Recommended practices for welding reinforcing steel, metal inserts and connections in reinforaced concrete construction.

"AWS D12.1- 61."

Final report on the third census of production of the United Kingdom (1924) The iron and steel trades, the engineering trades, and the non-ferrous metals trades.

Mode of access: Internet.

THE ARC WELDING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

Mode of access: Internet.

Development of low alloy steel compositions suitable for high strength steel castings

Mode of access: Internet.

Recommended practice for the welding of steel castings.

Bibliography: p.38-39.

Operator and organizational maintenance manual : tank, steel, vertical, bolted, knockdown, sealed openings, standard bottom and roof, gasoline, oil, or water (type I-pol and potable water, type II-pol and non-potable water), 100 barrel capacity ... 10,000 barrel capacity ....

"May, 1974."

Iron and steel; a treatise on the smelting, refining, and mechanical processes of the iron and steel industry, including the chemical and physical characteristics of wrought iron, carbon, high-speed and alloy steels, cast iron, and steel castings, and the application of these materials in machine and tool construction,

Mode of access: Internet.

Electrochemical study of UNS S32550 super duplex stainless steel corrosion in turbulent seawater using the rotating cylinder electrode

The cathodic and anodic characteristics of freshly polished and pre-reduced UNS S32550 (ASTM A479) super duplex stainless steel in a filtered and conductivity-adjusted seawater have been investigated under controlled flow conditions. A rotating cylinder electrode was used together with both steady and non-steady-state voltammetry and a potential step current transient technique to investigate the electrode reactions in the fully characterized electrolyte. Both oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution were highly irreversible and the material exhibited excellent passivation and repassivation kinetics. Relative corrosion rates were derived and the corrosion mechanism of the alloy was found to be completely independent of the mass-transfer effects, which can contribute to flow-induced corrosion.

Galvanic corrosion of magnesium alloy AZ91D in contact with an aluminium alloy, steel and zinc

An investigation was carried out into the galvanic corrosion of magnesium alloy AZ91D in contact with zinc, aluminium alloy A380 and 4150 steel. Specially designed test panels were used to measure galvanic currents under salt spray conditions. It was found that the distributions of the galvanic current densities on AZ91D and on the cathodes were different. An insulating spacer between the AZ91D anode and the cathodes could not eliminate galvanic corrosion. Steel was the worst cathode and aluminium the least aggressive to AZ91D. Corrosion products from the anode and cathodes appeared to be able to affect the galvanic corrosion process through an alkalisation, passivation, poisoning effect or shortcut effect. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Crystallography of carbide-free bainite in a hard bainitic steel

The convergent beam Kikuchi line diffraction technique has been used to accurately determine the orientation relationships between bainitic ferrite and retained austenite in a hard bainitic steel. A reproducible orientation relationship has been uniquely observed for both the upper and lower bainite. It is [GRAPHICS] However, the habit plane of upper bainite is different from that of lower bainite. The former has habit plane that is either within 5 degrees of (221)(A) or of (259)(A). The latter only corresponds with a habit plane that is within 5 degrees of (259)(A). The determined orientation relationship is completely consistent with reported results determined using the same technique with an accuracy of +/- 0.5 degrees in lath martensite in an Fe-20 wt.% Ni-6 wt.% Mn alloy and in a low carbon low alloy steel. It also agrees well with the orientation relationship between granular bainite and austenite in an Fe-19 wt.% Ni-3.5 wt.% Mn-0.15 wt.% C steel. Hence it is believed that, at least from a crystallographic point view, the bainite transformation has the characteristics of martensitic transformation. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The boundary lubricated friction and wear of low alloy steel

Pin on disc wear machines were used to study the boundary lubricated friction and wear of AISI 52100 steel sliding partners. Boundary conditions were obtained by using speed and load combinations which resulted in friction coefficients in excess of 0.1. Lubrication was achieved using zero, 15 and 1000 ppm concentrations of an organic dimeric acid additive in a hydrocarbon base stock. Experiments were performed for sliding speeds of 0.2, 0.35 and 0.5 m/s for a range of loads up to 220 N. Wear rate, frictional force and pin temperature were continually monitored throughout tests and where possible complementary methods of measurement were used to improve accuracy. A number of analytical techniques were used to examine wear surfaces, debris and lubricants, namely: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), optical microscopy, Back scattered Electron Detection (BSED) and several metallographic techniques. Friction forces and wear rates were found to vary linearly with load for any given combination of speed and additive concentration. The additive itself was found to act as a surface oxidation inhibitor and as a lubricity enhancer, particularly in the case of the higher (1000 ppm) concentration. Wear was found to be due to a mild oxidational mechanism at low additive concentrations and a more severe metallic mechanism at higher concentrations with evidence of metallic delamination in the latter case. Scuffing loads were found to increase with increasing additive concentration and decrease with increasing speed as would be predicted by classical models of additive behaviour as an organo-metallic soap film. Heat flow considerations tended to suggest that surface temperature was not the overriding controlling factor in oxidational wear and a model is proposed which suggests oxygen concentration in the lubricant is the controlling factor in oxide growth and wear.

Oxidational wear of low alloy steel in gases other than air

A pin on disc wear machine has been used to study the oxidational wear of low alloy steel in a series of experiments which were carried out under dry wear sliding conditions at range of loads from 11.28 to 49.05 N and three sliding speeds of 2 m/s, 3.5 m/s and 5 m/s, in atmosphere of air, Ar, CO2, 100% O2, 20% O2-80% Ar and 2% O2-98% Ar. Also, the experiments were conducted to study frictional force, surface and contact temperatures and surface parameters of the wearing pins. The wear debris was examined using x-ray diffraction technique for the identification of compounds produced by the wear process. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to study the topographical features of worn pins and to measure the thickness of the oxide films. Microhardness tests were carried out to investigate the influence of the sub-surface microhardness in tribological conditions. Under all loads, speeds and atmospheres parabolic oxidation growth was observed on worn surfaces, although such growth is dependent on the concentration of oxygen in the atmospheres employed. These atmospheres are shown to influence wear rate and coefficient of friction with change in applied load. The nature of the atmosphere also has influence on surface and contact temperatures as determined from heat flow analysis. Unlubricated wear debris was found to be a mixture of αFe2O3, Fe3O4 and FeO oxide. A model has been proposed for tribo-oxide growth demonstrating the importance of diffusion rate and oxygen partial pressure, in the oxidation processes and thus in determination of wear rates.