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: Applications and implications for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies

Free drug measurement and pharmacodymanic markers provide the opportunity for a better understanding of drug efficacy and toxicity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful analytical technique that could facilitate the measurement of free drug and these markers. Currently, there are very few published methods for the determination of free drug concentrations by HPLC-MS. The development of atmospheric pressure ionisation sources, together with on-line microdialysis or on-line equilibrium dialysis and column switching techniques have reduced sample run times and increased assay efficiency. The availability of such methods will aid in drug development and the clinical use of certain drugs, including anti-convulsants, anti-arrhythmics, immunosuppressants, local anaesthetics, anti-fungals and protease inhibitors. The history of free drug measurement and an overview of the current HPLC-MS applications for these drugs are discussed. Immunosuppressant drugs are used as an example for the application of HPLC-MS in the measurement of drug pharmacodynamics. Potential biomarkers of immunosuppression that could be measured by HPLC-MS include purine nucleoside/nucleotides, drug-protein complexes and phosphorylated peptides. At the proteomic level, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight (TOF) MS is a powerful tool for identifying proteins involved in the response to inflammatory mediators. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.