Enhancement of Kerr nonlinearity with vanishing absorption in a tripod scheme

The giant enhancement of Kerr nonlinearity in a four-level tripod type system is investigated theoretically. By tuning the value of the Rabi frequency of the coherent control field, owing to the double dark resonances, the giant-enhanced Kerr nonlinearity can be achieved within the right transparency window. The in fluence of Doppler broadening is also discussed.

Distribution of the microcrystallites generated in borate glass irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses

This paper deals with the distribution of generated microcrystallites in borate glass irradiated by 120 fs laser pulses at a central wavelength of 800 nm. Raman spectroscopy is used to investigate the distribution of the high and low temperature phases of barium metaborate crystals generated in the borate glass. In combination with a microexplosion model, bond-breaking induced by laser irradiation is served as the origin of the formation of BBO crystals. Depending on the laser fluence and cooling conditions, the distribution mechanisms have been discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sputtering of uranium

Sputtering yields for uranium metal under bombardment by 13 - 120 keV protons and by 20 - 120 keV He+ are presented. Angular distributions of the material sputtered by these ions are also given. Sputtering yields for 40 and 80 keV Ar+ were measured as well.

The technique employed to make these measurements was the detection of fission tracks in mica produced by ^(235)U sputtered onto collector foils which were subsequently exposed to a high fluence of thermal neutrons. The technique is extremely sensitive and allowed the measurement of sputtering yields less than 10^(-4) atoms per ion. It also made possible a detailed study of the emission of chunks from the uranium targets during sputtering. Mass distributions of chunks emitted during bombardment by 40 - 120 keV protons and by 80 keV argon are presented.

Comparisons are made between the experimental results and those predicted by the Sigmund theory of sputtering.

激光脉冲放大器的增益通量曲线研究

提出利用放大器的增益通量曲线来全面描述放大器增益特性的方法．并对单台放大器的增益通量曲线进行了研究，从而进一步加深了对放大器的认识．为功率平衡研究提供有力工具．

Crystallization of amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 films induced by a single femtosecond laser pulse

Crystallization is achieved in amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 films upon irradiation with a single femtosecond laser pulse. Transmission electron microscopy images evidence the morphology of the crystallized spot which depends on the fluence of the ferntosecond laser pulse. Fine crystalline grains are induced at low fluence, and the coarse crystalline grains are obtained at high fluence. At the damage fluence, ablation of the films occurs. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Femtosecond laser pulse irradiation of Sb-rich AgInSbTe films: Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy investigations

The single-layer and multilayer Sb-rich AgInSbTe films were irradiated by a single femtosecond laser pulse with the duration of 120 fs. The morphological feature resulting from the laser irradiation have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy and atom force microscopy. For the single-layer film, the center of the irradiated spot is a dark depression and the border is a bright protrusion; however, for the multilayer film, the center morphology changes from a depression to a protrusion as the energy increases. The crystallization threshold fluence of the single-layer and the multilayer films is 46.36 mJ/cm(2), 63.74 mJ/cm(2), respectively.

Morphological characteristics of amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 films after a single femtosecond laser pulse irradiation

The morphology of materials resulting from laser irradiation of the single-layer and the multilayer amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 films using 120 fs pulses at 800 nm was observed using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. For the single-layer film, the center of the irradiated spot is depression and the border is protrusion, however, for the multilayer film, the center morphology changes from a depression to a protrusion as the increase of the energy. The crystallization threshold fluence of the single-layer and the multilayer film is 22 and 23 mJ/cm(2), respectively. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Numerical and experimental analysis on green laser crystallization of amorphous silicon thin films

The effect of laser fluence on the crystallization of amorphous silicon irradiated by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser is studied both theoretically and experimentally. An effective numerical model is set up to predict the melting threshold and the optimized laser fluence for the crystallization of 200-nm-thick amorphous silicon. The variation of the temperature distribution with time and the melt depth is analyzed. Besides the model, the Raman spectra of thin films treated with different fluences are measured to confirm the phase transition and to determine the optimized fluence. The calculating results accord well with those obtained from the experimental data in this research. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Laser conditioning of ZrO2 : Y2O3/SiO2 mirror coatings prepared by E-beam evaporation

Laser conditioning effects of the dielectric mirror coatings with different designs were investigated. Simple quarter-wave ZrO2:Y2O3/SiO2 mirrors and half-wave SiO2 over-coated ZrO2:Y2O3/SiO2 mirror coatings were fabricated by E-beam evaporation (EBE). The absorbance of the samples before and after laser conditioning was measured by surface thermal lensing (STL) technology and the defects density was detected under Nomarski microscope. The enhancement of the laser damage resistance was found after laser conditioning. The dependence of the laser conditioning on the coating design was also observed and the over-coated sample obtained greatest enhancement, whereas the absorbance of the samples did not change obviously. During the sub-threshold fluence raster scanning, the minor damage about defects size was found and the assumption of pre-damage mechanism, based on the functional damage concept, was put forward. The improvement of the laser induced damage threshold (LIDT) was attributed to the benign damage of the defects and the dependence on the coating design owed to the damage growth behavior of different coating designs. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Antonomásias discursivas do nome próprio: uma abordagem semiótico-funcional e cognitiva

Nas gramáticas tradicionais da língua portuguesa, o estudo sobre a antonomásia, figura de linguagem que designa o processo de passagem de um nome próprio a um nome comum e vice-versa, é visto ora ligado ao conceito de metáfora, ora ligado à relação parte- todo, isto é, à metonímia. Na maioria das vezes, os exemplos mostrados nessas abordagens tradicionais estão descontextualizados, ou seja, não são retirados de um emprego discursivo- dialógico da língua. O principal objetivo desta tese é fazer uma reflexão sobre o potencial semiótico- funcional e cognitivo dos nomes próprios nas antonomásias discursivas, ou seja, aquelas que ainda não estão dicionarizadas, porque são temporárias, e, consequentemente, sua interpretação pertence ao âmbito do processamento discursivo. Tendo como base teórica a teoria dos Espaços Mentais em seu segundo momento, reconhecida como teoria da Integração Conceptual (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2002), e a teoria da Iconicidade Verbal, desenvolvida por Simões (2009), baseada nos estudos semióticos de Charles Sanders Peirce, analisar-se-ão, nesta tese, os seguintes aspectos do nome próprio nas antonomásias discursivas: a forma do nome próprio, ou seja, sua plasticidade, que é a característica central da iconicidade diagramática, e a iconicidade isotópica, que age como uma espécie de condutor temático para a formação de sentido de um texto. Esses dois tipos de iconicidade se inserem numa rede mais ampla de signos denominada iconicidade verbal, ou lexical (SIMÕES, 2004), que abrange efeitos tanto de ordem discursiva (discursivização) como de ordem estilística. Assim, ao se conceber o estudo das antonomásias discursivas do nome próprio em uma perspectiva semiótico- discursiva e cognitiva, ter-se-á dado mais um passo nos estudos dos itens lexicais que atuam como organizadores de sentido de um texto

Avaliação da indução de lesões no DNA por lasers terapêuticos de baixa potência

Na medicina regenerativa há uma crescente utilização de lasers de baixa intensidade em protocolos terapêuticos para tratamento de doenças em tecidos moles e no tecido ósseo. Lasers emitem feixes de luz com características específicas, nas quais o comprimento de onda, a frequência, potência e modo de missão são propriedades determinantes para as respostas fotofísica, fotoquímica e fotobiológica. Entretanto, sugere-se que lasers de baixa potência induzem a produção de radicais livres, que podem reagir com biomoléculas importantes, como o DNA. Essas reações podem causar lesões e induzir mecanismos de reparo do DNA para preservar a integridade do código genético e homeostase celular. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar lesões no DNA de células do sangue periférico de ratos Wistar e a expressão dos genes ERCC1 e ERCC2 em tecidos biológicos expostos a lasers de baixa intensidade em comprimentos de onda, fluências, potências e modos de emissão utilizados em protocolos terapêuticos. Para tal, amostras de sangue periférico foram expostas ao laser vermelho (660 nm) e infravermelho (808 nm) em diferentes fluências, potências e modos de emissão, e a indução de lesões no DNA foi avaliada através do ensaio cometa. Em outros experimentos, lesões no DNA foram analisadas através do ensaio cometa modificado, utilizando as enzimas de reparo: formamidopirimidina DNA glicosilase (FPG) e endonuclease III. Pele e músculo de ratos Wistar foram expostos aos lasers e amostras desses tecidos foram retiradas para extração de RNA, síntese de cDNA e avaliação da expressão dos genes por PCR quantitativo em tempo real. Os dados obtidos neste estudo sugeriram que a exposição aos lasers induz lesões no DNA dependendo da fluência, potência e modo de emissão, e que essas lesões são alvos da FPG e endonuclease III. A expressão relativa do RNAm de ERCC1 e de ERCC2 foi alterada nos tecidos expostos dependendo do comprimento de onda e fluência utilizada. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que danos oxidativos no DNA poderiam ser considerados para segurança do paciente e eficácia terapêutica, bem como alterações na expressão dos genes de reparo do DNA participariam dos efeitos de bioestimulação que justificam as aplicações terapêutica de lasers de baixa potência.

UV photoconductivity characteristics of ZnO nanowire field effect transistor treated by proton irradiation

We investigated the UV photoconductivity characteristics of ZnO nanowire field effect transistors (FETs) irradiated by proton beams. After proton beam irradiation (using a beam energy of 10 MeV and a fluence of 10 12 cm -2), the drain current and carrier density in the ZnO nanowire FETs decreased, and the threshold voltage shifted to the positive gate bias direction due to the creation of interface traps at the SiO 2/ZnO nanowire interface by the proton beam. The interface traps produced a higher surface barrier potential and a larger depletion region at the ZnO nanowire surface, affecting the photoconductivity and its decay time. The UV photoconductivity of the proton-irradiated ZnO nanowire FETs was higher and more prolonged than that of the pristine ZnO nanowire FETs. The results extend our understanding of the UV photoconductivity characteristics of ZnO nanowire devices and other materials when irradiated with highly energetic particles. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Micromachining of glassy carbon toolsets for micro embossing applications

Laser micro machining is fast gaining popularity as a method of fabricating micro scale structures. Lasers have been utilised for micro structuring of metals, ceramics and glass composites and with advances in material science, new materials are being developed for micro/nano products used in medical, optical, and chemical industries. Due to its favourable strength to weight ratio and extreme resistance to chemical attack, glassy carbon is a new material that offers many unique properties for micro devices. The laser machining of SIGRADUR® G grade glassy carbon was characterised using a 1065 nm wavelength Ytterbium doped pulsed fiber laser. The laser system has a selection of 25 preset waveforms with optimised peak powers for different pulsing frequencies. The optics provide spot diameter of 40 μm at the focus. The effect of fluence, transverse overlap and pulsing frequency (as waveform) on glassy carbon was investigated. Depth of removal and surface roughness were measured as machining quality indicators. The damage threshold fluence was determined to be 0.29 J/cm2 using a pulsing frequency of 250 kHz and a pulse width of 18 ns (waveform 3). Ablation rates of 17 < V < 300 μm3/pulse were observed within a fluence range of 0.98 < F < 2.98 J/cm2. For the same fluence variation, 0.6 μm to 6.8 μm deep trenches were machined. Trench widths varied from 29 μm at lower fluence to 47 μm at the higher fluence. Square pockets, 1 mm wide, were machined to understand the surface machining or milling. The depth of removal using both waveform 3 and 5 showed positive correlation with fluence, with waveform 5 causing more removal than waveform 3 for the same fluence. Machined depths varied from less than 1 μm to nearly 40 μm. For transverse overlap variation using waveform 3, the best surface finish with Rz = 1.1 μm was obtained for fluence 0.792 J/cm2 for transverse overlap of 1 μm, 6 μm, and 9 μm at machined depths of 22.9 μm, 6.6 μm, and 4.6 μm respectively. For fluence of 1.426 J/cm2, the best surface finish with Rz = 1.2 μm was obtained for transverse overlap of 6 μm, and 9 μm at machined depths of 12.46 μm, and 8.6 μm respectively. The experimental data was compiled as machining charts and utilised for fabricating a micro-embossing glassy carbon master toolsets as a capability demonstration.

On the percussion drilling of SI using a 20W MOPA based YB fiber laser

A study on the nanosecond fiber laser interaction with silicon was performed experimentally for the generation of percussion drilled holes. Single pulse ablation experiments were carried out on mono crystalline 650μm thick Si wafers. Changes of the mass removal mechanism were investigated by varying laser fluence up to 68 J/cm2 and pulse duration from 50 ns to 200 ns. Hole width and depth were measured and surface morphology were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical interferometric profilometry (Veeco NT3300). High speed photography was also used to examine laser generated plasma expansion rates. The material removal rate was found to be influenced by the pulse energy, full pulse duration and pulse peak power. Single pulse ablation depth of 4.42 μm was achieved using a 200 ns pulse of 13.3 J/cm 2, giving a maximum machining efficiency of 31.86 μm per mJ. Holes drilled with an increased fluence but fixed pulse length were deeper, exhibited low recast, but were less efficient than those produced at a lower fluence. The increased peak power in this case led to high levels of plasma and vapour production. The expansion of which, results in a strong driving recoil force, an increase in the rate and volume of melt ejection, and cleaner hole formation. The experimental findings show that for efficient drilling at a given energy, a longer, lower peak power pulse is more desirable than a high peak power short pulse.

Influence of micro supersonic jets on micro percussion drilling of 316L stainless steel using nanosecond 355NM laser radiation

The interaction phenomena of nanosecond Q-switched diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser using 355nm radiation with 0.2mm thick 316L stainless steel foil was investigated at incident laser fluence range of 19 - 82Jcm-2. The characterization study was performed with and without the use of assist gas by utilizing micro supersonic minimum length nozzles (MLN), specifically designed for air at inlet chamber pressure of 8bar. MLN ranged in throat diameters of 200μm, 300μm, and 500μm respectively. Average etch rate per pulse under the influence of three micro supersonic impinging jets, for both oxygen and air showed the average etch rate was reduced when high-speed gas jets were utilized, compared to that without any gas jets, but significant variation was noticed between different jet sizes. Highest etch rate and quality was achieved with the smallest diameter nozzle, suggesting that micro nozzles can produce a viable process route for micro laser cutting.