Hydrogen-permeation characteristics of a SrCeO3-based ceramic separation membrane:Thermal, ageing and surface-modification effects

Dense ceramics with mixed protonic-electronic conductivity are of considerable interest for the separation and purification of hydrogen and as electrochemical reactors. In this work, the hydrogen permeability of a Sr_0.97Ce_0.9Yb_0.1O_{3 - δ} (SCYb) membrane with a porous Pt catalytic layer on the hydrogen feed-exposed side has been studied over the temperature range 500-804 °C employing Ar as the permeate sweep gas. A SiO₂-B₂O₃-BaO-MgO-ZnO-based glass-ceramic sealant was successfully employed to seal the membrane to the dual-chamber reactor. After 14 h of exposure to 10% H₂:90% N₂ at 804 °C, the H₂ flux reached a maximum of 33 nmol cm^{- 2} s^{- 1}, over an order of magnitude higher than that obtained on membranes of similar thickness without surface modification. The permeation rate then decreased slowly and moderately on annealing at 804 °C over a further 130 h. Thereafter, the flux was both reproducible and stable on thermal cycling in the range 600-804 °C. The results indicate an important role of superficial activation processes in the flux rate and suggest that hydrogen fluxes can be further optimised in cerate-based perovskites. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In situ catalyst activity control in a novel membrane reactor-Reaction driven wireless electrochemical promotion of catalysis

A dual chamber membrane reactor was used in order to study the effect of macroscopically applied oxygen chemical potential differences to a platinum catalyst supported on a mixed oxygen ion and electronic conducting membrane. It is believed that the oxygen chemical potential difference imposed by the use of an oxygen sweep in one of the reactor chambers causes the back-spillover of oxygen species from the support onto the catalyst surface, resulting in the modification of the catalytic activity. The use of different sweep gases, such as ethylene and hydrogen was investigated as the means to reverse the rate modification by removing the spilt over species from the catalyst surface and returning the system to its initial state. Oxygen sweep in general had a positive effect on the reaction rate with rate increases up to 20% measured. Experimental results showed that hydrogen is a more potent sweep gas than ethylene in terms of the ability to reverse rate modification. A 10% rate loss was observed when using an ethylene sweep as compared with an almost 60% rate decrease when hydrogen was used as the sweep gas. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Remote control of the activity of a Pt catalyst supported on a mixed ionic electronic conducting membrane

A novel configuration for the in situ control of the catalytic activity of a polycrystalline Pt catalyst supported on a mixed ionic electronic conducting (MIEC) substrate is investigated. The modification of the catalytic activity is achieved by inducing the reverse spillover of oxygen promoting species from the support onto the catalyst surface, thus modifying the chemisorptive bond energy of the gas phase adsorbed reactants. This phenomenon is known as Electrochemical Promotion of Catalysis (EPOC). In this work we investigate the use of a wireless system that takes advantage of the mixed ionic electronic conductivity of the catalyst support (internally short-circuiting the system) in a dual chamber reactor. In this wireless configuration, the reaction takes place in one chamber of the membrane reactor while introduction of the promoting species is achieved by the use of an appropriate sweep gas (and therefore control of the oxygen chemical potential difference across the membrane) on the other chamber. Experimental results have shown that the catalytic rate can be enhanced by using an oxygen sweep, while a hydrogen sweep can reverse the changes. Total rate enhancement ratios of up to 3.5 were measured. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electrochemical promotion of catalysis controlled by chemical potential difference across a mixed ionic-electronic conducting ceramic membrane - An example of wireless NEMCA

A La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2F_0.8O₃ mixed ionic electronic conducting (MIEC) membrane was used in a dual chamber reactor for the promotion of the catalytic activity of a platinum catalyst for ethylene oxidation. By controlling the oxygen chemical potential difference across the membrane, a driving force for oxygen ions to migrate across the membrane and backspillover onto the catalyst surface is established. The reaction is then promoted by the formation of a double layer of oxide anions on the catalyst surface. Thelectronic conductivity of the membrane material eliminates the need for an external circuit to pump the promoting oxide ion species through the membrane and onto the catalyst surface. This renders this "wireless" system simpler and more amenable for large-scale practical application. Preliminary experiments show that the reaction rate of ethylene oxidation can indeed be promoted by almost one order of magnitude upon exposure to an oxygen atmosphere on the sweep side of the membrane reactor, and thus inducing an oxygen chemical potential difference across the membrane, as compared to the rate under an inert sweep gas. Moreover, the rate does not return to its initial unpromoted value upon cessation of the oxygen flow on the sweep side, but remains permanently promoted. A number of comparisons are drawn between the classical electrochemical promotion that utilises an external circuit and the "wireless" system that utilises chemical potential differences. In addition a 'surface oxygen capture' model is proposed to explain the permanent promotion of the catalyst activity. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

In situ modification of a Pt catalyst supported on a mixed ionic-electronic conducting membrane

The electrochemical promotion of a platinum catalyst for ethylene oxidation on a dual chamber membrane reactor was studied. The catalyst was supported on a La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2Fe_0.803 membrane. Due the supporting membrane's electronic conductivity it is possible to promote the reaction by controlling the oxygen chemical potential difference across the membrane. Upon establishment of an oxygen potential difference across the membrane, oxygen species can migrate and spillover onto the catalyst surface, modifying the catalytic activity. Initial experiments showed an overall promotion of approximately one order of magnitude of the reaction rate of ethylene, under an oxygen atmosphere on the sweep side of the membrane reactor, as compared with the rate under an inert sweep gas. The reaction rate can keep its promoted state even after the flow of oxygen on the sweep side was interrupted. This behavior caused further promotion with every experiment cycle. The causes of permanent promotion and on demonstrating controllable promotion of the catalytic activity are presented. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the AIChE Annual Meeting (San Francisco, CA 11/12-17/2006).

Improved process topology for membrane distillation

In membrane distillation in a conventional membrane module, the enthalpies of vaporisation and condensation are supplied and removed by changes in the temperatures of the feed and permeate streams, respectively. Less than 5% of the feed can be distilled in a single pass, because the potential changes in the enthalpies of the liquid streams are much smaller than the enthalpy of vaporisation. Furthermore, the driving force for mass transfer reduces as the feed stream temperature and vapour pressure fall during distillation. These restrictions can be avoided if the enthalpy of vaporisation is uncoupled from the heat capacities of the feed and permeate streams. A specified distillation can then be effected continuously in a single module. Calculations are presented which estimate the performance of a flat plate unit in which the enthalpy of distillation is supplied and removed by the condensing and boiling of thermal fluids in separate circuits, and the imposed temperature difference is independent of position. Because the mass flux through the membrane is dependent on vapour pressure, membrane distillation is suited to applications with a high membrane temperature. The maximum mass flux in the proposed module geometry is predicted to be 30 kg/m2 per h at atmospheric pressure when the membrane temperature is 65°C. Operation at higher membrane temperatures is predicted to raise the mass flux, for example to 85 kg/m2 per h at a membrane temperature of 100°C. This would require pressurisation to 20 bar to prevent boiling at the heating plate of the feed channel. Pre-pressurisation of the membrane pores and control of the dissolved gas concentrations in the feed and the recyled permeate should be investigated as a means to achieve high temperature membrane distillation without pore penetration and wetting.

Cloning and characterization of a zebrafish homologue of human AQP1: a bifunctional water and gas channel

Chen LM, Zhao J, Musa-Aziz R, Pelletier MF, Drummond IA, Boron WF. Cloning and characterization of a zebrafish homologue of human AQP1: a bifunctional water and gas channel. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 299: R1163-R1174, 2010. First published August 25, 2010; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00319.2010.-The mammalian aquaporins AQP1, AQP4, and AQP5 have been shown to function not only as water channels but also as gas channels. Zebrafish have two genes encoding an AQP1 homologue, aqp1a and aqp1b. In the present study, we cloned the cDNA that encodes the zebrafish protein Aqp1a from the 72-h postfertilization (hpf) embryo of Danio rerio, as well as from the swim bladder of the adult. The deduced amino-acid sequence of aqp1a consists of 260 amino acids and is 59% identical to human AQP1. By analyzing the genomic DNA sequence, we identified four exons in the aqp1a gene. By in situ hybridization, aqp1a is expressed transiently in the developing vasculature and in erythrocytes from 16 to 48 h of development. Later, at 72 hpf, aqp1a is expressed in dermal ionocytes and in the swim bladder. Western blot analysis of adult tissues reveals that Aqp1a is most highly expressed in the eye and swim bladder. Xenopus oocytes expressing aqp1a have a channel-dependent (*) osmotic water permeability (P(f)*) that is indistinguishable from that of human AQP1. On the basis of the magnitude of the transient change in surface pH (Delta pHS) that were recorded as the oocytes were exposed to either CO(2) or NH(3), we conclude that zebrafish Aqp1a is permeable to both CO(2) and NH(3). The ratio (Delta pHS*)CO2/P(f)* is about half that of human AQP1, and the ratio (Delta pHS*)NH3/P(f)* is about one-quarter that of human AQP1. Thus, compared with human AQP1, zebrafish Aqp1a has about twice the selectivity for CO(2) over NH(3).

Flow injection analysis of ethyl xanthate by gas diffusion and UV detection as CS(2) for process monitoring of sulfide ore flotation

A sensitive and robust analytical method for spectrophotometric determination of ethyl xanthate, CH(3)CH(2)OCS(2)(-) at trace concentrations in pulp solutions from froth flotation process is proposed. The analytical method is based on the decomposition of ethyl xanthate. EtX(-), with 2.0 mol L(-1) HCl generating ethanol and carbon disulfide. CS(2). A gas diffusion cell assures that only the volatile compounds diffuse through a PTFE membrane towards an acceptor stream of deionized water, thus avoiding the interferences of non-volatile compounds and suspended particles. The CS(2) is selectively detected by UV absorbance at 206 nm (epsilon = 65,000 L mol(-1) cm(-1)). The measured absorbance is directly proportional to EtX(-) concentration present in the sample solutions. The Beer`s law is obeyed in a 1 x 10(-6) to 2 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) concentration range of ethyl xanthate in the pulp with an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.999) and a detection limit of 3.1 x 10(-7) mol L(-1), corresponding to 38 mu g L. At flow rates of 200 mu L min(-1) of the donor stream and 100 mu L min(-1) of the acceptor channel a sampling rate of 15 injections per hour could be achieved with RSD < 2.3% (n = 10, 300 mu L injections of 1 x 10(-5) mol L(-1) EtX(-)). Two practical applications demonstrate the versatility of the FIA method: (i) evaluation the free EtX(-) concentration during a laboratory study of the EtX(-) adsorption capacity on pulverized sulfide ore (pyrite) and (ii) monitoring of EtX(-) at different stages (from starting load to washing effluents) of a flotation pilot plant processing a Cu-Zn sulfide ore. (C) 2010 Elsevier By. All rights reserved.

Potential oscillations in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with a Pd-Pt/C anode

We report in this paper the occurrence of potential oscillations in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with a Pd-Pt/C anode, fed with H(2)/100 ppm CO, and operated at 30 degrees C. We demonstrate that the use of Pd-Pt/C anode enables the emergence of dynamic instabilities in a PEMFC. Oscillations are characterized by the presence of very high oscillation amplitude, ca. 0.8 V. which is almost twice that observed in a PEMFC with a Pt-Ru/C anode under similar conditions. The effects of the H(2)/CO flow rate and cell current density on the oscillatory dynamics were investigated and the mechanism rationalized in terms of the CO oxidation and adsorption processes. We also discuss the fundamental aspects concerning the operation of a PEMFC under oscillatory regime in terms of the benefit resulting from the higher average power output. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ultraviolet-B and water stress effects on growth, gas exchange and oxidative stress in sunflower plants

The effects and interaction of drought and UV-B radiation were studied in sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L. var. Catissol-01), growing in a greenhouse under natural photoperiod conditions. The plants received approximately 1.7 W m(-2) (controls) or 8.6 W m(-2) (+UV-B) of UV-B radiation for 7 h per day. The UV-B and water stress treatments started 18 days after sowing. After a period of 12 days of stress, half of the water-stressed plants (including both UV-B irradiated or non-irradiated) were rehydrated. Both drought and UV-B radiation treatments resulted in lower shoot dry matter per plant, but there was no significant interaction between the two treatments. Water stress and UV-B radiation reduced photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration. However, the amplitude of the effects of both stressors was dependent on the interactions. This resulted in alleviation of the negative effect of drought on photosynthesis and transpiration by UV-B radiation as the water stress intensified. Intercelluar CO(2) concentration was initially reduced in all treatments compared to control plants but it increased with time. Photosynthetic pigments were not affected by UV-B radiation. Water stress reduced photosynthetic pigments only under high UV-B radiation. The decrease was more accentuated for chlorophyll a than for chlorophyll b. As a measure for the maximum efficiency of photosystem II in darkness F (v)/F (m) was used, which was not affected by drought stress but initially reduced by UV-B radiation. Independent of water supply, UV-B radiation increased the activity of pirogalol peroxidase and did not increase the level of malondialdehyde. on the other hand, water stress did not alter the activity of pirogalol peroxidase and caused membrane damage as assessed by lipid peroxidation. The application of UV-B radiation together with drought seemed to have a protective effect by lowering the intensity of lipid peroxidation caused by water stress. The content of proline was not affected by UV-B radiation but was increased by water stress under both low and high UV-B radiation. After 24 h of rehydration, most of the parameters analyzed recovered to the same level as the unstressed plants.

An electrochemical gas sensor based on paper supported room temperature ionic liquids

A sensitive and fast-responding membrane-free amperometric gas sensor is described, consisting of a small filter paper foil soaked with a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), upon which three electrodes are screen printed with carbon ink, using a suitable mask. It takes advantage of the high electrical conductivity and negligible vapour pressure of RTILs as well as their easy immobilization into a porous and inexpensive supporting material such as paper. Moreover, thanks to a careful control of the preparation procedure, a very close contact between the RTIL and electrode material can be achieved so as to allow gaseous analytes to undergo charge transfer just as soon as they reach the three-phase sites where the electrode material, paper supported RTIL and gas phase meet. Thus, the adverse effect on recorded currents of slow steps such as analyte diffusion and dissolution in a solvent is avoided. To evaluate the performance of this device, it was used as a wall-jet amperometric detector for flow injection analysis of 1-butanethiol vapours, adopted as the model gaseous analyte, present in headspace samples in equilibrium with aqueous solutions at controlled concentrations. With this purpose, the RTIL soaked paper electrochemical detector (RTIL-PED) was assembled by using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide as the wicking RTIL and printing the working electrode with carbon ink doped with cobalt(II) phthalocyanine, to profit from its ability to electrocatalyze thiol oxidation. The results obtained were quite satisfactory (detection limit: 0.5 mu M; dynamic range: 2-200 mu M, both referring to solution concentrations; correlation coefficient: 0.998; repeatability: +/- 7% RSD; long-term stability: 9%), thus suggesting the possible use of this device for manifold applications.

Movement of NH3 through the human urea transporter B: a new gas channel

Aquaporins and Rh proteins can function as gas (CO2 and NH3) channels. The present study explores the urea, H2O, CO2, and NH3 permeability of the human urea transporter B (UT-B) (SLC14A1), expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We monitored urea uptake using [14C]urea and measured osmotic water permeability (Pf) using video microscopy. To obtain a semiquantitative measure of gas permeability, we used microelectrodes to record the maximum transient change in surface pH (∆pHS) caused by exposing oocytes to 5% CO2/33 mM HCO3- (pHS increase) or 0.5 mM NH3/NH4+ (pHS decrease). UT-B expression increased oocyte permeability to urea by >20-fold, and Pf by 8-fold vs. H2O-injected control oocytes. UT-B expression had no effect on the CO2-induced ∆pHS but doubled the NH3-induced ∆pHS. Phloretin reduced UT-B-dependent urea uptake (Jurea * ) by 45%, Pf * by 50%, and (- ∆pHS * )NH3 by 70%. p-Chloromercuribenzene sulfonate reduced Jurea * by 25%, Pf * by 30%, and (∆pHS * )NH3 by 100%. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of membrane-embedded models of UT-B identified the monomeric UT-B pores as the main conduction pathway for both H2O and NH3 and characterized the energetics associated with permeation of these species through the channel. Mutating each of two conserved threonines lining the monomeric urea pores reduced H2O and NH3 permeability. Our data confirm that UT-B has significant H2O permeability and for the first time demonstrate significant NH3 permeability. Thus the UTs become the third family of gas channels. Inhibitor and mutagenesis studies and results of MD simulations suggest that NH3 and H2O pass through the three monomeric urea channels in UT-B.

Fenomeni di trasporto ed elettrostatici in membrane da Nanofiltrazione

Fenomeni di trasporto ed elettrostatici in membrane da Nanofiltrazione La capacità di predire le prestazioni delle membrane da nanofiltrazione è molto importante per il progetto e la gestione di processi di separazione a membrana. Tali prestazioni sono strettamente legate ai fenomeni di trasporto che regolano il moto dei soluti all’interno della matrice della membrana. Risulta, quindi, di rilevante importanza la conoscenza e lo studio di questi fenomeni; l’obiettivo finale è quello di mettere a punto modelli di trasporto appropriati che meglio descrivano il flusso dei soluti all’interno della membrana. A fianco dei modelli di trasporto ricopre, quindi, una importanza non secondaria la caratterizzazione dei parametri aggiustabili propri della membrana sulla quale si opera. La procedura di caratterizzazione di membrane deve chiarire le modalità di svolgimento delle prove sperimentali e le finalità che esse dovrebbero conseguire. Tuttavia, nonostante i miglioramenti concernenti la modellazione del trasporto di ioni in membrana ottenuti dalla ricerca negli ultimi anni, si è ancora lontani dall’avere a disposizione un modello univoco in grado di descrivere i fenomeni coinvolti in maniera chiara. Oltretutto, la palese incapacità del modello di non riuscire a prevedere gli andamenti sperimentali di reiezione nella gran parte dei casi relativi a miscele multicomponenti e le difficoltà legate alla convergenza numerica degli algoritmi risolutivi hanno fortemente limitato gli sviluppi del processo anche e soprattutto in termini applicativi. Non da ultimo, si avverte la necessità di poter prevedere ed interpretare l’andamento della carica di membrana al variare delle condizioni operative attraverso lo sviluppo di un modello matematico in grado di descrivere correttamente il meccanismo di formazione della carica. Nel caso di soluzioni elettrolitiche, infatti, è stato riconosciuto che la formazione della carica superficiale è tra i fattori che maggiormente caratterizzano le proprietà di separazione delle membrane. Essa gioca un ruolo importante nei processi di trasporto ed influenza la sua selettività nella separazione di molecole caricate; infatti la carica di membrana interagisce elettrostaticamente con gli ioni ed influenza l’efficienza di separazione degli stessi attraverso la partizione degli elettroliti dalla soluzione esterna all’interno dei pori del materiale. In sostanza, la carica delle membrane da NF è indotta dalle caratteristiche acide delle soluzioni elettrolitiche poste in contatto con la membrana stessa, nonché dal tipo e dalla concentrazione delle specie ioniche. Nello svolgimento di questo lavoro sono stati analizzati i principali fenomeni di trasporto ed elettrostatici coinvolti nel processo di nanofiltrazione, in particolare si è focalizzata l’attenzione sugli aspetti relativi alla loro modellazione matematica. La prima parte della tesi è dedicata con la presentazione del problema generale del trasporto di soluti all’interno di membrane da nanofiltrazione con riferimento alle equazioni alla base del modello DSP&DE, che rappresenta una razionalizzazione dei modelli esistenti sviluppati a partire dal modello DSPM, nel quale sono stati integrarti i fenomeni di esclusione dielettrica, per quanto riguarda la separazione di elettroliti nella filtrazione di soluzioni acquose in processi di Nanofiltrazione. Il modello DSP&DE, una volta definita la tipologia di elettroliti presenti nella soluzione alimentata e la loro concentrazione, viene completamente definito da tre parametri aggiustabili, strettamente riconducibili alle proprietà della singola membrana: il raggio medio dei pori all’interno della matrice, lo spessore effettivo e la densità di carica di membrana; in più può essere considerato un ulteriore parametro aggiustabile del modello il valore che la costante dielettrica del solvente assume quando confinato in pori di ridotte dimensioni. L’impostazione generale del modello DSP&DE, prevede la presentazione dei fenomeni di trasporto all’interno della membrana, descritti attraverso l’equazione di Nerst-Planck, e lo studio della ripartizione a ridosso dell’interfaccia membrana/soluzione esterna, che tiene in conto di diversi contributi: l’impedimento sterico, la non idealità della soluzione, l’effetto Donnan e l’esclusione dielettrica. Il capitolo si chiude con la presentazione di una procedura consigliata per la determinazione dei parametri aggiustabili del modello di trasporto. Il lavoro prosegue con una serie di applicazioni del modello a dati sperimentali ottenuti dalla caratterizzazione di membrane organiche CSM NE70 nel caso di soluzioni contenenti elettroliti. In particolare il modello viene applicato quale strumento atto ad ottenere informazioni utili per lo studio dei fenomeni coinvolti nel meccanismo di formazione della carica; dall’elaborazione dei dati sperimentali di reiezione in funzione del flusso è possibile ottenere dei valori di carica di membrana, assunta quale parametro aggiustabile del modello. che permettono di analizzare con affidabilità gli andamenti qualitativi ottenuti per la carica volumetrica di membrana al variare della concentrazione di sale nella corrente in alimentazione, del tipo di elettrolita studiato e del pH della soluzione. La seconda parte della tesi relativa allo studio ed alla modellazione del meccanismo di formazione della carica. Il punto di partenza di questo studio è rappresentato dai valori di carica ottenuti dall’elaborazione dei dati sperimentali di reiezione con il modello di trasporto, e tali valori verranno considerati quali valori “sperimentali” di riferimento con i quali confrontare i risultati ottenuti. Nella sezione di riferimento è contenuta la presentazione del modello teorico “adsorption-amphoteric” sviluppato al fine di descrivere ed interpretare i diversi comportamenti sperimentali ottenuti per la carica di membrana al variare delle condizioni operative. Nel modello la membrana è schematizzata come un insieme di siti attivi di due specie: il gruppo di siti idrofobici e quello de siti idrofilici, in grado di supportare le cariche derivanti da differenti meccanismi chimici e fisici. I principali fenomeni presi in considerazione nel determinare la carica volumetrica di membrana sono: i) la dissociazione acido/base dei siti idrofilici; ii) il site-binding dei contro-ioni sui siti idrofilici dissociati; iii) l’adsorbimento competitivo degli ioni in soluzione sui gruppi funzionali idrofobici. La struttura del modello è del tutto generale ed è in grado di mettere in evidenza quali sono i fenomeni rilevanti che intervengono nel determinare la carica di membrana; per questo motivo il modello permette di indagare il contributo di ciascun meccanismo considerato, in funzione delle condizioni operative. L’applicazione ai valori di carica disponibili per membrane Desal 5-DK nel caso di soluzioni contenenti singoli elettroliti, in particolare NaCl e CaCl2 permette di mettere in evidenza due aspetti fondamentali del modello: in primis la sua capacità di descrivere andamenti molto diversi tra loro per la carica di membrana facendo riferimento agli stessi tre semplici meccanismi, dall’altra parte permette di studiare l’effetto di ciascun meccanismo sull’andamento della carica totale di membrana e il suo peso relativo. Infine vengono verificate le previsioni ottenute con il modello dal suddetto studio attraverso il confronto con dati sperimentali di carica ottenuti dall’elaborazione dei dati sperimentali di reiezione disponibili per il caso di membrane CSM NE70. Tale confronto ha messo in evidenza le buone capacità previsionali del modello soprattutto nel caso di elettroliti non simmetrici quali CaCl2 e Na2SO4. In particolare nel caso un cui lo ione divalente rappresenta il contro-ione rispetto alla carica propria di membrana, la carica di membrana è caratterizzata da un andamento unimodale (contraddistinto da un estremante) con la concentrazione di sale in alimentazione. Il lavoro viene concluso con l’estensione del modello ADS-AMF al caso di soluzioni multicomponenti: è presentata una regola di mescolamento che permette di ottenere la carica per le soluzioni elettrolitiche multicomponenti a partire dai valori disponibili per i singoli ioni componenti la miscela.

Caratterizzazione di membrane metalliche e ionomeriche per applicazioni energetiche

The work of this thesis has been focused on the characterization of metallic membranes for the hydrogen purification from steam reforming process and also of perfluorosulphonic acid ionomeric (PFSI) membranes suitable as electrolytes in fuel cell applications. The experimental study of metallic membranes was divided in three sections: synthesis of palladium and silver palladium coatings on porous ceramic support via electroless deposition (ELD), solubility and diffusivity analysis of hydrogen in palladium based alloys (temperature range between 200 and 400 °C up to 12 bar of pressure) and permeation experiments of pure hydrogen and mixtures containing, besides hydrogen, also nitrogen and methane at high temperatures (up to 600 °C) and pressures (up to 10 bar). Sequential deposition of palladium and silver on to porous alumina tubes by ELD technique was carried out using two different procedures: a stirred batch and a continuous flux method. Pure palladium as well as Pd-Ag membranes were produced: the Pd-Ag membranes’ composition is calculated to be close to 77% Pd and 23% Ag by weight which was the target value that correspond to the best performance of the palladium-based alloys. One of the membranes produced showed an infinite selectivity through hydrogen and relatively high permeability value and is suitable for the potential use as a hydrogen separator. The hydrogen sorption in silver palladium alloys was carried out in a gravimetric system on films produced by ELD technique. In the temperature range inspected, up to 400°C, there is still a lack in literature. The experimental data were analyzed with rigorous equations allowing to calculate the enthalpy and entropy values of the Sieverts’ constant; the results were in very good agreement with the extrapolation made with literature data obtained a lower temperature (up to 150 °C). The information obtained in this study would be directly usable in the modeling of hydrogen permeation in Pd-based systems. Pure and mixed gas permeation tests were performed on Pd-based hydrogen selective membranes at operative conditions close to steam-reforming ones. Two membranes (one produced in this work and another produced by NGK Insulators Japan) showed a virtually infinite selectivity and good permeability. Mixture data revealed the existence of non negligible resistances to hydrogen transport in the gas phase. Even if the decrease of the driving force due to polarization concentration phenomena occurs, in principle, in all membrane-based separation systems endowed with high perm-selectivity, an extensive experimental analysis lack, at the moment, in the palladium-based membrane process in literature. Moreover a new procedure has been introduced for the proper comparison of the mass transport resistance in the gas phase and in the membrane. Another object of study was the water vapor sorption and permeation in PFSI membranes with short and long side chains was also studied; moreover the permeation of gases (i.e. He, N2 and O2) in dry and humid conditions was considered. The water vapor sorption showed strong interactions between the hydrophilic groups and the water as revealed from the hysteresis in the sorption-desorption isotherms and thermo gravimetric analysis. The data obtained were used in the modeling of water vapor permeation, that was described as diffusion-reaction of water molecules, and in the humid gases permeation experiments. In the dry gas experiments the permeability and diffusivity was found to increase with temperature and with the equivalent weight (EW) of the membrane. A linear correlation was drawn between the dry gas permeability and the opposite of the equivalent weight of PFSI membranes, based on which the permeability of pure PTFE is retrieved in the limit of high EW. In the other hand O2 ,N2 and He permeability values was found to increase significantly, and in a similar fashion, with water activity. A model that considers the PFSI membrane as a composite matrix with a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic phase was considered allowing to estimate the variation of gas permeability with relative humidity on the basis of the permeability in the dry PFSI membrane and in pure liquid water.

Integrazione tecnologica di grafene cresciuto per deposizione chimica da fase vapore per applicazioni termiche e termoelettriche

L’obiettivo del lavoro di tesi è quello di studiare l’integrazione del grafene con i processi tecnologici propri della tecnologia del silicio, per la realizzazione di dispositivi innovativi per la misura delle proprietà termiche e termoelettriche del grafene che sono tra le meno studiate ad oggi. L’attività sperimentale svolta, ha riguardato l’intero processo di produzione, processing ed integrazione tecnologica del grafene. Da una parte è stato messo a punto un processo ottimizzato, partendo da una approfondita ricerca bibliografica, per il trasferimento delle membrane dai substrati di crescita, in rame, a quelli di destinazione, SiO2 e Si3N4, mantenendo la completa compatibilità con i processi della microelettronica del silicio in particolare per quanto riguarda l’eliminazione dei residui metallici dalla sintesi. Dall’altra è stata sviluppata una procedura di patterning micrometrico del grafene, affidabile e riproducibile, e, soprattutto, compatibile con la microelettronica del silicio. Le membrane, cresciute tramite deposizione da fase vapore (Chemical Vapor Deposition), sono state caratterizzate tramite la microscopia elettronica, a scansione e in trasmissione, la microscopia ottica, spettroscopia Raman e microscopia a forza atomica, tecniche che sono state utilizzate per caratterizzare i campioni durante l'intero processo di patterning. Il processo di etching del grafene in ossigeno, realizzato con il plasma cleaner, strumento che nasce per la pulizia di campioni per microscopia elettronica, è stato messo a punto il attraverso una estesa attività di test sia dei parametri di funzionamento dello strumento che del fotoresist da utilizzare. La procedura di patterning micrometrico vera e propria, ha comportato di affrontare diverse classi di problemi, dalla rimozione del fotoresist con soluzioni diverse (soluzione di sviluppo dedicata e/o acetone) alla rimozione dei residui presenti sulle membrane di grafene anche a valle del patterning stesso. La rimozione dei residui tramite acido cloridrico, insieme ad una procedura di annealing a 400°C in aria per la rimozione dei residui del fotoresist polimerico che erano presenti a valle dell’etching in ossigeno, ha permesso di ottenere un patterning del grafene ben definito su scala micrometrica e una ridottissima presenza di residui. Le procedure ottimizzate di trasferimento e di patterning sono il principale avanzamento rispetto allo stato dell’arte. Le metodiche messe a punto in questo lavoro, consentiranno di integrare il grafene direttamente nel processo di micro-fabbricazione di dispositivi per misure termiche e termoelettriche, per i quali quali sono in realizzazione le maschere di processo che rappresentando la naturale conclusione del lavoro di tesi.