987 resultados para modèle de Cox


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Le modèle développé à l'Institut universitaire dedecine sociale et préventive de Lausanne utilise un programme informatique pour simuler les mouvements d'entrées et de sorties des hôpitaux de soins généraux. Cette simulation se fonde sur les données récoltées de routine dans les hôpitaux; elle tient notamment compte de certaines variations journalières et saisonnières, du nombre d'entrées, ainsi que du "Case-Mix" de l'hôpital, c'est-à-dire de la répartition des cas selon les groupes cliniques et l'âge des patients.

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and specific inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, are therapeutic groups widely used for the treatment of pain, inflammation and fever. There is growing experimental and clinical evidence indicating NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors also have anti-cancer activity. Epidemiological studies have shown that regular use of Aspirin and other NSAIDs reduces the risk of developing cancer, in particular of the colon. Molecular pathology studies have revealed that COX-2 is expressed by cancer cells and cells of the tumor stroma during tumor progression and in response to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Experimental studies have demonstrated that COX-2 over expression promotes tumorigenesis, and that NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors suppress tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Clinical trials have shown that NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors suppress colon polyp formation and malignant progression in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome. Recent advances in the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer effects of NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors have demonstrated that these drugs target both tumor cells and the tumor vasculature. The therapeutic benefits of COX-2 inhibitors in the treatment of human cancer in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy are currently being tested in clinical trials. In this article we will review recent advances in the understanding of the anti-tumor mechanisms of these drugs and discuss their potential application in clinical oncology.

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The state of Vaud model of the pre-hospital chain of survival is an example of an efficient way to deal with pre-hospital emergencies. It revolves around a centrally located dispatch center managing emergencies according to specific key words, allowing dispatchers to send out resources among which we find general practitioners, ambulances, physician staffed fast response cars or physician staffed helicopters and specific equipment. The Vaud pre-hospital chain of survival has been tailored according to geographical, demographical and political necessities. It undergoes constant reassessment and needs continuous adaptations to the ever changing demographics and epidemiology of pre-hospital medicine.

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Il est admis que l'endocardite infectieuse devrait faire l'objet d'une prophylaxie antibiotique du fait d'une morbidité et d'une mortalité non négligeables. Le choix de cette prophylaxie repose sur l'identification (i) des patients à risque, (ii) des interventions médico-chirurgicales pouvant provoquer une bactériémie, (iii) du régime prophylactique le plus efficace et (iv) du rapport entre le risque des effets secondaires des médicaments et celui de développer une endocardite infectieuse. Les patients à risque et les interventions médico-chirurgicales provoquant une bactériémie ont été identifiés par des études cliniques. En revanche, l'efficacité de la prophylaxie n'est fondée que sur les résultats de modèles animaux. L'expérimentation animale a contribué à une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes de pathogenèse de l'endocardite infectieuse. Elle a permis de comprendre le mode d'action des antibiotiques dans la prévention des endocardites infectieuses et de jeter les bases d'une antibioprophylaxie raisonnée et adaptée aux différents patients à risque. It is commonly agreed that infectious endocarditis should be handled by antibiotic prophylaxis whenever possible because of its significant morbidity and mortality rate. The choice of the type of prophylaxis depends on the identification (i) of the patients with risk factors (ii), of medico surgical procedures possibly causing bacteremia (iii), of the most efficient prophylactic program and (iv) of the balance between secondary effects of medication and the risk of developing infectious endocarditis. The patients with risk factors and the medico surgical procedures causing bacteremia have been clearly identified by clinical research, whereas efficiency of prophylaxis is only established on the results of animal models. Animal experimentation contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis of infectious endocarditis. It made it possible to understand the functioning of antibiotics in the topic of the prevention of infectious endocarditis and to settle the basis of a judicious antibiotic prophylaxis adapted to the various patients with risk factors.

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Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels, is a key step in tumor growth, invasion and metastasis formation. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis is considered as an attractive approach to suppress cancer progression and spreading. Adhesion receptors of the integrin family promote tumor angiogenesis by mediating cell migration, proliferation and survival of angiogenic endothelial cells. Integrins up regulated and highly expressed on neovascular endothelial cells, such as alphaVbeta3 and alpha5beta1, have been considered as relevant targets for anti-angiogenic therapies. Small molecular integrin antagonists or blocking antibodies suppress angiogenesis and tumor progression in many animal models, and some of them are currently being tested in cancer clinical trials as anti-angiogenic agents. COX-2 inhibitors exert anti-cancer effects, at least in part, by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. We have recently shown that COX-2 inhibitors suppress endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis by preventing alphaVbeta3-mediated and cAMP/PKA-dependent activation of the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42. Here we will review the evidence for the involvement of vascular integrins in mediating angiogenesis and the role of COX-2 metabolites in modulating the cAMP/Protein Kinase A pathway and alphaVbeta3-dependent Rac activation in endothelial cells.

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Children psychological abuse is difficult to identify. However, its consequences on child development can be as serious as physical and sexual abuses. It is therefore essential, to implement in our hospitals, structures whose missions are successively to detect victims, evaluate them on somatic and psychological levels, and elaborate a therapy. We propose a model for the achievement of these objectives through collaboration between the Medical Unit of Violence, the Pediatric CAN Team and the Unit of Les Boréales.

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Le football féminin est perçu comme un des principaux leviers de développement pour les fédérations sportives nationales et pour l'UEFA que ce soit en termes d'atteinte de nouveaux publics, de marketing et aujourd'hui de valeurs (synonyme d'un football plus « responsable »). Cette proximité entraîne des synergies que nous avons étudiées à partir d'un cadre d'analyse construit de manière ad hoc. Ce cadre s'appuie sur une approche par les stratégies d'acteurs en fonction du contexte national et local et de six domaines du fonctionnement interne des deux sections, masculine et féminine. La collecte des données s'est effectuée dans 14 grands clubs européens mixtes de neuf pays européens disposant de cultures très différentes en matière de football féminin. L'analyse des données permet d'observer trois types de modèles : totalement intégré, globalement intégré et partiellement intégré. Les résultats sont discutés aux regards des théories des ressources et des compétences stratégiques de la responsabilité sociale des organisations. Il est alors possible de poser des hypothèses de logiques de fonctionnement de ces clubs mixtes allant d'un continuum entre recherche de légitimation et exploitation d'un nouveau modèle stratégique et économique.