Parasites of four ornamental fish from the Chumucuí River (Bragança, Pará, Brazil)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a fauna parasitária de quatro espécies de peixes ornamentais capturados no rio Chumucuí, no município de Bragança-PA. Foram coletados um total de 307 peixes pertencentes a 4 espécies, sendo elas: Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae (olho de fogo, n = 23), Carnegiella strigata (borboleta, n = 37), Chilodus punctatus (cabeça-para-baixo, n = 7) e Astyanax bimaculatus (lambari, n = 240) coletados de junho de 2006 a dezembro de 2007. Foram observados 3 taxa parasitando os peixes: monogenéticos nas brânquias, nematóides (larvas de Capillaria sp. e Contracaecum sp.) no trato digestório e fígado e acantocéfalos (Quadrigyrus torquatus, Q. brasiliensis e Q. nickoli) no estômago e intestino. Astyanax bimaculatus apresentou maior prevalência de acantocéfalos na estação chuvosa, menor prevalência de nematóides na estação seca. Discute-se a eventual importância destes parasitas na exportação de peixes ornamentais.

First occurrence of Quadrigyrus nickoli (Acanthocephala) in the ornamental fish Hyphessobrycon eques

O objetivo desse trabalho foi registrar a primeira ocorrência sazonal do acantocefala Quadrigyrus nickoli ^{Schmidt & Hugghins, 1973} (Quadrigyridae) no peixe “Mato Grosso”, Hyphessobrycon eques Steindachner, 1882 (Characidae), capturados no Rio Chumucuí, região Bragantina, Pará, Brasil. Os peixes foram coletados no período de julho∕2006 a junho∕2007 e examinados com técnica padrão para detecção de parasitas. Um total de 75 parasitas foram encontrados no estômago e intestino. Dos 83 peixes capturados (50 na estação seca e 33 na chuvosa), 22 estavam parasitados por cistacantos de Quadrigyrus nickoli. No presente trabalho discute-se a importância do H. eques como hospedeiro paratênico para Quadrigyrus nickoli. Os presentes dados constituem o primeiro estudo sobre a biologia e a infecção de Q. nickoli na Amazônia oriental.

Morphological and hematological studies of Trypanosoma spp. infecting ornamental armored catfish from Guamá River-PA, Brazil

Um total de 281 espécimes de peixes ornamentais de água doce - das espécies Leporacanthicus galaxias, Lasiancistrus saetiger, Cochliodon sp., Hypostomus sp., Pseudacanthicus spinosus, Ancistrus sp. e Rineloricaria cf. lanceolata - foram capturados na bacia hidrográfica do rio Guamá, Pará, Brasil. A infecção por Trypanosoma spp. foi inspecionada. A caracterização morfológica e morfométrica dos parasitas e os parâmetros hematológicos foram determinados. Todas as espécies foram infectadas e todos os espécimes de Leporacanthicus galaxias e Pseudacanthicus spinosus estavam parasitados. As outras espécies mostraram uma prevalência variável da infecção. Os parasitas mostraram claramente morfotipos e dimensões diferentes, e provavelmente, pertencem a espécies diferentes. A resposta hematológica à infecção variou de acordo com o hospedeiro. Em Cochliodon sp. não houve diferença entre peixes infectados e não infectados. Em outras espécies diversas modificações em alguns parâmetros hematológicos foram encontrados, mas aparentemente sem causar doença. Ressalta-se a possibilidade de introdução de parasitas em novos ambientes devido aos movimentos artificiais destes peixes ornamentais.

Acute toxicity and histopathology in ornamental fish amazon bluespotted corydora (Corydoras melanistius) exposed to formalin

O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a toxicidade aguda de formalina e os efeitos histopatológicos para o peixe ornamental amazônico corredora bicuda (Corydora melanistius). Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado; com dez concentrações de formalina 40% (0, 3, 6, 12, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 e 250mg.L^-1), com quatro repetições e cinco peixes por recipiente de água (3 L) em sistema estático durante 96 horas. Os peixes moribundos foram mortos e fixados em formol 10% procedendo à análise histopatológica das brânquias e do fígado. Ao final desse experimento, obtiveram-se as seguintes taxas de mortalidades em ordem crescente de exposição (%): 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 65, 85, 100, 100 e 100. A concentração letal 50% (CL inicial (I)50-96h) foi estimada em 50, 76 mg/L com a seguinte equação de regressão y = 0, 51x com r² = 0, 80. Pode observar nas concentrações mais elevadas, alterações como hiperplasia branquial e fusão lamelar, enquanto que no fígado foi observado desorganização do arranjo cordonal, assim como necrose no rim. Com isso no presente estudo, a formalina pode ser considerada pouco tóxica para a corredora bicuda, mas causa alterações morfológicas acentuadas quando expostas a concentrações elevadas. Dessa forma o uso de formalina no próprio rio de coleta dos peixes com a utilização de dosagens erradas pode causar impactos ambientais e biológicos negativos.

O vocabulário ornamental de Antônio José Landi: um álbum de desenhos para o Grão Pará

A arquitetura da cidade de Belém, no Pará, da segunda metade do século XVIII é marcada pela obra do arquiteto italiano Antônio José Landi responsável pelo projeto e construção, ou reforma, de edificações que marcam a paisagem da cidade até os dias atuais. Ao analisar a bibliografia publicada a respeito do artista, é possível notar uma flutuação entre os autores no que diz respeito à classificação de seu estilo artístico. É possível atribuir esse fato às influências recebidas pelo arquiteto ao longo de sua vida na Europa, o que imprimiu em sua linguagem elementos de várias correntes artísticas. É objetivo desse trabalho, a partir de um estudo sistematizado dos ornatos utilizados pelo arquiteto, perceber seu vocabulário ornamental e fornecer então fundamentos para estudos a respeito das influências que a obra landiana pode ter provocado na arte paraense. Para tanto, reuniram-se os ornatos em quatro grupos a fim de facilitar a visualização de seu vocabulário e, consequentemente, de sua linguagem ornamental. Vasta foi sua produção entre Itália, Portugal e Brasil, entretanto, foram priorizados os ornamentos utilizados na obra realizada em terras brasileiras, suas características, sua utilização e suas variações. A metodologia empregada consistiu de pesquisa bibliográfica, levantamento e análise dos desenhos realizados no Brasil e registro fotográfico e análise das obras executadas em Belém. Ao final da pesquisa, conclui-se que o italiano desenvolveu sua arte, com o uso de um vocabulário ornamental cuja origem teve suas raízes nas influências artísticas europeias que se amoldaram ao ambiente amazônico, suas limitações de materiais e mão-de-obra.

Multiple Ornamental Uses of Costus stenophyllus Standl. & LO Williams

Costus stenophyllus or bamboo costus, despite its high ornamental potential, is still little known in the cut flower and ornamental plant market. The bamboo costus is a spiral ginger admired for its beautiful stems that are lined with brown colored alternating bands. This costus has rather straight and upright stems. Conical red inflorescences, which resemble the head of a snake, emerge from the base of the plants. The flowers are light yellow and emerge between the red scales on the rather long-lasting, attractive inflorescences. This study was carried out to evaluate the possibility of using these species as a garden plant, cut flower and cut stem. Thus, the characterization was made based on 28 characters of the plant, the leaves, the flower stem, the flowers, as well as season blooming characteristics and flower postharvest longevity.

Traceability Issues in the Trade of Marine Ornamental Species

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Parasitic infections in ornamental cichlid fish in the Peruvian Amazon

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and seasonal distribution of the main parasite species in Amazonian ornamental cichlids that affect their trade. The study was conducted from August 2007 to September 2009. We sampled 3042 specimens from 9 different species, of which 9.47% had at least one type of external parasite. 81.25% of the cases occurred in the dry season. Crenicichla anthurus (28.57%) was the most parasitized, followed by Aequidens diadema (26.32%), Pterophyllum scalare (22.69%), Cichlasoma sp. (9.52%), Apistogramma sp. (3.88%) and Symphysodon aequifasciatus (3.66%). Monogenea was the most abundant group of parasites, occurring in 66.67% of the cases, of which 96.88% occurred in the dry season. This parasite infested 95.68% of Pterophyllum scalare, 76.67% of Apistogramma sp, 33.33% of Cichlasoma sp. and 23.81% of Symphysodon aequifasciatus cases. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infested 100% of Aequidens diadema, 76.19% of Symphysodon aequifasciatus, 66.67% of Cichlasoma sp, 41.67% of Crenicichla anthurus and 23.33% of Apistogramma sp cases. Myxosporidia infested 58.33% of Crenicichla anthurus. Trichodina infested 4.32% of Pterophyllum scalare. The prevalence of these parasites is related to the season, preferred habitat, fish behavior, individual susceptibility and handling of animals during transportation by fishermen.

Life cycle of Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) on ornamental plants, mostly Arecaceae

The red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst, has been primarily found associated with coconut and musaceous plants in the New World. However, it has also been recorded on several other palms, heliconiaceous and zingiberaceous species. This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of different botanical families on which R. indica has been collected in the field and of arecaceous plants of the natural vegetation of the neotropics. In total, ten species of Arecaceae as well as Heliconia psittacorum [Heliconiaceae] and Alpinia purpurata [Zingiberacae] were evaluated, using coconut as a control. The study was carried out under controlled conditions (29 +/- A 0.5 A degrees C, 60 +/- A 10 % RH and photoperiod 12 h of light). Raoiella indica was able to complete immature development only on coconut, Adonidia merrillii, Ptychosperma macarthurii, H. psittacorum and A. purpurata. Duration of the immature phase (egg-adult) ranged between 21.5 days on coconut to 34.1 days on A. purpurata. Longevity was at least 50 % greater and oviposition at least 38 % higher on coconut than on other plants. Intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)) was higher on coconut (0.166) and A. merrillii (0.042), but negative on the other two plant species. Raoiella indica could not reach adulthood on any of the other ten arecaceous species considered in the study. The results suggested R. indica to be a threat to A. merrillii in addition to coconut, but not to other evaluated plants. However, complementary studies should be conducted to investigate whether the experimental procedures adopted in this study could not have prevented the mite from a better performance than it could have been under field conditions, especially in relation to Mauritia flexuosa, one of the dominant arecaceous plants in South America.

A lógica matemática da arte ornamental: uma relação de equivalência a partir da estrutura atômica dos cristais

Based in aesthetic relationship between concepts of content and form intends to establish an relationship of analogy between ornaments and crystals. With the objective of building an theoretical investigation of relating the dynamics that happens in the crystals´ atoms to the symmetrical intervals of the ornamental patterns, it tries to draw a reasoning line that is going from the ‘Idea’ of Plato and ‘poiésis’ of Aristotle, until Hegel's philosophical enlargement, that admits the aesthetics as a science of the art integrated in a metaphysical process. Inherent to this question intends, in interrelation terms between aesthetics and metaphysics, content as being intelligent beginning, energy, and form as primitive element, matter, in order to evidence the possibility to calculate the same present symmetries in the ornamental arts like in the nature.

Effectiveness of Milorganite® as a Repellent to Protect Ornamental and Agronomic Plants From Deer Over-Browsing

When deer populations become locally overabundant, browsing of ornamental and agronomic plants negatively affects plant establishment, survival, and productivity. Milorganite® is a slow-release, organic fertilizer produced from human sewage. We tested Milorganite® as a deer repellent on chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemums morifolium) in an urban/suburban environment, and soybeans (Gycine max) in a rural agriculture environment. Six beds of chrysanthemums at two sites were monitored for 28 to 35 days. Treatment plants received a top dressing of 104 grams of Milorganite® (1120.9 kg/ha). Milorganite® treated plants had more (P < 0.001) terminal buds and achieved greater height (P < 0.002) compared to controls at one site, however damage observed was similar at the second site. In a second experiment, 0.2-ha plots of soybeans (Glycine max) were planted on five rural properties in northeastern Georgia and monitored for ≥ 30 days. Treated areas received 269 kg/ha of Milorganite®. In 4 of 5 sites, Milorganite® delayed browsing on treated plants from 1 week to > 5 weeks post-planting. Duration of the protection appeared to be related to the difference in deer density throughout most of the study areas. Results of this study indicate Milorganite® has potential use as a deer repellent.

Genetic variation of the Ananas genus with ornamental potential

Brazil is one of the main centers of origin of pineapple species presenting the largest genetic variation of the Ananas genus. Embrapa Cassava and Fruits is a Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation and has an ex-situ collection of 678 accessions of the Ananas genus and some other Bromeliaceae. The use of ornamental pineapple has increased in the last years demanding new varieties, mainly for the external market, due to the originality and colors of its tiny fruits. The main aim of the present study was describing accessions from the pineapple gene bank in order to quantify their genetic variation and identify possible progenitors to be used in breeding programs of ornamental pineapples. Eighty-nine accessions of Ananas comosus var. comosus, A. comosus var. bracteatus (Lindl.) Coppens et Leal, A. comosus var. ananassoides (Baker) Coppens et Leal, A. comosus var. erectifolius (L. B. Smith) Coppens et Leal, A. comosus var. parguasensis (Camargo et L. B. Smith) Coppens et Leal and A. macrodontes Morren were evaluated with 25 morphological descriptors. According to the results, the evaluated accessions were separated into the following categories: landscape plants, cut flower, potted plants, minifruits, foliage and hedge. The genetic distance among accessions was determined using the combined qualitative and quantitative data by the Gower algorithm. The pre-selected accessions presented genetic variation and ornamental potential for different uses. The multicategory analysis formed seven clusters through a classification method based on the average Euclidean distance between all accessions using the cut-point of genetic dissimilarity (D dg = 0.35). The genotypes A. comosus var. erectifolius were selected to be used as landscape plants, cut flower, minifruits and potted plants. Accessions of A. comosus var. bracteatus and A. macrodontes were selected as landscape plants and hedge. The highest variation was observed in A. comosus var. ananassoides genotypes, which presented high potential for use as cut flowers.

Susceptibility to deltamethrin in the predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus macropilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) populations in protected ornamental crops in Brazil

Knowledge of inter and intra-specific variation in the susceptibility of natural enemies to pesticides could help to better design integrated pest management strategies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the susceptibility to deltamethrin in populations of the predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) populations collected from protected ornamental crops in Brazil. The susceptibility to deltamethrin was characterized against immature and adult stages of both species. The impact of this insecticide was also measured by estimating the intrinsic rate of increase (r (i)). The immature and adult stages of N. californicus were approximately 3,600 and 3,000-fold more tolerant to deltamethrin than those of P. macropilis. However, high variability in the susceptibility to this insecticide was detected among P. macropilis populations, with resistance ratios of up to 3,500-fold. The selection of deltamethrin-resistant strains of P. macropilis could be exploited in applied biological control programs.

Genetic variability of banana with ornamental potential

The Musa germplasm collection at Embrapa Cassava and Fruits detains accessions from different sections of the Musa genus. The objective of the present study was to identify and morphologically characterize banana accessions from the banana germplasm with ornamental potential, as well as to quantify their genetic variability; and identify possible progenitors to be used in breeding aiming to achieve ornamental crossbreeds. The accessions were evaluated with the use of 32 morphological descriptors. Then, they were the following grouped into categories: landscape plants, cut flower, potted plants, and male inflorescence minifruits. The pre-selected accessions presented great genetic variability and ornamental potential for different uses. The accessions of the Rhodochlamys and Callimusa sections were selected to be used as landscape plants, cut flowers, potted plants, male inflorescence and minifruits. Most of the diploids from the Eumusa section evaluated in this study are indicated for the production of ornamental minifruits, except for 'Lidi' and Cici, which can also be indicated as landscape plants. The BB diploids have great potential for the use of the male inflorescence in floral arrangements, and did not offer any other indication.

Selection and Use Recommendation in Hybrids of Ornamental Banana

The ornamental market is dynamic and demands constant novelties. The use of fruit crops as ornamental plants can be an interesting alternative with very differentiated and original products. The banana germplasm bank at Embrapa Cassava and Fruits has been primarily used in the breeding program for generating new cultivars as food. To diversify and expand the use of this collection, accessions with ornamental potential have been selected to obtain new hybrids. This work was aimed at characterizing the progeny of ornamental Musa L. spp. by grouping the hybrids according to the following uses: landscape plants, potted plants, cut flower, or minifruits. Forty-two hybrids were evaluated with 14 quantitative and 12 qualitative descriptors in three production cycles. In addition, assays for resistance to black and yellow Sigatoka and to Fusarium wilt were performed. Variability was observed for all the characteristics evaluated within progenies, especially with regard to leaf color, fruit, peduncle, rachis, and heart. All evaluated hybrids were resistant to yellow Sigatoka and to Fusarium wilt and were resistant or showed reduced symptoms of susceptibility to black Sigatoka. Most hybrids (82%) presented reduced plant height. After clustering by use category, the hybrids RM 09, RM 38, RM 37, and RM 33 were selected and recommended to be used as cut flowers, minifruits, or landscaping plants.