Chemical recycling of municipal packaging waste by pyrolysis

[EN]The present doctoral thesis centers on studying pyrolysis as a chemical recycling technique for rejected packaging waste fractions coming from separation and sorting plants. The pyrolysis experiments have been carried out in a lab-scale installation equipped with a 3.5 L semi-batch reactor and a condensation and collection system for the liquids and gases generated. In the present thesis, an experimental study on the conventional pyrolysis process applied to the aforementioned waste fractions has been conducted, as well as the study of non-conventional or advanced pyrolysis processes such as catalytic and stepwise pyrolysis. The study of the operating parameters has been carried out using a mixed plastics simulated sample, the composition of which is similar to that found in real fractions, and subsequently the optimized process has been applied to real packaging waste. An exhaustive characterization of the solids, liquids and gases obtained in the process has been made after each experiment and their potential uses have been established. Finally, an empirical model that will predict the pyrolysis yields (% organic liquid, % aqueous liquid, % gases, % char, % inorganic solid) as a function of the composition of the initial sample has been developed. As a result of the experimental work done, the requirements have been established for an industrial packaging waste pyrolysis plant that aims to be sufficiently versatile as to generate useful products regardless of the nature of the raw material.

Tracking the evolution of waste recycling research using overlay maps of science

Tracking the evolution of research in waste recycling science (WRS) can be valuable for environmental agencies, as well as for recycling businesses. Maps of science are visual, easily readable representations of the cognitive structure of a branch of science, a particular area of research or the global spectrum of scientific production. They are generally built upon evidence collected from reliable sources of information, such as patent and scientific publication databases. This study uses the methodology developed by Rafols et al. (2010) to make a “double overlay map” of WRS upon a basemap reflecting the cognitive structure of all journal-published science, for the years 2005 and 2010. The analysis has taken into account the cognitive areas where WRS articles are published and the areas from where it takes its intellectual nourishing, paying special attention to the growing trends of the key areas. Interpretation of results lead to the conclusion that extraction of energy from waste will probably be an important research topic in the future, along with developments in general chemistry and chemical engineering oriented to the recovery of valuable materials from waste. Agricultural and material sciences, together with the combined economics, politics and geography field, are areas with which WRS shows a relevant and ever increasing cognitive relationship.

Evaluating the role of energy efficiency labels in the prices of household appliances: the case of refrigerators

4 p.

The use of “Bonus-Malus” schemes for promoting energy-efficient household appliances: a case study for Spain

32 p.

Plan de Marketing de una PYME: Beotibar Recycling, S.L.

A la hora de entender y analizar lo que está pasando en su empresa, son muchas las dudas que les surgen a los directivos de estas pequeñas y medianas empresas cuando se dan cuenta de que no han desarrollado una estrategia adecuada a sus negocios o por otro lado, no han utilizado ninguna. Para solucionar este problema, existen varias técnicas y estrategias de marketing que se pueden desarrollar. Una de ellas es la elaboración del plan de marketing, que permitirá identificar los medios necesarios para conseguir alcanzar los objetivos ligados al potencial de la empresa. Pero, ¿Para qué sirve exactamente un plan de marketing? Gracias a él se determinarán las necesidades reales del mercado o los clientes potenciales, se desarrollarán y lanzarán productos y servicios de manera ordenada, se establecerá a través de que canales se introducirán en el mercado y se podrá identificar mejor la manera de comunicar nuestra marca/productos/servicios al mercado. En este trabajo se realizará un plan de marketing en la práctica para “Beotibar Recycling S.L”, una empresa perteneciente al sector del reciclado del papel. Siguiendo el método analítico-sintético, el contenido del proyecto constará de un análisis previo del mercado y un diagnóstico de situación. Posteriormente, se marcaran unos objetivos y se implementaran unas estrategias y acciones a seguir, para finalmente organizar un plan de seguimiento y control de estas últimas.

Efficient diode-pumped Tm : YALO(3) laser with a pump recycling scheme

By using a pump recycling configuration, the maximum power of 8.1 W in the wavelength range 1.935-1.938 mu m is generated by a 5-mm long Tm:YAlO3 (4 at. %) laser operating at 18 degrees C with a pump power of 24 W. The highest slope efficiency of 42% is attained, and the pump quantum efficiency is up to 100%. The Tm:YAlO3 laser is employed as a pumping source of singly-doped Ho(l%):GdVO4 laser operating at room temperature, in which continuous wave output power of greater than 0.2 W at 2.05 mu m is achieved with a slope efficiency of 9%.

Diode-pumped Q-switched Tm:YAP laser with a pump recycling scheme

We reported on a diode end-pumped AO Q-switched Tm:YAP laser at 1937 nm. The average output power was 3.9 W, with a slope efficiency of 29.4% and optical-optical conversion efficiency of 21.6% at a 5-kHz repetition rate. The temperature dependency of the output power and the pulse width at different repetition rates were investigated in details.

Design and implementation of fishery modules in integrated household surveys in developing countries

Fish and other aquatic animals contribute to the food security of citizens of developing countries, both as a source of income and as a component of healthy diets, yet fishing is not currently captured in most integrated household surveys. This sourcebook provides essential technical guidance on the design of statistical modules and questionnaires aimed at collecting fishery data at the household level. Background on the main policies important to the fishery sector, information on the data needed to analyze issues of policy relevance, and methodology on the construction of survey questions to collect necessary data are also provided. The document is organized to provide essential technical guidance on how to design statistical modules and questionnaires aimed at collecting fishery data at the household level. It includes an overview of the main technical and statistical challenges related to sampling fishery-dependent households. The document starts with an introductory section identifying the potential reasons why fisheries and in particular small-scale fisheries have not been adequately included in national statistical systems in a large number of countries. The report then proposes a succinct review of what is known (and what remains unknown) about small-scale fisheries and their contribution to the livelihoods of households in sub-Saharan Africa. It also provides readers with background on the main policies that are important to the fishery sector, information on the data needed to analyze issues of policy relevance, and methodology on the construction of survey questions to collect necessary data.

The effects of aquaculture on farm household economy: a case study in Omon District, Cantho Province, Vietnam

A study of the farming systems in the Mekong River Delta (Vietnam) indicate that fish culture brings to the household a higher level of net farm income and family labor use. In general, adoption of fish culture is strongly affected by: (1) decline of wildfish; (2) location of the farm; (3) farm size per person and available water bodies within the farm; (4) income of farm, excluding income from fish; (5) guidance from agricultural extension workers; (6) policies of local government on the development of agriculture including aquaculture.

Socioeconomic factors that influence the adoption of small-scale rural fish farming at household level in Zimbabwe

The study compares the socioeconomic profile of fish and nonfish farming households in three different agroecological regions in Zimbabwe. Some of the direct socioeconomic factors that influence the adoption of small-scale fish farming in the areas are also identified.

Propriedades mecânicas e análise térmica de resíduos de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) reciclado

Atualmente grande parte dos resíduos descartados rotineiramente no Brasil é composta por material plástico como, por exemplo, o polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD), o qual é muito comum no lixo doméstico. Nesta Dissertação, embalagens de PEAD pós-consumo foram coletadas e moídas. Após processamento em extrusora, o material definido como PEAD reciclado (mistura de embalagens brancas, marfins e incolores) foi injetado e as propriedades mecânicas foram avaliadas e comparadas com uma amostra de PEAD comercial (HD7600U). A análise térmica através da calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), em conjunto com a análise estatística dos resultados experimentais, também foi conduzida. Em relação à resistência à tração, a diferença entre as amostras de PEAD reciclado e PEAD comercial foram tão pouco expressivas que, dentro das condições experimentais adotadas, se pode afirmar que o material reciclado é equivalente ao comercial.Por sua vez, os modelos cinéticos aplicados na análise térmica revelaram quea amostra de PEAD comercial demonstra um processo de nucleação e crescimento dos cristais mais homogêneo e simples, embora a energia de ativação seja consideravelmente maior do que o das demais amostras de PEAD.