The ability of HIV type 1 to use CCR-3 as a coreceptor is controlled by envelope V1/V2 sequences acting in conjunction with a CCR-5 tropic V3 loop

Although infection by primary HIV type 1 (HIV-1) isolates normally requires the functional interaction of the viral envelope protein with both CD4 and the CCR-5 coreceptor, a subset of such isolates also are able to use the distinct CCR-3 receptor. By analyzing the ability of a series of wild-type and chimeric HIV-1 envelope proteins to mediate CCR-3-dependent infection, we have determined that CCR-3 tropism maps to the V1 and V2 variable region of envelope. Although substitution of the V1/V2 region of a CCR-3 tropic envelope into the context of a CCR-5 tropic envelope is both necessary and sufficient to confer CCR-3 tropism, this same substitution has no phenotypic effect when inserted into a CXCR-4 tropic HIV-1 envelope context. However, this latter chimera acquires both CCR-3 and CCR-5 tropism when a CCR-5 tropic V3 loop sequence also is introduced. These data demonstrate that the V1/2 region of envelope can, like the V3 loop region, encode a particular coreceptor requirement and suggest that a functional envelope:CCR-3 interaction may depend on the cooperative interaction of CCR-3 with both the V1/V2 and the V3 region of envelope.

How to Use Cooperative Learning for Assessing Students’ Emotional Competences: A Practical Example at the Tertiary Level

Cooperative learning allows students acquisition of competences that are essential for the labour market such as leadership, critical thinking, communication, and so on. For this reason, different cooperative activities were designed in a language subject in English Studies so that students could work in groups and acquire those competences. This article describes some such activities and the emotional competences that students acquire with them. Moreover, a survey was conducted in order to establish students’ opinions about the main competences they acquired with the activities designed and their opinion about a cooperative methodology. Students’ answers were positive and they were aware of what they had learned.

How to use WinEdt 5 as an interface for TDA

The text editor WinEdt 5 may be easily configured to provide a user interface for TDA. The configuration described below allows you to launch TDA command files directly from within WinEdt (via menu or shortcut). TDA's standard output will be written to disk and displayed in WinEdt automatically. Furthermore, you may also just execute selected parts of a command file.

Perceived importance of zones surrounding a vehicle and learning to use a convex mirror effectively. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Red-lead and how to use it in paint /

One plate consists of mounted colored samples with descriptive letterpress.

A new road to independence; poultry raising the Arndt new era way; definite plans are set forth showing how to use the complete system of rearing poultry for profit ...

Mode of access: Internet.

The Buckeye hive : why it is much the best hive for many beekeepers to use, and how to manipulate the bees in it.

Mode of access: Internet.

The slide-rule, and how to use it: containing full, easy, and simple instructions to perform all business calculations with unexampled rapidity and accuracy.

Mode of access: Internet.

Honey; how to use it,

Mode of access: Internet.

Welfare reform : few states are likely to use the simplified food stamp program : report to the Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Children and Families, Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, U.S. Senate /

"B-281593"--P. 1.

How to use your VHF marine radio : FCC rules for recreational boaters /

Mode of access: Internet.