Inserción de la migración interna y el desplazamiento forzado en el mercado laboral urbano de Colombia. 2001-2005

Los resultados de la inserción económica de migrantes recientes y de desplazados forzados en el mercado laboral de las 10 principales ciudades de Colombia se analizan utilizando datos de la Encuesta Continua de Hogares. Adaptamos el marco teórico de selección del migrante internacional de Borjas (1982, 1985, 1987, 1990) al caso de la migración interna voluntaria e involuntaria y mediante estimaciones de modelos Logit de acceso al empleo y de ecuaciones mincerianas, ilustramos el proceso de selección positiva de los migrantes recientes y sustentamos empíricamente los resultados teóricos esperados de la inserción laboral del desplazado forzado al mercado laboral urbano, encontrando que exhibe menor probabilidad de acceso al empleo que el migrante económico y que el nativo, y padece un diferencial salarial explicado en gran parte por su condición de migrante forzado, lo cual ofrece sustento al efecto teórico esperado de una decisión exógena de migrar sugerido por Borjas (1987).

Bayesian estimation of willingness-to-pay where respondents mis-report their preferences

We introduce a modified conditional logit model that takes account of uncertainty associated with mis-reporting in revealed preference experiments estimating willingness-to-pay (WTP). Like Hausman et al. [Journal of Econometrics (1988) Vol. 87, pp. 239-269], our model captures the extent and direction of uncertainty by respondents. Using a Bayesian methodology, we apply our model to a choice modelling (CM) data set examining UK consumer preferences for non-pesticide food. We compare the results of our model with the Hausman model. WTP estimates are produced for different groups of consumers and we find that modified estimates of WTP, that take account of mis-reporting, are substantially revised downwards. We find a significant proportion of respondents mis-reporting in favour of the non-pesticide option. Finally, with this data set, Bayes factors suggest that our model is preferred to the Hausman model.

Modifying willingness to pay estimates where respondents mis-report their preferences

The likelihood for the Logit model is modified, so as to take account of uncertainty associated with mis-reporting in stated preference experiments estimating willingness to pay (WTP). Monte Carlo results demonstrate the bias imparted to estimates where there is mis-reporting. The approach is applied to a data set examining consumer preferences for food produced employing a nonpesticide technology. Our modified approach leads to WTP that are substantially downwardly revised.

Designer buildings: an evaluation of the price impacts of signature architects

This study investigates whether commercial offices designed by signature architects in the United States achieve rental premiums compared to commercial offices designed by nonsignature architects. Focusing on buildings designed by winners of the Prizker Prize and the Gold Medal awarded by the American Institute of Architects, we create a sample of commercial office buildings designed by signature architects drawing on CoStar's national database. We use a combination of hedonic regression model and a logit model to estimate the various rent determinants. While the first stage measures the typical rental price differential above the typical building in a particular sub-market over a specific timeframe, the second stage identifies a potential price differential over a set of buildings closely matched on important characteristics (such as age, size, location etc.). We find that in both stages offices design by signature architects exhibit a premium. However these results are preliminary. The premium could be indeed an effect of the name of the architect, but others factors such as micro-market conditions might be the cause. Further tests are needed to confirm the validity of our results.

Stated attribute non-attendance in successive choice experiments

Attribute non-attendance in choice experiments affects WTP estimates and therefore the validity of the method. A recent strand of literature uses attenuated estimates of marginal utilities of ignored attributes. Following this approach, we propose a generalisation of the mixed logit model whereby the distribution of marginal utility coefficients of a stated non-attender has a potentially lower mean and lower variance than those of a stated attender. Model comparison shows that our shrinkage approach fits the data better and produces more reliable WTP estimates. We further find that while reliability of stated attribute non-attendance increases in successive choice experiments, it does not increase when respondents report having ignored the same attribute twice.

National boundaries and the location of multinational firms in Europe

Using data on 5,102 subsidiaries established in the period 1991–1999, we examine the location choice of multinational firms of different nationalities in 47 regions of five EU countries. In particular we estimate a nested logit model and find that European multinationals consider regions across different countries as relatively closer substitutes than regions within national borders. This is consistent with the hypothesis that European regions compete to attract foreign direct investments relatively more across than within countries. However, in line with previous studies, we also find that national boundaries still play some role in choices made by non-European multinationals.

Location choices of multinational firms in Europe: the role of EU cohesion policy

Using data on 5509 foreign subsidiaries established in 50 regions of 8 EU countries over the period 1991–1999, we estimate a mixed logit model of the location choice of multinational firms in Europe. In particular, we focus on the role of EU Cohesion Policy in attracting foreign investors from both within and outside Europe. We find that, after controlling for the role of agglomeration economies as well as a number of other regional and country characteristics and allowing for a very flexible correlation pattern among choices, Structural and Cohesion funds allocated by the EU to laggard regions have indeed contributed to attracting multinationals. These policies as well as other determinants play a different role in the case of European investors as opposed to non-European ones.

Modelling Recreation Demand Using Choice Experiments : Using Swedish Snowmobilers Demand for Groomed trails

This paper is concerned with the use of the choice experiment method for modeling the demand for snowmobiling . The Choice Experiment includes five attributes, standard, composition, length, price day card and experience along trail. The paper estimates the snowmobile owners’ preferences and the most preferred attributes, including their will-ingness to pay for a daytrip on groomed snowmobile trail. The data consists of the an-swers from 479 registered snowmobile owners, who answered two hypothetical choice questions each. Estimating using the multinominal logit model, it is found that snow-mobilers on average are willing to pay 22.5 SEK for one day of snowmobiling on a trail with quality described as skidded every 14th day. Furthermore, it is found that the WTP increases with the quality of trail grooming. The result of this paper can be used as a yardstick for snowmobile clubs wanting to develop their trail net worth, organizations and companies developing snowmobiling as a recreational activities and marketers in-terested in marketing snowmobiling as recreational activities.

Review of the literature on credit risk modeling : development of the past 10 years

This paper traces the developments of credit risk modeling in the past 10 years. Our work can be divided into two parts: selecting articles and summarizing results. On the one hand, by constructing an ordered logit model on historical Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes of articles about credit risk modeling, we sort out articles which are the most related to our topic. The result indicates that the JEL codes have become the standard to classify researches in credit risk modeling. On the other hand, comparing with the classical review Altman and Saunders(1998), we observe some important changes of research methods of credit risk. The main finding is that current focuses on credit risk modeling have moved from static individual-level models to dynamic portfolio models.

Estimação conjunta das elasticidades: preço da escolha da marca e da quantidade comprada com dados escaneados

O objetivo geral desta tese é estimar a elasticidade-preço da demanda de forma conjunta, decomposta em elasticidade-preço da escolha da marca e da quantidade comprada, e discutir as implicações desta decomposição para uma categoria específica de produto. Para isto foram usados dados escaneados de uma amostra de domicílios no contexto varejista brasileiro. Oito hipóteses foram testadas por meio de dois modelos. O primeiro refere-se à decisão de escolha da marca, em que foi empregado o modelo logit condicional baseado na maximização da utilidade do domicílio. O segundo envolveu equações de demanda, obtidas pelo modelo clássico de regressão linear. Ambos foram especificados de forma que se pudesse testar a dependência das duas decisões de compra. No que diz respeito à validação, o modelo de escolha da marca demonstrou uma satisfatória capacidade de previsão, comparativamente aos modelos analisados na literatura. Implicações gerenciais incluem específicas decisões e ações de preço para as marcas, já que a natureza da decomposição das elasticidades-preço varia entre marcas.

Determinantes dos impactos sobre a estrutura de mercado brasileira das fusões e aquisições recentes

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o recente processo de fusões e a aquisições na economia brasileira, no tocante aos seus impactos sobre a concentração. Busca-se verificar correlações entre a natureza da operação e algumas variáveis econômicas referentes às empresas envolvidas. Através de dados dos relatórios de julgamento dos atos de concentração do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE) e dos pareceres econômicos formulados pela Secretaria de Acompanhamento Econômico do Ministério da Fazenda (SEAE), realiza-se um estudo econométrico através do modelo logit. A suposição é de que operações de natureza horizontal possuem efeitos prejudiciais maiores sobre a concentração de mercado do que as de natureza vertical e/ou conglomerado. O resultado obtido mostra que a desnacionalização de empresas e as operações ocorridas em alguns setores aumentam a concentração, enquanto que nas operações de abrangência mundial este efeito é menor.

Desesperança de vida: homicídio em Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo: 1981 a 1997

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o comportamento da taxa de homicídio na população masculina e sua relação com variáveis econômicas nos estados de Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo entre 1981 e 1997. Nossa abordagem se diferencia do tratamento usual da literatura pela construção de taxas de homicídio específicas para cada idade entre 15 e 40 anos. As variáveis econômicas apresentam coeficientes significativamente diferente de zero para a população entre 15 e 19 anos. Como esperado, um aumento do salário real e uma queda da desigualdade reduzem a taxa de homicídio. Surpreendentemente, uma queda do desemprego parece aumentar a taxa de homicídio. A maior parte dos coeficientes, porém, converge para zero com o aumento da idade, tornando-se não significativos a partir dos 20 anos. Além disso, identificamos a existência de inércia nas taxas de homicídio: gerações com maior taxa de homicídio quando jovem tendem a apresentar maiores taxas de homicídio durante todo o restante do seu ciclo de vida. Dessa forma, se as variáveis econômicas induzem uma alta taxa de homicídio entre os jovens em determinado ano, essa taxa tende a permanecer elevada para a geração durante seu ciclo de vida independente do comportamento posterior da economia. Utilizamos, nessa análise, uma reformulação do tradicional modelo Logit que incorpora a variável dependente defasada.

Does humor work in advertising of pharmaceutical products?

This thesis aims to evaluate whether humorous television commercials (TVCs) work for non-prescription drugs, known as “over-the-counter” (OTC). The construct humor in advertising is controversial since it involves complex and broad typology, and depends on the audience characteristics. Several studies within different product categories indicated that some consumer goods are better suited for humorous TVCs, while others, such as OTC drugs, may not take advantage from it. Paradoxically, drug announcers spend billions of dollars worldwide in humorous OTC ads. An experiment with real consumers was designed as between-and-within-subjects, to test three hypotheses. Sixty women were exposed to pairs of humorous and non-humorous TVCs, for each of the three drug categories (analgesics, vitamins, and laxatives). We used fictional brand names and real ads, and measured four dependant variables: attitude toward the advertising (AAD), attitude toward the brand (ABR), purchase intention (PI), and brand choice (BC), after subjects being exposed to manipulations of two independent variables: humorous vs. non-humorous TV commercials, for the drug categories. Conditional logit model confirmed that humor does not help to persuade respondents, whose choices, attitudes, and purchase intention were less favorable with humorous TVCs, in comparison to non-humorous executions. Future research is presented regarding marketing for pharmaceutical products.

"Desesperança de vida: homicídio em Minas Gerais , Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo: 1981 a 1997"

This paper studies the male homicide rate and its relation to economic variables in the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro between 1981 and 1997. The novelty of our approach is the construction of homicide rates specific for each age between 15 and 40 years old. The economic variables' coefficients are significant1y different from zero for the population between 15 and 19 years old. As expected, an increase in real wage and a decrease in inequality reduce the rate of homicide. Surprisingly, a decrease in the unemployment rate seems to increase the rate ofhomicide. Most coefficients, however, converge to zero as a generation gets older, becoming non-significant for the population aged 20 years old or more. We also identify an inertia component in the homicide rate: generations with higher homicide rates when young also tend to have higher homicide rates over the remain of their life cycle. Therefore, if economic variables induce a high rate of homicide among young people in a certain year, this high rate tend to persist over the generation life cycle independent1y of the economy later behavior. Regressions are performed using a reformulation of the standard Logit model that incorporates a lagged dependent variable.

Work, study, both or neither? time allocation of Brazilian teenagers

Labor force participation among youth is extremely high in Brazil when compared to countries with a similar economic background. In Argentina and Chile labor force participation, among those with 10 to 14 years old, is around 1% while in Brazil this rate is as high as 17 %. For the those between 15 and 19 years old these figures are around 10% in Chile, 15% in Argentina and 53% in Brazil. On the other hand the data on school attendance give a more optimistic picture. The percentage of children, between 10 and 14 years old, enrolled in school increased steadily from 79% to 95% from 1981 to 1998 and with age between 15 and 19, from 46% to 66% in the same period. These figures are close to the ones presented by Chile and Argentina. around 99% among the youngest group and around 70% for the 15 to 19 years old group. The objective of the paper is to understand the determinants of the time allocation decision of the Brazilian youth during the last twenty years. Using a multinomial logit regression we investigate the conditional effect of various micro and macro variables on the time allocation decision for the 1991 to 1998 period. Our main findings are: working and studying became the most likely allocation among the youngest in the poor rural areas and, in general, to study, whether working or not, became less dependent on family background for the youngest group but not for the older.