Rural engineering infrastructures design and public facility locations

O desenvolvimento das redes de estradas rurais, especialmente em áreas montanhosas, é a intervenção chave para melhorar a acessibilidade às localidades e aos serviços públicos, cobrindo o maior número de localidades e de serviços públicos, otimizando os escassos recursos disponíveis em países em desenvolvimento. Este estudo explora diferentes modelos de organização de redes de estradas rurais considerando a construção de novas ligações ou o melhoramento de estradas existentes. Um método, baseado na cobertura da rede de estradas rurais, é utilizado para identificar os pontos nodais que formam a rede rural base numa específica região, a qual cobrirá um conjunto dos serviços públicos e de localidades. O modelo assenta numa rede rural de estradas típica ("backbone" e "branch") das regiões montanhosas do Nepal. Os modelos propostos fornecem um conjunto de possibilidades de ligações a estabelecer ou a melhorar e oferece soluções para diferentes níveis de orçamento, que otimizam os custos de transporte na rede, considerando diferentes tipos de pavimento (em solo, granular ou asfáltico). Foi realizado separadamente um modelo dedicado a análises multi-objetivo para resolver problemas de melhoramento de ligações dentro da rede considerando dois objectivos, minimizar os custos de operação para o utilizador e maximizar a população coberta pela rede de estradas, considerando ligações pavimentadas e não pavimentadas (em solo, granular ou asfáltico) dentro de um determinado limite orçamental. O modelo dá ao decisor (DM) diferentes alternativas eficientes para que este possa tomar uma decisão final. Estes modelos, desenvolvidos para redes de estradas rurais, são também aplicáveis a outras redes de infraestruturas rurais, tais como, de fornecimento de água, de eletricidade e de telecomunicações. A implementação dos modelos nas redes de estradas rurais dos distritos de Gorkha e Lamjung do Nepal permitiu confirmara sua aplicabilidade. Verifica-se que os modelos propostos são mais práticos e realísticos no estudo de soluções de melhoramento e de desenvolvimento de redes de estradas rurais em regiões montanhosas de países em desenvolvimento.

Mid-Century Molecular: The Material Culture of X-ray Crystallographic Visualisation across Postwar British Science and Industrial Design

This thesis investigates the use and significance of X-ray crystallographic visualisations of molecular structures in postwar British material culture across scientific practice and industrial design. It is based on research into artefacts from three areas: X-ray crystallographers’ postwar practices of visualising molecular structures using models and diagrams; the Festival Pattern Group scheme for the 1951 Festival of Britain, in which crystallographic visualisations formed the aesthetic basis of patterns for domestic objects; and postwar furnishings with a ‘ball-and-rod’ form and construction reminiscent of those of molecular models. A key component of the project is methodological. The research brings together subjects, themes and questions traditionally covered separately by two disciplines, the history of design and history of science. This focus necessitated developing an interdisciplinary set of methods, which results in the reassessment of disciplinary borders and productive cross-disciplinary methodological applications. This thesis also identifies new territory for shared methods: it employs network models to examine cross-disciplinary interaction between practitioners in crystallography and design, and a biographical approach to designed objects that over time became mediators of historical narratives about science. Artefact-based, archival and oral interviewing methods illuminate the production, use and circulation of the objects examined in this research. This interdisciplinary approach underpins the generation of new historical narratives in this thesis. It revises existing histories of the cultural transmissions between X-ray crystallography and the production and reception of designed objects in postwar Britain. I argue that these transmissions were more complex than has been acknowledged by historians: they were contingent upon postwar scientific and design practices, material conditions in postwar Britain and the dynamics of historical memory, both scholarly and popular. This thesis comprises four chapters. Chapter one explores X-ray crystallographers’ visualisation practices, conceived here as a form of craft. Chapter two builds on this, demonstrating that the Festival Pattern Group witnesses the encounter between crystallographic practice, design practice and aesthetic ideologies operating within social networks associated with postwar modernisms. Chapters three and four focus on ball-and-rod furnishings in postwar and present-day Britain, respectively. I contend that strong relationships between these designed objects and crystallographic visualisations, for example the appellation ‘atomic design’, have been largely realised through historical narratives active today in the consumption of ‘retro’ and ‘mid-century modern’ artefacts. The attention to contemporary historical narratives necessitates this dual historical focus: the research is rooted in the period from the end of the Second World War until the early 1960s, but extends to the history of now. This thesis responds to the need for practical research on methods for studying cross-disciplinary interactions and their histories. It reveals the effects of submitting historical subjects that are situated on disciplinary boundaries to interdisciplinary interpretation. Old models, such as that of unidirectional ‘influence’, subside and the resulting picture is a refracted one: this study demonstrates that the material form and meaning of crystallographic visualisations, within scientific practice and across their use and echoes in designed objects, are multiple and contingent.

Temperature modelling of an homogeneous medium using genetically selected RBF (LIC)

Temperature modelling of human tissue subjected to ultrasound for therapeutic use is essencial for an accurate instrumental assessment and calibration. In this paper punctual temperature modeling of a homogeneous medium, radiated by therapeutic ultrasound, is presented.

New methods for PID autotuning

In this paper a recent approach for PID autotuning, involving neural networks, is ferther developed. To make this approach adaptive, optimal PID values must be known on-line. In this paper neural network models of tuning criteria, together with the use of genetic algorithms, are proposed to solve this problem.

Prediction of the solar radiation using RBF neural networks and ground-to-sky images

In this study, Artificial Neural Networks are applied to multistep long term solar radiation prediction. The networks are trained as one-step-ahead predictors and iterated over time to obtain multi-step longer term predictions. Auto-regressive and Auto-regressive with exogenous inputs solar radiationmodels are compared, considering cloudiness indices as inputs in the latter case. These indices are obtained through pixel classification of ground-to-sky images. The input-output structure of the neural network models is selected using evolutionary computation methods.

Metagenomic systems biology: frameworks for modeling and characterizing the gut microbiome

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2014

Atribuição e encaminhamento de comprimento de onda em redes IP sobre WDM energeticamente eficiente

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações

Multiple Linear Regression and Artificial Neural Networks to Predict Time and Efficiency of Soil Vapor Extraction

The prediction of the time and the efficiency of the remediation of contaminated soils using soil vapor extraction remain a difficult challenge to the scientific community and consultants. This work reports the development of multiple linear regression and artificial neural network models to predict the remediation time and efficiency of soil vapor extractions performed in soils contaminated separately with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, trichloroethylene, and perchloroethylene. The results demonstrated that the artificial neural network approach presents better performances when compared with multiple linear regression models. The artificial neural network model allowed an accurate prediction of remediation time and efficiency based on only soil and pollutants characteristics, and consequently allowing a simple and quick previous evaluation of the process viability.

Heuristics for the Critical Node Detection Problem in Large Complex Networks

Complex networks have recently attracted a significant amount of research attention due to their ability to model real world phenomena. One important problem often encountered is to limit diffusive processes spread over the network, for example mitigating pandemic disease or computer virus spread. A number of problem formulations have been proposed that aim to solve such problems based on desired network characteristics, such as maintaining the largest network component after node removal. The recently formulated critical node detection problem aims to remove a small subset of vertices from the network such that the residual network has minimum pairwise connectivity. Unfortunately, the problem is NP-hard and also the number of constraints is cubic in number of vertices, making very large scale problems impossible to solve with traditional mathematical programming techniques. Even many approximation algorithm strategies such as dynamic programming, evolutionary algorithms, etc. all are unusable for networks that contain thousands to millions of vertices. A computationally efficient and simple approach is required in such circumstances, but none currently exist. In this thesis, such an algorithm is proposed. The methodology is based on a depth-first search traversal of the network, and a specially designed ranking function that considers information local to each vertex. Due to the variety of network structures, a number of characteristics must be taken into consideration and combined into a single rank that measures the utility of removing each vertex. Since removing a vertex in sequential fashion impacts the network structure, an efficient post-processing algorithm is also proposed to quickly re-rank vertices. Experiments on a range of common complex network models with varying number of vertices are considered, in addition to real world networks. The proposed algorithm, DFSH, is shown to be highly competitive and often outperforms existing strategies such as Google PageRank for minimizing pairwise connectivity.

Étude exploratoire du soutien social dans le processus menant à l'hébergement des aînés en perte d'autonomie

Contexte : Au Québec, la très grande majorité des personnes âgées vivent dans un logement conventionnel. Pour celles qui sont en plus grande perte d’autonomie et qui ont besoin d’un environnement adapté à leurs besoins, soit environ 12 % de la population âgée de 65 ans ou plus en 2006, les options sont relativement limitées. Au 1er rang, on retrouve les résidences privées, pour ceux et celles qui en ont les moyens. Pour les autres, il y a les centres de soins de longue durée publics ou privés. Viennent ensuite les organismes sans but lucratif qui opèrent des projets résidentiels pour aînés, les communautés religieuses qui accueillent des personnes âgées dans leurs résidences, les ressources intermédiaires, les ressources de type familial, les habitations à loyer modique pour personnes âgées et les coopératives d’habitation. Les ressources alternatives du type projets novateurs arrivent en dernière position, ce qui explique que l’on en sait encore très peu sur la transition vers ce type d’hébergement. Problème et objet de recherche : La transition vers un milieu de vie substitut est un processus qui peut être potentiellement stressant dans la vie d’une personne âgée. Son réseau de soutien peut être appelé à jouer un rôle important pour l’aider à vivre cette transition avec plus de facilité. Si la littérature sur le soutien social est abondante, elle est plus limitée en ce qui concerne la relation entre le soutien social et la transition en milieu d’hébergement. La plupart des travaux recensés étudient les conséquences de l’hébergement durant les mois qui suivent le relogement. Quelques études analysent le processus décisionnel mais rares sont celles qui s’intéressent à toutes les étapes du processus qui précèdent le relogement. La plupart des recherches analysent surtout le point de vue des aidants et parfois celui des professionnels. Celui des personnes âgées est moins connu. But et objectifs : Le but de cette étude consiste à mieux comprendre comment opèrent les différentes formes de soutien social auprès des personnes âgées durant les diverses étapes du processus de transition en milieu d’hébergement. Plus précisément, elle vise à mieux comprendre comment ces personnes perçoivent les différents types de soutien apporté par leur réseau de soutien durant la transition, la signification que prend pour elles l’aide reçue, les besoins auxquels répond le soutien reçu et pourquoi elles apprécient ou non le soutien reçu. Cadre conceptuel : Cette recherche de type exploratoire et rétrospective se situe dans une approche des parcours de vie. La transition en milieu d’hébergement est étudiée comme un processus faisant partie de la trajectoire résidentielle de la personne. On privilégie une approche interactionnelle et constructiviste du soutien social qui accorde une attention plus grande aux interprétations subjectives des personnes faisant partie des réseaux de soutien. Méthodologie : On a interviewé huit (8) résidents (6 femmes et 2 hommes) de 64 ans ou plus, vivant dans un milieu d’hébergement alternatif de type projet novateur : les Habitations St-Christophe, une ressource alternative située dans la ville de Laval au Québec. Les perceptions des sujets du soutien social reçu durant la transition sont analysées à l’aide de la théorisation ancrée, la plus appropriée pour comprendre de l’intérieur le point de vue des participants. Résultats : L’analyse des perceptions des résidents interviewés du processus qui les a conduits aux Habitations St-Christophe a permis de mieux comprendre l’influence de leurs trajectoires résidentielles, les transitions ayant mené à leur hébergement, leurs perceptions du processus décisionnel et du rôle joué par des tiers dans les décisions prises, ainsi que les motifs de ces décisions, de même que le rôle joué par le soutien social durant la transition. Trois modèles de réseaux ont été identifiés, en tenant compte de la fréquence des contacts, de l’intensité des liens et de la disponibilité du soutien. Les formes les plus importantes de soutien reçu ont été identifiées à partir des perceptions des sujets de l’aide émotionnelle, instrumentale et cognitive fournie pendant la transition et de leur appréciation du soutien reçu. L’analyse a permis d’identifier deux modèles de transition (transition réfléchie, préparée et anticipée versus transition précipitée) et deux modèles de soutien (soutien valorisé versus soutien peu valorisé). Conclusions : Outre les éléments de convergence et les points de divergence observés entre nos résultats et la littérature, un certain nombre d’enseignements ont été retenus au niveau de l’intervention. Ceux-ci concernent les conditions gagnantes à mettre en place par les gestionnaires des services publics, certains principes à respecter dans les interventions, les mesures à prendre pour améliorer les interventions des professionnels et les interventions à mettre en place à l’intention des personnes âgées et de leurs proches aidants.

‘Modeling and Analysis of Competing Risks Data’

there has been much research on analyzing various forms of competing risks data. Nevertheless, there are several occasions in survival studies, where the existing models and methodologies are inadequate for the analysis competing risks data. ldentifiabilty problem and various types of and censoring induce more complications in the analysis of competing risks data than in classical survival analysis. Parametric models are not adequate for the analysis of competing risks data since the assumptions about the underlying lifetime distributions may not hold well. Motivated by this, in the present study. we develop some new inference procedures, which are completely distribution free for the analysis of competing risks data.

De lo micro a lo macro prudencial: Un análisis de la supervisión bancaria desde la econometría espacial

La crisis que se desató en el mercado hipotecario en Estados Unidos en 2008 y que logró propagarse a lo largo de todo sistema financiero, dejó en evidencia el nivel de interconexión que actualmente existe entre las entidades del sector y sus relaciones con el sector productivo, dejando en evidencia la necesidad de identificar y caracterizar el riesgo sistémico inherente al sistema, para que de esta forma las entidades reguladoras busquen una estabilidad tanto individual, como del sistema en general. El presente documento muestra, a través de un modelo que combina el poder informativo de las redes y su adecuación a un modelo espacial auto regresivo (tipo panel), la importancia de incorporar al enfoque micro-prudencial (propuesto en Basilea II), una variable que capture el efecto de estar conectado con otras entidades, realizando así un análisis macro-prudencial (propuesto en Basilea III).

Qualitative modelling of sustainable energy scenarios: An application and extension of the Bon Qualitative Input-Output model

Climate change is one of the major challenges facing economic systems at the start of the 21st century. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions will require both restructuring the energy supply system (production) and addressing the efficiency and sufficiency of the social uses of energy (consumption). The energy production system is a complicated supply network of interlinked sectors with 'knock-on' effects throughout the economy. End use energy consumption is governed by complex sets of interdependent cultural, social, psychological and economic variables driven by shifts in consumer preference and technological development trajectories. To date, few models have been developed for exploring alternative joint energy production-consumption systems. The aim of this work is to propose one such model. This is achieved in a methodologically coherent manner through integration of qualitative input-output models of production, with Bayesian belief network models of consumption, at point of final demand. The resulting integrated framework can be applied either (relatively) quickly and qualitatively to explore alternative energy scenarios, or as a fully developed quantitative model to derive or assess specific energy policy options. The qualitative applications are explored here.

Fully complex-valued radial basis function networks for orthogonal least squares regression

We consider a fully complex-valued radial basis function (RBF) network for regression application. The locally regularised orthogonal least squares (LROLS) algorithm with the D-optimality experimental design, originally derived for constructing parsimonious real-valued RBF network models, is extended to the fully complex-valued RBF network. Like its real-valued counterpart, the proposed algorithm aims to achieve maximised model robustness and sparsity by combining two effective and complementary approaches. The LROLS algorithm alone is capable of producing a very parsimonious model with excellent generalisation performance while the D-optimality design criterion further enhances the model efficiency and robustness. By specifying an appropriate weighting for the D-optimality cost in the combined model selecting criterion, the entire model construction procedure becomes automatic. An example of identifying a complex-valued nonlinear channel is used to illustrate the regression application of the proposed fully complex-valued RBF network.

A tunable radial basis function model for nonlinear system identification using particle swarm optimisation

A tunable radial basis function (RBF) network model is proposed for nonlinear system identification using particle swarm optimisation (PSO). At each stage of orthogonal forward regression (OFR) model construction, PSO optimises one RBF unit's centre vector and diagonal covariance matrix by minimising the leave-one-out (LOO) mean square error (MSE). This PSO aided OFR automatically determines how many tunable RBF nodes are sufficient for modelling. Compared with the-state-of-the-art local regularisation assisted orthogonal least squares algorithm based on the LOO MSE criterion for constructing fixed-node RBF network models, the PSO tuned RBF model construction produces more parsimonious RBF models with better generalisation performance and is computationally more efficient.