993 resultados para heat island


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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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This study aims to examine the thermal structure of the urban climate based on the interpretation of the satellite Landsat 7 (thermal channel) and measures for the area. It identifies how the production of urban climate develops based on an analysis of the structure of space forms and characteristics of land use and constructive materials in the generation of heat islands and their implications in environmental comfort in a tropical climate medium size city at Brazil. To check intra-urban air temperature, measures were carried out in mobile transects in the North-South and East-West routes. Thermal Channel data of Landsat-7, were converted to surface values. The results showed that the pattern of urbanization and characteristics of land use are responsible for the distribution of temperature generating heat islands in downtown and popular densely built neighborhoods. In those cases the highest indexes of social segregation added to higher temperature also provokes elevation in the number of illnesses and morbidity cases, mostly of respiratory diseases.

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This study is aimed to analyze the thermal comfort in different areas in the city of São Paulo. Two different areas were selected, a densely built (Consolação district) and the other was Fontes do Ipiranga State Park (FISP), an area with only a few buildings and reduced impermeability. A micro-climatic ENVImet was used to simulate the interaction surface-atmosphere in the urban environment. The model resolution is between 0.5 and 10m. This model was developed by Bruse and Fleer (1998) and Bruse (2004). Through the thermal comfort index PMV (predicted mean vote) and MRT (mean radiant temperature) provided by the model, it revealed that the State Park displays PMV values close to comfortable compared to the other studied area. The analysis of thermal comfort index and the Wind flow showed the influence of high buildings in the local climatic environment.

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Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

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Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

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No presente trabalho foram avaliados alguns elementos micrometeorológicos e o conforto térmico na cidade de Belém, juntamente com uma análise das questões da segregação social deste espaço urbano, contribuindo com as pesquisas de climatologia urbana em regiões tropicais que possuem uma especificidade climática, com um forte efeito da sazonalidade durante o ano. Foram empregados na pesquisa informações micrometeorológicas obtidas através de estações meteorológicas e microloggers distribuídos pela cidade, questionários, informações de cobertura do solo oriundas de imagens de satélite e as tipologias sociais por meio de levantamento bibliográfico. As informações quantitativas foram analisadas através de interpolações e correlações numéricas e relacionadas de forma qualitativa às informações adquiridas em campo. Os resultados mostraram que as áreas menos confortáveis termicamente foram as que possuíam menor cobertura vegetal e maior quantidade de áreas edificadas e pavimentadas, enquanto que as áreas mais confortáveis foram as que apresentaram características contrárias a anterior. Não foi detectada a existência de um padrão bem definido entre as tipologias socioespaciais das habitações com as condições de conforto. Foi encontrada uma ilha de calor de baixa intensidade sobre a cidade, assim como uma forte sazonalidade da precipitação pluvial, da temperatura do ar e da umidade relativa do ar. Na cidade de Belém, grande parte do período diurno foi desconfortável termicamente, e a intensidade desse desconforto variou de acordo com as características de uso e ocupação do solo urbano.

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Utilizando dados observacionais de precipitação e temperatura do ar para o período de 1967 a 2008, do qual se elaborou a climatologia destas variáveis, e analisando as condições atmosféricas influenciadas pelo fenômeno ENOS, pretende-se identificar, caracterizar e analisar os efeitos térmicos espaciais na cidade de Belém-PA, a partir de dados meteorológicos de superfície e de imagens do sensor MODIS, o qual está disposto sobre a plataforma do satélite Aqua. Observou-se que, a média da precipitação anual foi de 2978,6 mm/ano, e que apresenta tendência de aumento ao longo dos anos, comportamento semelhante observou-se para a temperatura do ar. Em geral, os resultados mostram dois núcleos de maiores intensidade de temperaturas da superfície, um na cidade de Belém e outro na cidade vizinha, Ananindeua. Estes variam espacialmente e temporalmente de intensidade. Durante eventos de La Niña, o núcleo da ilha de calor fica localizado em bairros mais próximos a baía do Guajará, enquanto que durante eventos de El Niño estes bairros apresentam temperaturas mais amenas do que os bairros mais afastados dos corpos hídricos. Observou-se ainda que, a amplitude térmica da temperatura superficial entre áreas urbana e rural variam bastante, com a maior variação de 30,8°C e a menor de 16,8°C. Neste sentido, as maiores temperaturas da superfície foram observadas nos bairros com baixo NDVI, conseqüência de uma urbanização mais densa. As superfícies urbanas e as superfícies vegetadas apresentam relações de causa e efeito muito próximas, principalmente, durante o período menos chuvoso, isto pode ser percebido pela correlação que apresenta valor acima de 50%. Este estudo apresenta resultados que auxiliam no melhor entendimento do comportamento e dos efeitos térmicos espaciais e temporais na cidade de Belém, pois o uso de imagens do satélite é de fundamental importância para a identificação e caracterização das condições ambientais climáticas e ilhas de calor urbanas.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV

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The intensive development in the urbanization process implied a series of economic, social, and gradually, environmental transformations, essentially, since its intensification, which took place from the Industrial Revolution in Europe and North America. In Latin American countries, including Brazil, there was such acceleration in urban sprawl, only in the middle of the twentieth century, fomented by a peculiar industrialization, coming from the scientific-technical revolution, which occurred in developing countries. In this context, and with a lack of planning and an effective organization, cities of the dependent countries face an inordinate population growth and an unprecedented industrial swelling. Brazil, following this trend, presents several issues regarding the gaps in the provision of necessary infrastructure to meet the most basic needs of its population and the intense activity and anthropogenic effects on the environment. In this sense, environmental problems, related to air and water pollution, degradation and contamination of soil, paving roads, reduction of green areas, urban heat island, among others, reaching ever deeper into the Brazilian urban areas. It is important the analysis in this final project, the weather events related to episodes of strong winds and the events and the impacts to the population of Rio Claro (SP) in the period 2005 to 2010, basing themselves in Geographical Climatology and Urban climate studies. In this scenario, we found the prevalence of occurrences linked to falling trees in the study area, connected, at the same time, to the occurrence and to the absence of episodes of extreme events, with measurements of strong winds, showing a connection between the events and external facts to episodes of winds

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This research aimed to analyze the spatial area for the design of the Heat Island of Subprefecture Sé, in São Paulo-SP, with the support of geotecnology and based on the study of environmental perception. We used remote sensing products such as maps ofland use and soil temperature and apparent surface to evaluate the thermal conditions considered critical points in the central area of the municipality. The methodology used was qualitative analysis, based on interviews with the people, allowing rescue geoecology the conditioning aspects of the city, with an emphasis on environmental perception. This study aimed toanalyze the perception of the variation of the thermal field in São Paulo. The results indicated that (95%) of respondents feel that the temperature of the central area has increased each year, and the district that stood out was the Sé, due to intense use and occupation of land and contribute one of the largest shopping centers. Districts with points given for having better thermal comfort were Santa Cecília, the República and Bela Vista, due to their larger amount of green areas by fiscal court, which act as local refrigerators. It was found that the respondents have the perception and awareness of their spa directly related to the quality of life. Through analysis of several variables involved, proposals and strategies may support public policies and urban planning

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Air pollution is an environmental issue worldwide and frequently cause negative effects on population health and ecosystems on cities. The relationship between climate and atmospheric pollution can be used as a surrogate to the intensity of air pollution. The present and quantity of some gases can be used as indicators to air quality: particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Among those gases, CO has its major source within the cities, where automobiles are the main emitter. But measure pollutant concentration are challenging, sometimes because the lack of good equipments due to high costs and of the large variability of models that varies in precision, way of measure and distribution of sellers. Modeling are useful when there are an intend to evaluate air pollution, its sources and evaluate scenarios. This work aims to use CAL3QHCR model developed by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to generate predictive surfaces of CO concentration distribution on a site within Campinas city, located in São Paulo state, Brazil. CAL3QHCR model use data urban automobile circulation to generate spatial results for CO distribution. We observed that the pollution concentration was lower on our modeling than the concentrations measured by Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), the main environmental company on the São Paulo state. Also the correlation between average estimates of our model and the measure by CETESB was weak, indicating that the model used on this study need to be or better parameterized, or the scale we measured of CO emissions need to be rescaled. Although the model failed to correlate to CETESB data, maybe one that explore the estimated emissions distributed within the sites to understand spatial distributions of CO on the regions. Also, the generated information can also be used to other studies, and come to be useful to explain heat island

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Guided by the concepts of bioclimatic architecture and wide range of benefits , the green roof stands out as one of the ecological techniques indicated to minimize weather disturbances arising from urbanization. However, little is known what are the reasons that are preventing its spread between the construction methods. To try to understand this unfavorable scenario , we collected technical , historical and urban information of São José dos Campos, where we attempted to analyze the potential of green roof as a tool against the negative effects of heat island