Determinantes del consumo de energía eléctrica residencial de la Zona Metropolita de Monterrey Nuevo León en México

El objetivo del trabajo consiste en estudiar la evolución del consumo agregado de energía eléctrica residencial en la Zona Metropolitana de Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. Ello, debido a que dicha metrópoli ha experimentado niveles de consumo muy por encima de la media nacional. En este sentido, la idea principal consiste en cuantificar el impacto generado por el crecimiento de los usuarios, la sensibilidad del consumo ante variaciones en el precio del servicio y de un indicador nacional de la actividad económica como medida proxy del ingreso de la zona ante la ausencia de un indicador regional. Para ello, se estima una función de demanda al estilo Cobb-Douglas con series de tiempo de 1993 al 2010 en frecuencia mensual y el enfoque de cointegración de Engel-Granger. Las estimaciones realizadas nos indican que un incremento porcentual del número de hogares incrementa en 0.61 por ciento el consumo. De la misma forma, un incremento porcentual el ingreso incrementa en 0.88 por ciento el consumo. En tanto que incrementos en el precio del servicio reducen la demanda en 0.63 por ciento en el largo plazo.

Stock return comovements and integration within the Latin American integrated market

Financial integration has been pursued aggressively across the globe in the last fifty years; however, there is no conclusive evidence on the diversification gains (or losses) of such efforts. These gains (or losses) are related to the degree of comovements and synchronization among increasingly integrated global markets. We quantify the degree of comovements within the integrated Latin American market (MILA). We use dynamic correlation models to quantify comovements across securities as well as a direct integration measure. Our results show an increase in comovements when we look at the country indexes, however, the increase in the trend of correlation is previous to the institutional efforts to establish an integrated market in the region. On the other hand, when we look at sector indexes and an integration measure, we find a decreased in comovements among a representative sample of securities form the integrated market.

Componentes no observados de la inflación en Colombia.

Se utiliza el método de descomposición estructural de las series de tiempo para estimar, por la vía del filtro de Kalman, los componentes no observados de la inflación anual en Colombia en el período 1989.12 - 1998.8. La evidencia sugiere que, en un ambiente univariado, la inflación presenta un nivel estocástico y un ciclo que se repite, en promedio, cada 16 meses; en materia de pronósticos, el mejor desempeño del modelo estimado, se registra en períodos superiores a seis meses. En un ambiente bivariado, se encuentra que el crecimiento anual de M1 y la inflación comparten el mismo ciclo y que el crecimiento de dicho agregado monetario causa (Granger) la inflación. Se observa que los componentes de tendencia de ambas realizaciones tienen la mayor correlación cuando la tendencia de la inflación adelanta la tendencia del crecimiento de M1 en 18 meses, mientras que los componentes cíclicos de las dos series tienen la mayor correlación cuando el ciclo del crecimiento de M1 adelanta, también en 18 mese, al ciclo de la inflación. En estas ocasiones podría estar una de las causas de la dificultad que existe en Colombia para encontrar el “timing” entre inflación y el crecimiento de M1.

Persistencia en Series de Tiempo Macroeconómicas: ¿es esta una propiedad Invariable de los Modelos?

En este artículo se argumenta que la persistencia no es una característica invariable de una serie de tiempo, sino que depende del contexto en el cual la serie se utiliza: dado que los parámetros de cualquier modelo dinámico se definen en relación a un conjunto particular de información, cualquier cambio en el conjunto de variables condicionales puede afectar las estimaciones resultantes. Definimos persistencia de una variable como la tasa a la cual su función de autocorrelación converge a cero, y demostramos que la inferencia sobre la persistencia de una variable no varía en función de la adición de otras variables condicionales siempre y cuando éstas variables no sean Granger-causales sobre la variable de interés. Más aún, establecemos que la persistencia medida es una función del modelo elegido y que esto es más fundamental para sistemas inestables. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que, a menos que se impongan más restricciones derivadas de la teoría económica, temas como la efectividad de las políticas de estabilización no pueden ser resueltos empíricamente, y que por ende, el debate entre los teóricos keynesianos y RBC no puede cerrarse.

Independencia del Banco Central e inflación: el caso de Grecia.

Este artículo presenta la justificación de la Independencia del Banco Central (IBC) para el caso de Grecia. Para su desarrollo se utiliza un enfoque de series de tiempo y se emplean los últimos datos disponibles antes de la unión de Grecia a la UME. La hipótesis que se desarrolla afirma que la Independencia del Banco Central es importante para controlar la inflación. Se emplean dos índices que sirven como variables proxy para la IBC: LegalCBI y TOR. Nuestros resultados confirman una relación inversa entre la IBC y la inflación y presentamos evidencia que sugiere que la tasa de rotación en la gerencia del Banco Central es causante, en el sentido de Granger, de la tasa de inflación.

What planet are you from Clarice Bean?

Maneja el tema del medio ambiente. La maestra, la señora Wilberton, le asigna a Clarice un informe sobre El Medio Ambiente. Clarice tiene que trabajar en equipo con Robert Granger, que insiste en hacer el informe sobre qué puede caminar más rápido, un caracol o un gusano. Clarice protesta que esto no es importante, pero la maestra dice que los que llegan tarde a la escuela no pueden elegir trabajo. Mientras tanto, el hermano mayor de Clarice, Kurt, se ha enterado de que la ciudad tiene previsto talar un viejo árbol de su calle. De hecho, toda la familia, de Clarice desde el abuelo a sus padres, están disgustados por la tala del árbol. Al final, toda la familia termina de acampada en el árbol comiendo spaguettis para evitar que lo corten y Clarice hace su informe sobre la importancia de los árboles.

Is agriculture the engine of growth?

We seek to address formally the question raised by Gardner (2003) in his Elmhirst lecture as to the direction of causality between agricultural value added per worker and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. Using the Granger causality test in the panel data analyzed by Gardner for 85 countries, we find overwhelming evidence that supports the conclusion that agricultural value added is the causal variable in developing countries, while the direction of causality in developed countries is unclear. We also examine further the use of the Granger causality test in integrated data and provide evidence that the performance of the test can be increased in small samples through the use of the bootstrap.

Time series multistep-ahead predictability estimation and ranking

A predictability index was defined as the ratio of the variance of the optimal prediction to the variance of the original time series by Granger and Anderson (1976) and Bhansali (1989). A new simplified algorithm for estimating the predictability index is introduced and the new estimator is shown to be a simple and effective tool in applications of predictability ranking and as an aid in the preliminary analysis of time series. The relationship between the predictability index and the position of the poles and lag p of a time series which can be modelled as an AR(p) model are also investigated. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated using numerical examples including an application to stock prices.

Quantifying the response of the ORAC aerosol optical depth retrieval for MSG SEVIRI to aerosol model assumptions

We test the response of the Oxford-RAL Aerosol and Cloud (ORAC) retrieval algorithm for MSG SEVIRI to changes in the aerosol properties used in the dust aerosol model, using data from the Dust Outflow and Deposition to the Ocean (DODO) flight campaign in August 2006. We find that using the observed DODO free tropospheric aerosol size distribution and refractive index increases simulated top of the atmosphere radiance at 0.55 µm assuming a fixed erosol optical depth of 0.5 by 10–15 %, reaching a maximum difference at low solar zenith angles. We test the sensitivity of the retrieval to the vertical distribution f the aerosol and find that this is unimportant in determining simulated radiance at 0.55 µm. We also test the ability of the ORAC retrieval when used to produce the GlobAerosol dataset to correctly identify continental aerosol outflow from the African continent and we find that it poorly constrains aerosol speciation. We develop spatially and temporally resolved prior distributions of aerosols to inform the retrieval which incorporates five aerosol models: desert dust, maritime, biomass burning, urban and continental. We use a Saharan Dust Index and the GEOS-Chem chemistry transport model to describe dust and biomass burning aerosol outflow, and compare AOD using our speciation against the GlobAerosol retrieval during January and July 2006. We find AOD discrepancies of 0.2–1 over regions of intense biomass burning outflow, where AOD from our aerosol speciation and GlobAerosol speciation can differ by as much as 50 - 70 %.

Rational expectations? Developer behaviour and development cycles in the central London office market

Purpose – Expectations of future market conditions are acknowledged to be crucial for the development decision and hence for shaping the built environment. The purpose of this paper is to study the central London office market from 1987 to 2009 and test for evidence of rational, adaptive and naive expectations. Design/methodology/approach – Two parallel approaches are applied to test for either rational or adaptive/naive expectations: vector auto-regressive (VAR) approach with Granger causality tests and recursive OLS regression with one-step forecasts. Findings – Applying VAR models and a recursive OLS regression with one-step forecasts, the authors do not find evidence of adaptive and naïve expectations of developers. Although the magnitude of the errors and the length of time lags between market signal and construction starts vary over time and development cycles, the results confirm that developer decisions are explained, to a large extent, by contemporaneous and historic conditions in both the City and the West End, but this is more likely to stem from the lengthy design, financing and planning permission processes rather than adaptive or naive expectations. Research limitations/implications – More generally, the results of this study suggest that real estate cycles are largely generated endogenously rather than being the result of large demand shocks and/or irrational behaviour. Practical implications – Developers may be able to generate excess profits by exploiting market inefficiencies but this may be hindered in practice by the long periods necessary for planning and construction of the asset. Originality/value – This paper focuses the scholarly debate of real estate cycles on the role of expectations. It is also one of very few spatially disaggregate studies of the subject matter.

Dispersal of soil-dwelling clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae in mixed plant communities

Insect pests that have a root-feeding larval stage often cause the most sustained damage to plants because their attrition remains largely unseen, preventing early diagnosis and treatment. Characterising movement and dispersal patterns of subterranean insects is inherently difficult due to the difficulty in observing their behaviour. Our understanding of dispersal and movement patterns of soil-dwelling insects is therefore limited compared to above ground insect pests and tends to focus on vertical movements within the soil profile or assessments of coarse movement patterns taken from soil core measurements in the field. The objective of this study was to assess how the dispersal behaviour of the clover root weevil (CRW), Sitona lepidus larvae was affected by differing proportions of host (clover) and non-host (grass) plants under different soil water contents (SWC). This was undertaken in experimental mini-swards that allowed us to control plant community structure and soil water content. CRW larval survival was not affected either by white clover content or planting pattern or SWC in either experiment; however, lower clover composition in the sward resulted in CRW larvae dispersing further from where they hatched. Because survival was the same regardless of clover density, the proportion of infested plants was highest in sward boxes with the fewest clover plants (i.e. the low host plant density). Thus, there is potential for clover plants over a larger area to be colonised when the clover content of the sward is low.

Linkages between property asset returns and interest rates: evidence for the UK

This paper considers the effect of short- and long-term interest rates, and interest rate spreads upon real estate index returns in the UK. Using Johansen's vector autoregressive framework, it is found that the real estate index cointegrates with the term spread, but not with the short or long rates themselves. Granger causality tests indicate that movements in short term interest rates and the spread cause movements in the returns series. However, decomposition of the forecast error variances from VAR models indicate that changes in these variables can only explain a small proportion of the overall variability of the returns, and that the effect has fully worked through after two months. The results suggest that these financial variables could potentially be used as leading indicators for real estate markets, with corresponding implications for return predictability.

Does orthogonalization really purge equity based property valuations of their general stock market influences?

This paper uses a recently developed nonlinear Granger causality test to determine whether linear orthogonalization really does remove general stock market influences on real estate returns to leave pure industry effects in the latter. The results suggest that there is no nonlinear relationship between the US equity-based property index returns and returns on a general stock market index, although there is evidence of nonlinear causality for the corresponding UK series.