Aplicação de danos mecânicos em abacates e seus efeitos na qualidade dos frutos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Análise do comportamento mecânico de espumas cerâmicas a base de alumina obtidas pelo método da réplica

Ceramics with porous cellular structure, called ceramic foams, have a potential use in several applications, such as: thermal insulation, catalyst supports, filters, and others. Among these techniques to obtain porous ceramics the replication method is an important process. This method consists of impregnation of a sponge (usually polymer) with ceramic slurry, followed by a heat treatment, which will happen the decomposition of organic material and sintering the ceramic material, resulting in a ceramic structure which is a replica of impregnated sponge. Knowledge of the mechanical properties of these ceramics is important for these materials can be used commercially. Gibson and Ashby developed a mathematical model to describe the mechanical behavior of cellular solids. This model wasn´t for describing the ceramics behavior produced by the replica method, because it doesn´t consider the defects from this type of processing. In this study were researched mechanical behavior of porous alumina ceramics obtained by the replica method and proposed modifications to the model of Gibson and Ashby to accommodate this material. The polymer sponge used in processing was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The materials obtained after sintering were characterized by mechanical strength tests on 4-point bending and compression, density and porosity and by scanning electron microscopy. From these results it was evaluated the mechanical strength behavior compared to Gibson and Ashby model for solid cellular structure and was proposed a correction of this model through a factor related to struts integrity degree, which consider fissures present in the structure of these materials besides defects geometry within the struts

Aproveitamento de subprodutos da industrialização do escargot

The waste in the industries of escargot processing is very big. This is composed basically of escargot meat out of the commercialization patterns and the visceras. In this context, there is a need to take advantage to the use of these sub-products. A possibility should be drying them and transforming them in a certain form to be reused. Than, the present work has the objective of studying the reutilization of the sub-products of the escargot industrialization for by means of drying process. The samples were transformed in pastes, through a domestic processor for approximately 1 minute and compacted in trays of aluminum without perforations with three different heights (5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm). The drying was accomplished in a tray dryer with air circulation and transverse flow at a speed of 0,2 m/s and three temperature levels (70°C, 80°C and 90ºC). A drying kinetics study was accomplished for the obtained curves and for the heat and mass transfer coefficients using experimental procedures based in an experimental planning of 22 factorial type. Microbiological and physiochemical analysis were also accomplished for the in nature and the dehydrated sub-products. In the drying process, it was observed the great importance of the external resistances to the mass transfer and heat in the period of constant tax influenced by the temperature. The evaporation taxes indicated a mixed control of the mass transfer for the case of the thickest layers. As already expected, the drying constant behavior was influenced by the temperature and thickness of the medium, increasing and decreasing. The statistical analysis of the results, in agreement with the factorial planning 22, showed that the fissures, the shrinking of the transfer area and the formation of a crust on the surface might have contributed to the differences between the practical results and the linear model proposed. The temperature and the thickness influenced significantly in the answers of the studied variables: evaporation tax and drying constant. They were obtained significant statistical models and predictive ones for evaporation tax for the meat as well as for the visceras

Transição política e cotidiano penitenciário

Este trabalho dedica-se ao estudo das décadas de 1980 e 1990 no Brasil, a partir da transição política, mas procurando abordar também seus desdobramentos que se materializaram, em grande parte, nos anos 1990. A abordagem baseia-se no estabelecimento de relações entre as mudanças políticas, em suas possibilidades e seus limites, e no cotidiano de instituições penitenciárias do Estado de São Paulo inicialmente, e posteriormente em uma região específica, o Oeste Paulista. Chegou-se assim à identificação das diferentes temporalidades próprias de cada uma delas, por vezes materializadas em fissuras no processo de democratização que envolvia o debate acerca dos direitos humanos, além da identificação das relações de poder comuns e específicas.

Análise dos fatores responsáveis pela alta salinidade do aqüífero fissural da microbacia da Riacho do Feijão - Pedro Avelino/RN

The fissures aquifer northeast semi-arid Brazilian, present high text frequently of leave, with of low a hídric availability. The research has as objective main to analyze the components that inside influence in the salinity of the waterbearing fissures of an evaluation physicist-chemistry of the water, leading in consideration the physical interventions of the environment. One used techniques of interpretation of image of Landsat satellite -1999 and delimitation of the micro basin through the topographical map SUDENE. One identified waters of the NaCl type with Ca++ and Mg++ in secondary concentrations. The analyzed wells (15), had presented an average salinity of 5.147 mg/L of STD and a well only supplies drinking waters with 319 mg/L of STD. The recharge of the aquifer one if carries through for infiltration in the open fracture of ortognaisse it migmatization. The type and directions of the fracture do not control the STD. Relations between salinity and out let do not exist. The quality of the well of low salinity is identical the superficial waters (aquifer dam and alluvial). The studies of the meteoric erosion processes had evidenced that in the transformations of the rock in ground, the Ca++ and Na+ are taken for superficial waters. The treatment of the data chemical showed that the grade of Na+, Ca++, Mg++ and Cl-are controlled for the evaporation process, from only water that would have the qualities of superficial waters or the well of low salinity. Already the HCO3-grade is controlled for the precipitation of the dolomite. The STD of this aquifer one would be consequence of the high tax of evaporation of dams constructed in regions of plain topography. You leave them precipitated in deep argillaceous ones dry dams are led for the aquifer in first rains. The research suggests some recommendations for the use and exploitation of the water salinity in piscicultura, carcinicultura, culture of the grass-salt (Atriplex sp), among others

Síntese e caracterização de membranas zeolíticas tipo mfi e aplicação em separação de aromáticos

The synthesis of MFI-type zeolite membranes was carried by the process in situ or hydrothermal crystallization. We studied the homogenization time of the room temperature and gel filtration just before the crystallization step performed out in an oven, thus obtaining a more uniform zeolite film. The powder synthesized zeolite (structure type MFI, Silicalite) was characterized by several complementary techniques such as Xray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal analysis, temperature programmed desorption (TPD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and textural analysis by nitrogen adsorption (specific surface area). For the purpose of evaluating the quality of the layer supported on the ceramic support, N2 permeation tests were carried starting from room temperature to 600 °C, where values were observed values more appropriate permeation from 200 °C. With the data obtained, it was made into a graph of temperature versus permeation function, the curve of surface diffusion was found. For scanning electron microscopy, we observed the formation of homogeneous crystals and the zeolite film showed no fissures or cracks, indicating that the process of synthesis and subsequent treatments not damaged the zeolite layer on the support. Carried permeation studies were found values ranging from 3.64x10-6 to 3.78x10-6, 4.71x10-6 to 5.02x10-6, to pressures 20 and 25 psi, respectively. And the mixture xylenes/N2 values were between 5.39x10-6 to 5.67x10-6 and 8.13x10-6 to 8.36x10-6, also for pressures of 20 and 25 psi. The values found for the separation factor were 15.22 at 400 °C in the first experiment and 1.64 for the second experiment at a temperature of 150 °C. It is concluded that the Silicalite membrane was successfully synthesized and that it is effective in the separation of binary mixtures of xylenes

Influência do pré-aquecimento na adaptação marginal de dois materiais seladores de fóssulas e fissuras, analisada através de tomografia de coerência ótica

Among the non-invasive techniques employed in the prevention of caries highlights the sealing pits and fissures which is a conservative maneuver, in order to obliterate them to protect them from attack acid bacteria. Influenced by the studies of pre-heating composite resin, which has experienced great improvement in some of their physical properties, this study aimed to evaluate in vitro the superficial and internal marginal adaptation of different materials and sealants in pre-heating or not. A total of 40 extracted human third molars (n=10) that had their occlusal surfaces prepared to receive sealant. We tested two types of sealing materials: resin sealant (Fluoroshield) and low-viscosity resin (Permaflo), where 50% of previously received heated material and the other half received sealant material at room temperature. All samples were subjected to thermal cycling and pH, simulating a cariogenic oral environment, and later were analyzed appliance OCT (optical coherence tomography). The images obtained alterations were recorded and analyzed statistically. Change was considered as the emergence of bubbles, gaps and cracks in the sealant. Comparisons of the same material, assessing the fact that it is not sealed or preheated material, as well as comparisons between different materials subjected to the same temperature were carried out. The nonparametric Tukey test was used (p < 0,05). The results showed that there was statistically significant difference between both the materials analyzed, as between the situations in which the sealant material was submitted (preheated or not). On the issue of marginal adaptation and internal surface, seen through Optical coherence tomography, may suggest that there is a difference between the use of one type or another of the sealing material analyzed, with superiority attributed to resin Permaflo compared to sealant Fluroshield, telling is the same for the different techniques used

In vitro evaluation of the influence of air abrasion on detection of occlusal caries lesions in primary teeth

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of cleaning pits and fissures with on aluminum oxide air abrasion system on the detection of occlusal caries in primary teeth using laser fluorescence (LF) and visual examination. Methods. The sample comprised 65 pit and fissure sites on extracted primary teeth suspected to be carious. The sites were submitted to 2 visual examinations (examiner JAR) and 2 LF readings (examiner TMV). Next, the occlusal surfaces were air-abraded and re-examined thereafter using both methods. The teeth were sectioned, and the histological analysis of the sites with a stereoscopic magnifying lens at X32 magnification was used as the gold standard Results. Cohen's kappa statistic for LF and visual examination were, respectively, 0.282/0.884 before and 0.896/0.905 after air abrasion. LF showed a sensitivity of 0.28 increasing to 0.49 and 0 specificity of 0.50 increasing to 0.92. Visual examination showed sensitivity of 0.78 and specificity of 0.73. Both increased after air abrasion. Conclusion: The findings suggest that cleaning pits and fissures with aluminum oxide air abrasion increased the accuracy of LF and visual examination for detection of occlusal caries in primary teeth.

An in vitro evaluation of apicoectomies and retropreparations using different methods

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparative anatomy of the male reproductive internal organs of 51 species of bees

A anatomia dos órgãos internos do aparelho reprodutor de machos (ARM) adultos e pupas foi comparada em 51 espécies de abelhas, incluindo representantes de seis famílias. Foram obtidos quatro tipos diferentes de ARM. O tipo I está presente em machos das famílias mais basais (Colletidae, Andrenidae e Halictidae) e é caracterizado por três túbulos seminíferos por testículo, o qual é quase totalmente envolvido pela membrana escrotal. O tipo II é um tipo intermediário entre os tipos I e III e está presente em Mellitidae e Megachilidae, como também em alguns Apidae estudados, sendo caracterizado por possuir dutos deferentes pós-vesiculares fora da membrana escrotal e possuir três ou quatro túbulos seminíferos por testículo, exceto Apis mellifera L., a qual possui secundariamente um número aumentado de túbulos. O tipo III foi achado somente nos Apidae estudados e é caracterizado por apresentar os testículos e dutos genitais (exceto o duto deferente pós-vesicular) encapsulados separadamente, as glândulas acessórias são bem desenvolvidas e o duto ejaculador é calibroso, apresentando fissuras em sua parede externa, as quais podem ocorrer também no tipo II. O tipo IV está presente exclusivamente na tribo Meliponini e é caracterizado pela ausência de glândulas acessórias.

Gênese de solos derivados de rochas ultramáficas serpentinizadas no sudoeste de Minas Gerais

Os solos derivados de rochas serpentinizadas ou serpentinitos constituem um grupo especial de solos em toda superfície terrestre. de caráter ultramáfico, ou seja, rochas com mais de 70 % de minerais máficos (ferromagnesianos), os serpentinitos apresentam uma mineralogia pobre em sílica e escassa em Al, sendo, no entanto, muito enriquecida em Mg. São poucos os estudos sobre a morfologia, mineralogia, gênese e classificação dos solos desenvolvidos de tais rochas. em ambiente tropical úmido no sudoeste de Minas Gerais, na zona do greenstone belt do Morro de Ferro, em superfícies geomórficas jovens, três perfis de solos representativos dessa paisagem sobre rochas serpentinizadas foram caracterizados por meio de descrições macro e micromorfológicas, análises granulométricas, químicas e por mineralogia de raios X das frações argila e silte. Complementarmente, para acompanhamento da alteração geoquímica dos horizontes do solo, foram feitas microanálises das seções delgadas por EDRX. Os solos foram classificados como Chernossolo Háplico Férrico típico, Cambissolo Háplico eutroférrico léptico e Neossolo Regolítico eutrófico típico e, embora situados num clima que favorece o rápido intemperismo, do ponto de vista morfológico e mineralógico, mostraram-se similares aos solos derivados de rochas serpentinizadas das regiões subtropicais e temperada. No processo de formação de solo, a evolução da trama segue a seguinte seqüência: alteração da rocha ® trama frâgmica ® trama porfírica com cavidades ® trama porfírica aberta por coalescência de cavidades. O processo de argiluviação é evidente e se dá em dois estádios distintos: argiluviação primária, que ocorre nas fendas e cavidades que se formam por alteração de rocha, e argiluviação secundária, verificada na porosidade mais aberta e evoluída da coalescência das cavidades. Os solos apresentam mineralogia pouco comum para solos tropicais, com presença de minerais primários de fácil decomposição até mesmo na fração argila, com destaque para o talco, clorita trioctaedral e ocorrência limitada de tremolita, sendo esta última abundante na fração silte. Óxidos de Fe, caulinita e os interestratificados de clorita-esmectita e de clorita-vermiculita completam a assembléia mineralógica. A tendência de evolução é para B textural ou para B nítico com mineralogia 1:1 e alto conteúdo de óxidos de Fe. Nas fases iniciais de alteração, os alteromorfos já apresentam composição química similar aos agregados do solo, com forte perda de Mg, Ca e Si e acúmulo relativo de Al e Fe. Nas três situações estudadas, ocorreu um rejuvenescimento superficial por erosão diferencial, que acumulou material grosseiro e removeu os finos, contribuindo para o incremento da relação textural.

Resin-based composite reinforced sealant

Purpose: To describe and picture a technique for using a resin-bonded sealant reinforced by inclusion of resin-based composite, before polymerization. Method: Using an extracted mandibular molar, embedded in plaster and isolated with a rubber dam, a step-by-step depiction of the technique is shown. Results: A picture of a six-year-old sealant in a first permanent molar, still in perfect condition, is shown. Conclusion: This technique offers a reliable method for treating pits and fissures.

MACROSOMIA, OBESITY, MACROCEPHALY AND OCULAR ABNORMALITIES (MOMO SYNDROME) IN 2 UNRELATED PATIENTS - DELINEATION OF A NEWLY RECOGNIZED OVERGROWTH SYNDROME

We describe 2 unrelated patients, a boy and a girl, with an overgrowth syndrome and the following common characteristics: macrocrania, obesity, ocular abnormalities (retinal coloboma and nystagmus), downward slant of palpebral fissures, mental retardation, and delayed bone maturation. Both cases are of sporadic occurrence with no consanguinity between the parents. We suggest that this syndrome is due to a new autosomal dominant mutation and propose to designate it with the acronym of ''MOMO syndrome'' (Macrosomia, Obesity, Macrocrania, Ocular anomalities).

Microleakage evaluation of pit and fissure sealants done with different procedures, materials, and laser after invasive technique

This study evaluated the microleakage of pit and fissure sealants after different surface preparation (invasive technique and laser irradiation) and the use of different materials (fluoride resin-filled sealant, resin-modified glass ionomer cement and adhesive system). Eighty-four pre molars were used in this study, which were divided into seven groups. After the accomplishment of the different treatments, these were submitted to thermocycling process and assess for microleakage by examination under an epifluorescent microscope and scored zero to seven. Two specimens of each group were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that laser irradiation did not lessen microleakage in pit and fissures when using a filled-resin sealant with fluoride or a resin-modified glass ionomer cement. The use of laser irradiation and adhesive system, followed by a resin-filled sealant with fluoride, showed the lowest microleakage scores in pit and fissures. Comparing this group to the resin-modified glass ionomer cement group, there was statistical significance. The use of a adhesive system decreased microleakage when using a fluoride resin-filled sealant with or without previous laser irradiation; although it was not statistically significant.

Physical-chemical characterization of processing tomato fruit

Fruit of 28 tomato cultivars for industrial processing were characterized to identify cultivars with potential for in natura consumption. The experiment was carried out in Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil (21o15'22'' South, 48o18'58'' West, altitude 595 m), on a Haplorthox soil during June-December. The cultivars used in this study were: H 7155, Hypeel 108, Andino, U 573, H 9036, Ipa 6, H 9494, AG 33, Yuba, RPT 1294, AG 72, Peelmech, Curicó, Hypeel 45, RPT 1478, H 9492, H 9498, H 2710, Hitech 45, Halley, Botu 13, H 9553, U 646, NK 1570, AG 45, RPT 1095, RPT 1570 and PSX 37511. The experimental design was randomized blocks, replicated four times. Ten fruits per plot were analyzed, evaluating the following characteristics: shape (oblong or round); length and diameter (mm); external and internal coloration; presence of fissures; number of loci; pulp thickness (mm); soluble solids content (Brix) and total acidity. Only cultivars Hypeel 108, AG 72, NK 1570, RPT 1570 had oblong fruit. Cultivars which had pulp thicker than 5.5 mm, a characteristic which is directly related to fruit yield for industrial purposes were: Ipa 6, Andino, U 646, H 9553, RPT 1294 and Hypeel 108. Cultivars Ipa 6 and Andino also presented elevated values for length, diameter and pulp thickness, indicating them as quality material for industry or, alternatively, for in natura market. Among the cultivars which presented better values for acidity (higher or equal to 0.3 g citric acid 100 g-1) were RPT 1095, AG 45, H 9553 and Hypeel 45.