950 resultados para espaço e ambiente .


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Timeplace learning is the capacity of organisms to associate both space and time with a biological relevant stimulus such as food. Experiments are usually done with food restricted animals due to the belief that food system activation is necessary for timeplace learning. Another line of thought suggest that, in addition to food system activation, response cost should be increased to effectively allow timeplace discrimination. The purpose of this experiment was to test whether a complex environment, which presumably implied in a heightened response cost, would facilitate timeplace association in satiated rats using a highly palatable food as reward. Nine rats were trained in a timeplace task for 30 nonconsecutive days. A large experimental box (1x1m) divided in four compartments was used. To access each compartment the animal had to overcome a series of obstacles such as ramps, staircases and mazes. Two feeders localized in opposite compartments were rewarded with sunflower seeds in two daily sessions. One feeder offered the reward during the morning sessions while the second feeder in afternoon sessions. After the 15th day of training, the animals began to show a preference for the correct feeder during the correct time of day expressed by increased frequency of visits as well as lower latency to access the feeders. These results suggest that satiated animals are also capable of learning a timespace task as far as the experimental context is complex enough to result in a higher response cost

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This research examines the street children s identity construction processes. Recently, the research about this population has focused on the socialization processes that organize their everyday, their situations of interaction, the meanings of their social practices, their street experience. The concept of identitary forms gives coherence to the set of these phenomena, articulating them theoretically, in order to describe their life conditions and details of their trajectories. This research utilized an ethnographic approach with a group of 11 street people, 9 of them boys and girls 16-18 years old, during 3 months. It included participant observation, informal and formal interviews, that resulted in young s narratives of lifestory. These narratives were interpreted according to the principles of positioning analysis and the Labovian Analysis model of oral narratives of personal experience. The observation of interaction among the studied group and other groups has showed that their social practices, supported on many particular bodily technologies, recreate space and time of these interactions semantically, as mediation of meaning negotiations among groups. Such meanings transform again the environment of these interactions, disclosing interpretative systems by means of which the groups apprehend this interaction in a particular way. These street children s bodily technologies imply identitary forms based on scarcity and abandonment, paradoxicalally related to their self-concept. The analysis of narratives revealed diversity and complexity in the meanings assembly for their street experience; it showed that the semantic arrangements reconstruct the temporal experience, creating a moral climate for each lifestory, and determining more or less aperture of identitary forms to change. The study concludes that space and time, builders of interaction regimes, produce identitary forms; that the narratives and the social practices of the studied group are sustained upon a master discourse that opposes the meanings of the home and the life in the streets

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The intention of the present study was to analyze the adequacy of the playground of elementary schools, according to the point of view of the child student, direct user of this type of environment, what estimated its critical in respect to these spaces and aimed at to contribute for its improvement. Many studies have analyzed the quality of the physical environment available for activities of leisure in specific places for children, focusing in the influence of the physical space in the interpersonal relationships and the comfort and satisfaction generated by the physical characteristics of these spaces. Concern with scholar environment, specially the interest on playgrounds, has been subject of recent studies; however, little attention has been given to the opinion of the user-child in relation to this school environment. In this inquiry of the playground of two state schools of 1 to 4 series of elementary school in the city of Piracicaba, SP, was used: assystematics observations, photographic register of the studied environments, interviews with child-users and behavioral mapping. The main subjects resulting from the analysis of the interviews content were: adaptation, density and interpersonal relationships, and infantile confinement. The results revealed the unsatisfactory conditions of the courtyards, in respect to person-environment relationship. The children demonstrated to be critical, creative and responsible when answering questions related to the quality of the school courtyard. This finding confirms previous studies and leads to the conclusion that the child, as the direct user, should be included as an excellent source of consultation in the planning of the constructed environment

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The creation of the Humanization Program of Hospital Care and the increasing number of academic works and journal articles that discuss more humane practices in the health care services express the emphasis given to the theme in Brazil. In these discussions, however, it is not usual to find reference to architecture as a relevant factor in the humanization of hospitals, even though it is known that the physical structure of the building may help the recovering of the patients; elements such as gardens, the use of colors and open spaces may soften the impact caused by the hospital routine on patients. Considering the contribution the architectural project may bring to the humanization of hospitals, the aim of this study was to verify how the architects perceive the hospital humanization process. Besides having searched for subsides in informal interviews with health professionals, in visits to hospitals and in related seminars, the study was based on semi-structured interviews with architects of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, who are specialists in this kind of projects. The content analysis of the interviews showed that physical space and attendance are essential to the humanization process. Those professionals see two humanization tendencies: while private hospitals have the structural physical appearance considered as humanized, public hospitals emphasize the humanization in attendance, fact that illustrates the contradictions in Brazilian health system. The interviewees consider the post-occupancy evaluation of the building as a learning exercise that contributes to new projects, but surprisingly they do not mention the patients opinion as part of it. Two annoying facts have emerged from the interviews, as also seen in preliminary stages of the study: rare are the works that focus on the person-environment relationship, and the definition of humanized hospital environments is still broad and inaccurate. This suggests the need of new studies in order to better understand how the two factors shown in this study attendance and physical space interact towards a true hospital humanization

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This study aimed to evaluate the potential of two public schools in Educommunication related to Environmental Protection Area Jenipabu (APAJ) located in Rio Grande do Norte / Brazil, based on perceptions of educommunicatives practices on the environment as well as perform an action included in the school APAJ. In the first phase of the research were three separate questionnaires designed to identify the actions, practices and experiences of three sets of audiences: teachers, students and parents from both schools. In the second phase, activities were carried out as educomunicatives class actions involving ride, maps of environmental design and construction of a mural on the school newspaper APAJ. We opted for the participant, making the observation in a previous visit to knowledge of the schools, where they made the first contacts with the administrative team, teachers and students, and then the application of semi-structured questionnaire to teachers, students and parents of the 4th and 5 years of elementary school the morning hours. The results showed the detachment of these actors in the knowledge, participation and involvement with APAJ, caused by the absence of actions and actions involving teaching practices educomunicatives students to interact with the environment, taking as its starting point the living space.

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The area between So Bento do Norte and Macau cities, located in the northern coast of the Rio Grande do Norte State is submitted to intense and constant processes of littoral and aeolian transport, causing erosion, alterations in the sediments balance and modifications in the shoreline. Beyond these natural factors, the human interference is huge in the surroundings, composed by sensitive places, due to the existence of the Guamar Petroliferous Pole, RN, the greater terrestrial oil producing in Brazil, besides the activities of the salt companies and shrimp farms. This socioeconomic-environmental context justifies the elaboration of strategies of environmental monitoring of that coastal area. In the environmental monitoring of coastal strips, submitted to human impacts, the use of multi-sources and multitemporal data integrated through a Spatio- Temporal Database that allows the multiuser friendly access. The objective was to use the potential of the computational systems as important tools the managers of environmental monitoring. The stored data in the form of a virtual library aid in making decisions from the related results and presented in different formats. This procedure enlarges the use of the data in the preventive attendance, in the planning of future actions and in the definition of new lines of researches on the area, in a multiscale approach. Another activity of this Thesis consisted on the development of a computational system to automate the process to elaborate Oil-Spill Environmental Sensitivity Maps, based on the temporal variations that some coastal ecosystems present in the sensibility to the oil. The maps generated in this way, based on the methodology proposed by the Ministrio do Meio Ambiente, supply more updated information about the behavior of the ecosystem, as a support to the operations in case of oil spill. Some parameters, such as the hydrodynamic data, the declivity of the beach face, types of resources in risk (environmental, economical, human or cultural) and use and occupation of the area are some of the essential basic information in the elaboration of the sensitivity maps, which suffer temporal alterations.In this way, the two computational systems developed are considered support systems to the decision, because they provide operational subsidies to the environmental monitoring of the coastal areas, considering the transformations in the behavior of coastal elements resulting from temporal changes related the human and/or natural interference of the environment

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La presente pesquisa contempla reflexiones referentes de la actividad turstica en la organizacin socio-espacial en el litoral de las comarcas de Extremoz y Cear-Mirim, regin de la Grande Natal. Nuestro objetivo principal es el estudio de las transformaciones del espacio y de sus implicaciones socio-ambientales en curso en el proceso de produccin del espacio turstico en el litoral de las referidas comarcas desde 1997 hasta 2007, momento de importancia publica-privada que, a partir del PRODETUR, tuvo la base para el incremento de las potencialidades tursticas. En este sentido, varias fueron las tcnicas para una mejor compresin de las aspiraciones y de la percepcin de los actores envueltos con la actividad turstica (comerciantes, turistas, populacin y poder publico local) para conocer cuales son sus consideraciones en cuanto a los cambios que proceden de la implantacin de la actividad turstica en el lugar, cuanto a la mejora de la calidad de vida, de la generacin de empleo y de renta, comercializacin, conservacin, preservacin del ambiente, cumplimiento de la legislacin, afirmacin cultural as como las acciones puestas en ejecucin en las comarcas. Para tal necesidad, se busc analizar los datos estadsticos a partir del uso de los cuestionarios con preguntas estructuradas y semi-abiertas como instrumento de colecta de informacin que les era correlacionada con la opinin de los actores locales de modo que podamos formar y entender los elementos bsicos que son parte de los espacios tursticos en foco. Fueran utilizadas fotografas areas de las comarcas de Extremoz y Cear-Mirim, provistas por el IDEMA, con la intencin de percibir acerca de los cambios del espacio y las implicaciones socio-ambientales de la rea en estudio. Concluimos en funcin de los resultados que el modelo de Turismo concebido por lo Brasil, estimulado y financiado por lo Gobierno Federal, est insertado en el contexto de la economa global y, por lo tanto, el Estado del Rio Grande del Norte, en especfico los espacios litoraneos de las comarcas de Extremoz y Cear-Mirim, que poseen caractersticas similares a este modelo, con sus particularidades, que si traduzca por la exclusin social, formas de apropiacin privada de los espacios pblico y reas de proteccin ambiental como las playas, las dunas y las lagunas, el desacato o no el cumplimiento de la legislacin ambiental, aumento de las desigualdad de renta en una regin que posee una problemtica social grave y sin inversin, implantacin de la infraestructura, ausencia de poltica pblica local, donde los intereses econmicos son prioridad delante de las aclamaciones populares. Se sugiere un repensar cuanto al modelo actual de desarrollo adoptado, que el planeamiento sea pautado en base a la participacin integrada de los varios agentes implicados con la actividad turstica, incluyendo en la medida del posible, las aspiraciones de la poblacin local como precusoras de sus reales necesidades, donde esta accin interactiva contestar ciertamente en un esfuerzo significativo en la construccin de un nuevo paradigma, modelo del desarrollo sustentable, siendo posible superar gradualmente el incremento de la pobreza, de la exclusin y de los impactos ambientales, donde la calidad de vida sea factor fundamental

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Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP)

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Ps-graduao em Artes - IA

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Coordenao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal de Nvel Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal de Nvel Superior (CAPES)

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Ps-graduao em Educao para a Cincia - FC

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Coordenao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal de Nvel Superior (CAPES)