Epidemiology of Dysglycemia in Pregnant Oklahoma American Indian Women

CONTEXT: Minority communities are disproportionately affected by diabetes, and minority women are at an increased risk for glucose intolerance (dysglycemia) during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES: In pregnant American Indian women, the objectives of the study were to use current criteria to estimate the prevalence of first-trimester (Tr1) dysglycemia and second-trimester (Tr2) incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to explore new candidate measures and identify associated clinical factors.

DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study. In Tr1 we performed a 75-g, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to determine the following: fasting insulin; homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol; noninvasive skin autofluorescence (SCOUT). We defined dysglycemia by American Diabetes Association and Endocrine Society criteria and as HbA1c of 5.7% or greater. In Tr2 in an available subset, we performed a repeat OGTT and SCOUT.

PARTICIPANTS: Pregnant American Indian women (n = 244 at Tr1; n = 114 at Tr2) participated in the study.

OUTCOMES: The prevalence of dysglycemia at Tr1 and incidence of GDM at Tr2 were measured.

RESULTS: At Tr1, one woman had overt diabetes; 36 (15%) had impaired glucose tolerance (American Diabetes Association criteria and/or abnormal HbA1c) and 59 (24%) had GDM-Tr1 (Endocrine Society criteria). Overall, 74 (30%) had some form of dysglycemia. Associated factors were body mass index, hypertension, waist/hip circumferences, SCOUT score, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. At Tr2, 114 of the Tr1 cohort underwent a repeat OGTT and SCOUT, and 26 (23%) had GDM. GDM-Tr2 was associated with increased SCOUT scores (P = .029) and Tr1 body mass index, waist/hip circumferences, diastolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, and triglyceride levels. Overall, dysglycemia at Tr1 and/or Tr2 affected 38% of the women.

CONCLUSIONS: Dysglycemia at some point during pregnancy was common among American Indian women. It was associated with features of insulin resistance and may confer long-term health risks for mother and child.

The effects of R(+)-lipoic acid supplementation on regulation of human skeletal muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase

This thesis investigated whole body glucose disposal and the adaptive changes in skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism following 28 d of supplementation with 1000 mg R(+)-lipoic acid in young sedentary males (age, 22.1 ± 0.67 yr, body mass, 78.7 ± 10.3 kg, n=9). In certain individuals, lipoic acid decreased the 180-min area under the glucose concentration and insulin concentration curve during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (n=4). In the same individuals, lipoic acid supplementation decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity (PDK) (0.09 ± 0.024 min"^ vs. 0.137 ± 0.023 min'\ n=4). The fasting levels of the activated form of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHa) were decreased following lipoic acid (0.42 ± 0.13 mmol-min'kg'^ vs. 0.82 ± 0.32 mmolrnin'^kg"\ n=4), yet increased to a greater extent during the OGTT (1.21 ± 0.34 mmol-min'kg"' vs. 0.81 ±0.13 mmolmin"'kg'\ n=4) following hpoic acid supplementation. No changes were demonstrated in the remaining subjects (n=5). It was concluded that improved glucose clearance during an OGTT following lipoic acid supplementation is assisted by increased muscle glucose oxidation through increased PDHa activation and decreased PDK activity in certain individuals.

The Association of Sleep Disorder, Obesity Status, and Diabetes Mellitus among US Adults—The NHANES 2009-2010 Survey Results

To examine the association between sleep disorders, obesity status, and the risk of diabetes in adults, a total of 3668 individuals aged 40+ years fromtheNHANES 2009-2010 withoutmissing information on sleep-related questions,measurements related to diabetes, and BMI were included in this analysis. Subjects were categorized into three sleep groups based on two sleep questions: (a) no sleep problems; (b) sleep disturbance; and (c) sleep disorder. Diabetes was defined as having one of a diagnosis from a physician; an overnight fasting glucose > 125 mg/dL; Glycohemoglobin > 6.4%; or an oral glucose tolerance test > 199mg/dL. Overall, 19% of subjects were diabetics, 37% were obese, and 32% had either sleep disturbance or sleep disorder. Using multiple logistic regression models adjusting for covariates without including BMI, the odds ratios (OR, (95% CI)) of diabetes were 1.40 (1.06, 1.84) and 2.04 (1.40, 2.95) for those with sleep disturbance and with sleep disorder, respectively. When further adjusting for BMI, the ORs were similar for those with sleep disturbance 1.36 (1.06, 1.73) but greatly attenuated for those with sleep disorders (1.38 [0.95, 2.00]). In conclusion, the impact of sleep disorders on diabetes may be explained through the individuals’ obesity status.

Physiopathologie du diabète secondaire à la fibrose kystique : études transversales et prospectives

Résumé L’augmentation de l’espérance de vie chez les patients atteints de fibrose kystique (FK) entraine une augmentation de la prévalence des anomalies de tolérance au glucose, soit l’intolérance au glucose (IGT) et le diabète (DAFK). En dépit du fait, que les anomalies de la tolérance au glucose soient associées à un mauvais prognostic, l’origine de ces troubles n’est pas encore clairement établie. Notre objectif était d’examiner le rôle de l’insulinopénie et de la résistance à l’insuline dans la détérioration de la tolérance au glucose dans une cohorte prospective observationelle patients FK non diabétique. Nos résultats démontrent une réduction marquée de la phase précoce de la sécrétion de l’insuline ainsi qu’une augmentation de l’aire sous la courbe de la glycémie (AUC) chez tous les groupes de patients. Nous avons aussi démontré qu’une variation de la sensibilité à l’insuline joue un rôle prépondérant dans les changements de catégorie de tolérance au glucose dans cette population. Finalement, il semblerait que l’augmentation de l’AUC du glucose et la réduction de la phase précose de la sécrétion d’insuline sont des meileurs prédicateurs du status clinique que les catégories de tolérance au glucose. Il existe plusieurs indices pour évaluer la sécrétion d’insuline et pourtant aucun n’a été validé chez les patients FK. Nous avons examiné la validité des index de la sécrétion de l’insuline dérivés de l’hyperglycémie provoquée par voie orale (HGPO) ainsi que des valeurs à jeun par rapport au test de référence. Alors que la plupart des index calculés à partir de l’HGPO corrèlent significativement avec les valeurs du test de référence, cela n’est pas le cas pour les index calculés à partir des valeurs à jeun. La validation de ces index nous permet d’évaluer la sécrétion de l’insuline prospectivement dans notre cohorte de FK à partir de l’HGPO, est un test recommandé pour le dépistage du DAFK. Les recommandations nutritionnelles suggèrent aux patients FK une diète comprenant environ 40% de lipides afin d’éviter la malnutrition. Nous avons examiné le profil lipidique des patients FK diabétiques et non diabétiques après une HGPO et un repas hyperlipidique (RT). Nos résultats démontrent que la FK est associée à des augmentations de l’excursion glycémique lors de l’HGPO ou d’un RT comparativement aux témoins. Cependant, le RT provoque 1) une plus faible excursion glycémique comparativement à l’HGPO ; 2) une meilleure suppression de la production hépatique de glucose et 3) l’excursion lipidique postprandiale des patients FK reste normale. Il est donc peu probable que les anomalies de la sécrétion de l’insuline par les cellules  soient secondaires à une lipotoxicité. Nous avons aussi examiné les taux d’adiponectine, une hormone sécrétée par le tissu adipeux et pouvant moduler l’action de l’insuline. Les niveaux d’adiponectine corrèlent négativement avec plusieurs facteurs présents chez les patients FK incluant l’IGT, l’inflammation et une adiposité centrale en dépit d'un faible poids corporel. Les patients FK ne présentaient aucune altération des taux d’adiponectine malgré la présence d’une résistance à l’insuline, une inflammation sub-clinique et de l’IGT. La FK apparaît donc comme une condition où il existe une discordance entre les taux d’adiponectine et la résistance à l’insuline ou l’inflammation. En conclusion la prévalence de l’IGT est élevée dans cette population caractérisée par une excursion glycémique anormalement plus élevée, due principalement à une altération de la sécrétion de l’insuline exacerbée par une résistance à l’insuline. Mots clés : Adiponectine, Hyperglycémie par voie oral (HGPO), intolérance au glucose, fibrose kystique, diabète, résistance à l’insuline, sécrétion de l’insuline.

Impact du sexe et du profil génétique sur la sécrétion d’insuline dans une cohorte de patients atteints de fibrose kystique

Introduction : La Fibrose Kystique (FK) est la maladie autosomique récessive la plus fréquente chez les Caucasiens et est due à une mutation du gène Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR), codant pour un canal chlore. La principale mutation est la délétion de l'acide aminé phénylalanine en position 508. En raison de l’augmentation de l'espérance de vie, de nouvelles complications telles que le diabète associé à la FK (DAFK) ont vu le jour. Le DAFK semble principalement dû à un défaut de sécrétion d'insuline. Des études ont montré que les femmes et les personnes homozygotes ΔF508 ont un risque plus élevé de développer le DAFK. Objectifs : Comparer la sécrétion d'insuline entre les hommes et les femmes FK selon leur génotype CFTR. Notre hypothèse était que les femmes FK présentaient une sécrétion d'insuline moins élevée que des hommes. Méthodes : Deux cents sujets adultes sans diabète connu ont été recrutés dans la clinique de FK du CHUM et inclus dans cette étude. Cent seize ont été revus après un suivi de 24 ± 10 mois. Leur génotype CFTR a été extrait à partir des dossiers médicaux. Tous les sujets ont subi une hyperglycémie provoquée par voie orale de 2-h (HGPO) afin de déterminer leur tolérance au glucose : normale (NGT), intolérance (IGT) ou DAFK. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés aux temps 0, 30, 60, 90, et 120 min de l’HGPO. À partir de ces derniers, la sécrétion d'insuline et la sensibilité à l’insuline des sujets ont été évaluées en utilisant les indices de Stumvoll et les aires sous la courbe de l’insuline durant l’HGPO. Résultats : Pour une excursion glycémique comparable, il y avait des différences significatives dans les concentrations d'insuline entre les hommes et les femmes et selon le génotype CFTR. Ainsi, les femmes et les sujets hétérozygotes avaient des concentrations d’insuline plus élevées que les hommes et les sujets homozygotes. Cela restait significatif quelle que soit leur tolérance au glucose. Le calcul du disposition index représentant la sécrétion d'insuline ajustée pour le degré de sensibilité à l’insuline a suggéré une sécrétion d'insuline plus élevée chez les femmes que les hommes. Le suivi prospectif nous a permis de déterminer que cette sécrétion plus élevée d’insuline était associée à une évolution plus favorable pour la tolérance au glucose. Fait intéressant, cette constatation n'était vraie que pour les femmes. Conclusion : Dans une vaste cohorte prospective observationnelle de patients FK sans diabète connu, nous avons démontré qu’en dépit d’un âge et d’une fonction pulmonaire semblables, les femmes présentaient une sécrétion d'insuline supérieure à celle des hommes et que cela pourrait avoir un effet protecteur, à court terme, chez celles-ci pour le développement du DAFK.

Déterminer le lien entre l’hyperglycémie et/ou l’hypoinsulinémie et la dégradation clinique observée avant le diagnostic du Diabète Associé à la Fibrose Kystique.

La Fibrose kystique (FK) est une maladie génétique qui se traduit par une destruction progressive des poumons et éventuellement, à la mort. La principale complication secondaire est le diabète associé à la FK (DAFK). Une dégradation clinique (perte de poids et de la fonction pulmonaire) accélérée est observée avant le diagnostic. L’objectif principal de mon projet de doctorat est de déterminer, par l’intermédiaire du test d’hyperglycémie provoquée par voie orale (HGPO), s’il existe un lien entre l’hyperglycémie et/ou l’hypoinsulinémie et la dégradation clinique observée avant le diagnostic du DAFK. Nous allons ainsi évaluer l’importance des temps intermédiaires de l’HGPO afin de simplifier le diagnostic d’une dysglycémie ainsi que d’établir des nouveaux marqueurs indicateurs de patients à risque d’une détérioration clinique. L’HGPO est la méthode standard utilisée dans la FK pour le diagnostic du DAFK. Nous avons démontré que les valeurs de glycémie obtenues au temps 90-min de l’HGPO seraient suffisantes pour prédire la tolérance au glucose des patients adultes avec la FK, autrement établie à l’aide des valeurs à 2-h de l’HGPO. Nous proposons des glycémies à 90-min de l’HGPO supérieure à 9.3 mmol/L et supérieure à 11.5 mmol/L pour détecter l’intolérance au glucose et le DAFK, respectivement. Une cause importante du DAFK est un défaut de la sécrétion d’insuline. Les femmes atteintes de la FK ont un risque plus élevé de développer le DAFK que les hommes, nous avons donc exploré si leur sécrétion était altérée. Contrairement à notre hypothèse, nous avons observé que les femmes avec la FK avaient une sécrétion d’insuline totale plus élevée que les hommes avec la FK, mais à des niveaux comparables aux femmes en santé. Le groupe de tolérance au glucose récemment proposé et nommé indéterminé (INDET : 60-min HGPO > 11.0 mais 2h-HGPO <7.8mmol/L) est à risque élevé de développer le DAFK. Par contre, les caractéristiques cliniques de ce groupe chez les patients adultes avec la FK n’ont pas été établies. Nous avons observé que le groupe INDET a une fonction pulmonaire réduite et similaire au groupe DAFK de novo et aucun des paramètres glucidiques et insulinémiques expliqueraient cette observation. Dans une population pédiatrique de patients avec la FK, une association a été rapportée entre une glycémie élevée à 60-min de l’HGPO et une fonction pulmonaire diminuée. Dans notre groupe de patients adultes avec la FK, il existe une association négative entre la glycémie à 60-min de l’HGPO et la fonction pulmonaire et une corrélation positive entre l’insulinémie à 60-min de l’HGPO et l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC). De plus, les patients avec une glycémie à 60-min HGPO > 11.0 mmol/L ont une fonction pulmonaire diminuée et une sensibilité à l’insuline basse alors que ceux avec une insulinémie à 60-min HGPO < 43.4 μU/mL ont un IMC ainsi qu’une fonction pulmonaire diminués. En conclusion, nous sommes le premier groupe à démontrer que 1) le test d’HGPO peut être raccourci de 30 min sans compromettre la catégorisation de la tolérance au glucose, 2) les femmes avec la FK démontrent une préservation de leur sécrétion de l’insuline, 3) le groupe INDET présente des anomalies précoces de la fonction pulmonaire comparable au groupe DAFK de novo et 4) la glycémie et l’insuline à la première heure de l’HGPO sont associées aux deux éléments clefs de la dégradation clinique. Il est crucial d’élucider les mécanismes pathophysiologiques importants afin de mieux prévoir la survenue de la dégradation clinique précédant le DAFK.

Investigation on key molecular targets responsible for antidiabetic properties of Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia with disturbances in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Currently there are 387 million people with diabetes worldwide and is expected to affect 592 million people by 2035. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction are the major challenges in the pathophysiology of diabetes. Diabetic secondary complications (like liver cirrhosis, retinopathy, microvascular and macrovascular complications) arise from persistent hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia can be disabling or even life threatening. Current medications are effective for control and management of hyperglycemia but undesirable effects, inefficiency against secondary complications and high cost are still serious issues in the present prognosis of this disorder. Hence the search for more effective and safer therapeutic agents of natural origin has been found to be highly demanding and attract attention in the present drug discovery research. The data available from Ayurveda on various medicinal plants for treatment of diabetes can efficiently yield potential new lead as antidiabetic agents. For wider acceptability and popularity of herbal remedies available in Ayurveda scientific validation by the elucidation of mechanism of action is very much essential. Modern biological techniques are available now to elucidate the biochemical basis of the effectiveness of these medicinal plants. Keeping this idea the research programme under this thesis has been planned to evaluate the molecular mechanism responsible for the antidiabetic property of Symplocos cochinchinensis, the main ingredient of Nishakathakadi Kashayam, a wellknown Ayurvedic antidiabetic preparation. A general introduction of diabetes, its pathophysiology, secondary complications and current treatment options, innovative solutions based on phytomedicine etc has been described in Chapter 1. The effect of Symplocos cochinchinensis (SC), on various in vitro biochemical targets relevant to diabetes is depicted in Chapter 2 including the preparation of plant extract. Since diabetes is a multifactorial disease, ethanolic extract of the bark of SC (SCE) and its fractions (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and 90 % ethanol) were evaluated by in vitro methods against multiple targets such as control of postprandial hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, pancreatic beta cell proliferation, inhibition of protein glycation, protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPPxxi IV). Among the extracts, SCE exhibited comparatively better activity like alpha glucosidase inhibition, insulin dependent glucose uptake (3 fold increase) in L6 myotubes, pancreatic beta cell regeneration in RIN-m5F and reduced triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells, protection from hyperglycemia induced generation of reactive oxygen species in HepG2 cells with moderate antiglycation and PTP-1B inhibition. Chemical characterization by HPLC revealed the superiority of SCE over other extracts due to presence of bioactives (beta-sitosterol, phloretin 2’glucoside, oleanolic acid) in addition to minerals like magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, zinc and manganese. So SCE has been subjected to oral sucrose tolerance test (OGTT) to evaluate its antihyperglycemic property in mild diabetic and diabetic animal models. SCE showed significant antihyperglycemic activity in in vivo diabetic models. Chapter 3 highlights the beneficial effects of hydroethanol extract of Symplocos cochinchinensis (SCE) against hyperglycemia associated secondary complications in streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight) induced diabetic rat model. Proper sanction had been obtained for all the animal experiments from CSIR-CDRI institutional animal ethics committee. The experimental groups consist of normal control (NC), N + SCE 500 mg/kg bwd, diabetic control (DC), D + metformin 100 mg/kg bwd, D + SCE 250 and D + SCE 500. SCEs and metformin were administered daily for 21 days and sacrificed on day 22. Oral glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin, % HbA1c, urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, total protein etc. were analysed. Aldose reductase (AR) activity in the eye lens was also checked. On day 21, DC rats showed significantly abnormal glucose response, HOMA-IR, % HbA1c, decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes and GSH, elevated AR activity, hepatic and renal oxidative stress markers compared to NC. DC rats also exhibited increased level of plasma urea and creatinine. Treatment with SCE protected from the deleterious alterations of biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner including histopathological alterations in pancreas. SCE 500 exhibited significant glucose lowering effect and decreased HOMA-IR, % HbA1c, lens AR activity, and hepatic, renal oxidative stress and function markers compared to DC group. Considerable amount of liver and muscle glycogen was replenished by SCE treatment in diabetic animals. Although metformin showed better effect, the activity of SCE was very much comparable with this drug. xxii The possible molecular mechanism behind the protective property of S. cochinchinensis against the insulin resistance in peripheral tissue as well as dyslipidemia in in vivo high fructose saturated fat diet model is described in Chapter 4. Initially animal were fed a high fructose saturated fat (HFS) diet for a period of 8 weeks to develop insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. The normal diet control (ND), ND + SCE 500 mg/kg bwd, high fructose saturated fat diet control (HFS), HFS + metformin 100 mg/kg bwd, HFS + SCE 250 and HFS + SCE 500 were the experimental groups. SCEs and metformin were administered daily for the next 3 weeks and sacrificed at the end of 11th week. At the end of week 11, HFS rats showed significantly abnormal glucose and insulin tolerance, HOMA-IR, % HbA1c, adiponectin, lipid profile, liver glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzyme activities, liver and muscle triglyceride accumulation compared to ND. HFS rats also exhibited increased level of plasma inflammatory cytokines, upregulated mRNA level of gluconeogenic and lipogenic genes in liver. HFS exhibited the increased expression of GLUT-2 in liver and decreased expression of GLUT-4 in muscle and adipose. SCE treatment also preserved the architecture of pancreas, liver, and kidney tissues. Treatment with SCE reversed the alterations of biochemical parameters, improved insulin sensitivity by modifying gene expression in liver, muscle and adipose tissues. Overall results suggest that SC mediates the antidiabetic activity mainly via alpha glucosidase inhibition, improved insulin sensitivity, with antiglycation and antioxidant activities.

Efecto de la glicemia materna en la monitoría electrónica fetal

Introducción: Después del ingreso de la monitoría fetal electrónica como estudio de bienestar fetal, se ha considerado por décadas que un aporte de carbohidratos a la gestante antes de la realización de la monitoría fetal influye en el reporte pero existen estudios que consideran que los niveles de glicemia materna no afecta la variabilidad de la monitoría fetal. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal, para evaluar el efecto de la glicemia materna en la monitoría fetal electrónica comparando los valores de glicemia materna con su resultado, según la categorización del ACOG. Las principales variables fueron las horas de ayuno, valores de glicemia, variabilidad de la monitoría fetal y presencia de aceleraciones. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 60 pacientes, que ingresaron al servicio de obstetricia y ginecología del Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi en el periodo de estudio. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los resultados de monitoría fetal y los valores de glicemia materna. Ninguna paciente presentó monitoría categoría III (según categorización de la ACOG). Discusión Se requieren estudios analíticos más amplios para evaluar el papel de la glicemia en el resultado de la monitoría, pero el presente estudio sugiere que no existe relación entre la glicemia materna y el resultado de la monitoría fetal electrónica en la categorización del Colegio Americano De Ginecología Y Obstetricia (ACOG).

Insight into the prebiotic concept: lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women

Objective To highlight the contribution of the gut microbiota to the modulation of host metabolism by dietary inulin-type fructans (ITF prebiotics) in obese women. Methods A double blind, placebo controlled, intervention study was performed with 30 obese women treated with ITF prebiotics (inulin/oligofructose 50/50 mix; n=15) or placebo (maltodextrin; n=15) for 3 months (16 g/day). Blood, faeces and urine sampling, oral glucose tolerance test, homeostasis model assessment and impedancemetry were performed before and after treatment. The gut microbial composition in faeces was analysed by phylogenetic microarray and qPCR analysis of 16S rDNA. Plasma and urine metabolic profiles were analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Results Treatment with ITF prebiotics, but not the placebo, led to an increase in Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii; both bacteria negatively correlated with serum lipopolysaccharide levels. ITF prebiotics also decreased Bacteroides intestinalis, Bacteroides vulgatus and Propionibacterium, an effect associated with a slight decrease in fat mass and with plasma lactate and phosphatidylcholine levels. No clear treatment clustering could be detected for gut microbial analysis or plasma and urine metabolomic profile analyses. However, ITF prebiotics led to subtle changes in the gut microbiota that may importantly impact on several key metabolites implicated in obesity and/or diabetes. Conclusions ITF prebiotics selectively changed the gut microbiota composition in obese women, leading to modest changes in host metabolism, as suggested by the correlation between some bacterial species and metabolic endotoxaemia or metabolomic signatures.

Role of genetic polymorphism peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 Pro12Ala on ethnic susceptibility to diabetes in South-Asian and Caucasian subjects: Evidence for heterogeneity

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma Pro12ala polymorphism modulates susceptibility to diabetes in South Asians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: South Asians (n = 697) and Caucasians (n = 457) living in Dallas/Forth Worth, Texas, and South Asians living in Chennai, India (n = 1,619), were enrolled for this study. PPAR-gamma Pro12Ala was determined using restriction fragment-length polymorphism. Insulin responsiveness to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was measured in nondiabetic subjects. RESULTS: The Caucasian diabetic subjects had significantly lower prevalence of PPAR-gamma 12Ala when compared with the Caucasian nondiabetic subjects (20 vs. 9%, P = 0.006). However, there were no significant differences between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects with reference to the Pro12Ala polymorphism among the South Asians living in Dallas (20 vs. 23%) and in India (19 vs. 19.3%). Although Caucasians carrying PPAR-gamma Pro12Ala had lower plasma insulin levels at 2 h of OGTT than the wild-type (Pro/Pro) carriers (76 +/- 68 and 54 +/- 33 microU/ml, respectively, P = 0.01), no differences in either fasting or 2-h plasma insulin concentrations were found between South Asians carrying the PPAR-gamma Pro12Ala polymorphism and those with the wild-type genotype at either Chennai or Dallas. CONCLUSIONS: Although further replication studies are necessary to test the validity of the described genotype-phenotype relationship, our study supports the hypothesis that the PPAR-gamma Pro12Ala polymorphism is protective against diabetes in Caucasians but not in South Asians.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF-receptor expression in placenta of hyperglycemic pregnant women

Hyperglycemia occurs in a variety of conditions such as overt diabetes, gestational diabetes and mild hyperglycemia, all of which are generally defined based on the oral glucose tolerance test and glucose profiles. Whereas diabetes has received considerable attention in recent decades, few studies have examined the mechanisms of mild hyperglycemia and its associated disturbances. Mild gestational hyperglycemia is associated with macrosomia and a high risk of perinatal mortality. Morphologically, the placenta of these women is characterized by an increase in the number of terminal villi and capillaries, presumably as part of a compensatory mechanism to maintain homeostasis at the maternal-fetal interface. In this study, we analised the expression of VEGF and its receptors VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR) in placentas from mildly hyperglycemic women. This expression was compared with that of normoglycemic women and women with gestational and overt diabetes. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong staining for VEGF and VEGFR-2 in vascular and trophoblastic cells of mildly hyperglycemic women, whereas the staining for VEGFR-1 was discrete and limited to the trophoblast. The pattern of VEGF and VEGF-receptor reactivity in placentas from women with overt diabetes was similar to that of normoglycemic women. In women with gestational diabetes, strong staining for VEGFR-1 was observed in vascular and trophoblastic cells whereas VEGF and VEGFR-2 were detected only in the trophoblast. The expression of these proteins was confirmed by western blotting, which revealed the presence of an additional band of 75 kDa. In the decidual compartment, only extravillous trophoblast reacted with all antibodies. Morphological analysis revealed collagen deposition around large arteries in all groups with altered glycemia. These findings indicate a placental response to altered glycemia that could have important consequences for the fetus. The change in the placental VEGF/VEGFR expression ratio in mild hyperglycemia may favor angiogenesis in placental tissue and could explain the hypercapillarization of villi seen in this gestational disturbance. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

No consensus on gestational diabetes mellitus screening regimes in Sweden : pregnancy outcomes in relation to different screening regimes 2011 to 2012, a cross-sectional study

Background: Although associated adverse pregnancy outcomes, no international or Swedish consensus exists that identifies a cut-off value or what screening method to use for definition of gestational diabetes mellitus. This study investigates the following: i) guidelines for screening of GDM; ii) background and risk factors for GDM and selection to OGTT; and iii) pregnancy outcomes in relation to GDM, screening regimes and levels of OGTT 2 hour glucose values. Methods: This cross-sectional and population-based study uses data from the Swedish Maternal Health Care Register (MHCR) (2011 and 2012) combined with guidelines for GDM screening (2011-2012) from each Maternal Health Care Area (MHCA) in Sweden. The sample consisted of 184, 183 women: 88, 140 in 2011 and 96,043 in 2012. Chi-square and two independent samples t-tests were used. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Four screening regimes of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (75 g of glucose) were used: A) universal screening with a 2-hour cut-off value of 10.0 mmol/L; B) selective screening with a 2-hour cut-off value of 8.9 mmol/L; C) selective screening with a 2-hour cut-off value of 10.0 mmol/L; and D) selective screening with a 2-hour cut-off value of 12.2 mmol/L. The highest prevalence of GDM (2.9%) was found with a 2-hour cut-off value of 8.9 mmol/L when selective screening was applied. Unemployment and low educational level were associated with an increased risk of GDM. The OR was 4.14 (CI 95%: 3.81-4.50) for GDM in obese women compared to women with BMI <30 kg/m(2). Women with non-Nordic origin presented a more than doubled risk for GDM compared to women with Nordic origin (OR = 2.24; CI 95%: 2.06-2.43). Increasing OGTT values were associated with increasing risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Conclusions: There was no consensus regarding screening regimes for GDM from 2011 through 2012 when four different regimes were applied in Sweden. Increasing levels of OGTT 2-hour glucose values were strongly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Based on these findings, we suggest that Sweden adopts the recent recommendations of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) concerning the performance of OGTT and the diagnostic criteria for GDM.

Saturated, but not n-6 polyunsaturated, fatty acids induce insulin resistance: role of intramuscular accumulation of lipid metabolites

Consumption of a Western diet rich in saturated fats is associated with obesity and insulin resistance. In some insulin-resistant phenotypes this is associated with accumulation of skeletal muscle fatty acids. We examined the effects of diets high in saturated fatty acids (Sat) or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolite accumulation and whole-body insulin sensitivity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a chow diet (16% calories from fat, Con) or a diet high (53%) in Sat or PUFA for 8 wk. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by fasting plasma glucose and insulin and glucose tolerance via an oral glucose tolerance test. Muscle ceramide and diacylglycerol (DAG) levels and triacylglycerol (TAG) fatty acids were also measured. Both high-fat diets increased plasma free fatty acid levels by 30%. Compared with Con, Sat-fed rats were insulin resistant, whereas PUFA-treated rats showed improved insulin sensitivity. Sat caused a 125% increase in muscle DAG and a small increase in TAG. Although PUFA also resulted in a small increase in DAG, the excess fatty acids were primarily directed toward TAG storage (105% above Con). Ceramide content was unaffected by either high-fat diet. To examine the effects of fatty acids on cellular lipid storage and glucose uptake in vitro, rat L6 myotubes were incubated for 5 h with saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. After treatment of L6 myotubes with palmitate (C16:0), the ceramide and DAG content were increased by two- and fivefold, respectively, concomitant with reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. In contrast, treatment of these cells with linoleate (C18:2) did not alter DAG, ceramide levels, and glucose uptake compared with controls (no added fatty acids). Both 16:0 and 18:2 treatments increased myotube TAG levels (C18:2 vs. C16:0, P < 0.05). These results indicate that increasing dietary Sat induces insulin resistance with concomitant increases in muscle DAG. Diets rich in n-6 PUFA appear to prevent insulin resistance by directing fat into TAG, rather than other lipid metabolites.

Dietary quality is associated with diabetes and cardio-metabolic risk factors1–3

In this study, our aim was to investigate the associations between diet quality and newly diagnosed diabetes, prediabetes, and cardio-metabolic risk factors. The analysis was based on 7441 participants of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study, a cross-sectional study of adults aged 25 y involving a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Diet quality was assessed via a dietary guideline index and FFQ data. Associations between diet quality and diabetes, prediabetes (impaired fasting glycemia, impaired glucose tolerance), and cardiovascular risk factors were investigated using linear and logistic regression adjusted for age, education, smoking, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and BMI. Higher diet quality was significantly associated with lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure among men, lower fasting plasma glucose among men and women, and lower systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma insulin, and 2-h plasma glucose and greater insulin sensitivity among women. Diet quality was inversely associated with abdominal obesity [odds ratio (OR) for top quartile: 0.68, 0.48–0.96], hypertension (OR: 0.50, 0.31–0.81), and type 2 diabetes (OR: 0.38, 0.18–0.80) among men. Lack of compliance with established dietary guidelines was associated with type 2 diabetes and cardio-metabolic risk factors. Further work is required to determine whether this dietary index has predictive validity for health in longitudinal studies.

Waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and BMI and their correlation with cardiovascular risk factors in Australian adults

Objectives. To compare body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist–hip ratio (WHR) as indices of obesity and assess the respective associations with type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia.

Design and setting. A national sample of 11 247 Australians aged ≥25 years was examined in 2000 in a cross-sectional survey.

Main outcome measures. The examination included a fasting blood sample, standard 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, blood pressure measurements and questionnaires to assess treatment for dyslipidaemia and hypertension. BMI, waist circumference and WHR were measured to assess overweight and obesity.

Results. The prevalence of obesity amongst Australian adults defined by BMI, waist circumference and WHR was 20.8, 30.5 and 15.8% respectively. The unadjusted odds ratio for the fourth vs. first quartile of each obesity measurement showed that WHR had the strongest relationship with type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia (women only) and hypertension. Following adjustment for age, however, there was little difference between the three measures of obesity, with the possible exceptions of hypertension in women, where BMI had a stronger association, and dyslipidaemia in women and type 2 diabetes in men, where WHR was marginally superior.

Conclusions. Waist circumference, BMI and WHR identified different proportions of the population, as measured by both prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Whilst WHR had the strongest correlations with CVD risk factors before adjustment for age, the three obesity measures performed similarly after adjustment for age. Given the difficulty of using age-adjusted associations in the clinical setting, these results suggest that given appropriate cut-off points, WHR is the most useful measure of obesity to use to identify individuals with CVD risk factors.