999 resultados para dióxido de chumbo
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a capacidade de adsorção de cádmio e de chumbo e avaliar a influência das propriedades dos solos sobre os parâmetros de adsorção desses elementos em solos tropicais altamente intemperizados. Foram utilizados quatro Latossolos e um Argissolo. Amostras de 1 g de solo foram agitadas por 16 horas, com soluções de CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1, às quais foram adicionadas 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 e 80 µg mL-1 de cádmio e 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 e 120 µg mL-1 de chumbo na forma de nitrato. As quantidades adsorvidas foram determinadas mediante análise dos elementos no sobrenadante, e os dados foram ajustados às isotermas de Langmuir e de Freundlich. Os resultados experimentais ajustaram-se aos modelos estudados. A adsorção máxima de cádmio variou de 136 a 1.604 µg g-1 e a de chumbo, de 988 a 1.660 µg g-1. As energias de ligação variaram de 0,0036 a 0,0403 µg mL-1 e de 0,0282 a 1,0425 µg mL-1 para cádmio e chumbo, respectivamente. Os atributos dos solos correlacionados à adsorção de cádmio foram o pH e a capacidade de troca de cátions, e à adsorção de chumbo foram o pH e os níveis de óxidos de ferro e de alumínio.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a tolerância de estirpes de Cupriavidus necator a zinco, cádmio, cobre e chumbo, além de determinar a eficiência simbiótica das estirpes mais tolerantes em associação a espécies leguminosas com potencial para revegetação. A tolerância foi testada em meio LB, suplementado com 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; 10; 12,5 e 15 mmol L-1 de ZnSO4.7H2O, CdSO4.8H2O, CuSO4.5H2O e PbCl2, respectivamente, em comparação ao controle sem adição de metal. Determinou-se a eficiência simbiótica das quatro estirpes de C. necator mais tolerantes aos metais avaliados (UFLA02-71, UFLA02-73, UFLA01-659 e UFLA01-663), as quais foram inoculadas nas espécies: Leucaena leucocephala, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Acacia mangium, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, M. pudica, M. pigra e M. acutistipula. Em vasos com solos, avaliaram-se L. leucocephala, M. pudica e M. caesalpiniifolia e as estirpes UFLA01-659 e UFLA02-71, selecionadas na avaliação de eficiência simbiótica. A estirpe UFLA02-71 proporcionou incrementos de matéria seca da parte aérea de 870% em M. caesalpiniifolia, enquanto que UFLA01-659 proporcionou 885% em M. pudica e 924% em L. leucocephala. As estirpes UFLA01-659 e UFLA02-71, além da alta tolerância a metais pesados, apresentaram eficiência em fixar nitrogênio, em simbiose com essas leguminosas, em solos com rizóbios nativos capazes de nodulá-las, e devem ser avaliadas quanto ao seu potencial de utilização em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas.
Resumo:
Estudaram-se o efeito de diferentes tipos de embalagens e a ação do dióxido de enxofre (SO2) na conservação pós-colheita de uvas finas de mesa var. "Crimson Seedless" e "Itália". Os frutos, colhidos em propriedade agrícola situada no município de Boa Vista-RR (Lat. 2º 50' 06" N e Long. 60º 40' 28" W), apresentavam, no momento da colheita, sólidos solúveis (SS) médios de 16,50 e 14,80°Brix, para as variedades "Crimson Seedless" e "Itália", respectivamente. Antes da confecção dos tratamentos, os cachos foram higienizados em solução de hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) a 100 mg.L-1, previamente acidificada, por dez minutos. Utilizaram-se, para a atmosfera modificada passiva, sacolas de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD), sem perfuração, com 0,010; 0,015 e 0,020mm de espessura,e acondicionadas em embalagens secundárias de papelão (4kg) e de madeira (7,5kg). Para a geração do SO2, foram utilizados papéis Kraft de liberação rápida, com 3 e 8g de metabissulfito de sódio (Na2S2O5). Após a confecção dos tratamentos, os frutos foram armazenados em câmara frigorífica a 4 ± 1°C e 95 ± 3% de umidade relativa (U.R.). As avaliações foram realizadas no momento da colheita e, 7; 21; 35; 42 e 56 dias de armazenamento refrigerado, quanto à porcentagem de perda de massa fresca, taxa de desgrana e de bagas deterioradas, qualidade do engaço e teor de SS dos frutos. Após oito semanas, foi realizado teste de preferência para as duas variedades. Verificou-se, em ambas as variedades, que as uvas submetidas à ação do gerador de SO2 , contendo 3g de metabissulfito de sódio e acondicionamento em embalagens de PEBD de 0,020mm de espessura, independentemente do tipo de embalagem secundária, apresentaram a menor perda de massa fresca, menor taxa de desgrana e de bagas deterioradas, e melhor qualidade do engaço. Os resultados da análise sensorial concordaram com os resultados das análises físico-químicas. Não foram detectadas diferenças nos teores de SS entre os tratamentos, em ambas as variedades. (Apoio: Roraima Agrofrutas).
Resumo:
Objetivo:Diversos estudos foram publicados quanto ao uso de blindagens de bismuto para proteção de mamas em exames de tomografia computadorizada (TC), e até a redação deste artigo encontrou-se apenas uma publicação sobre blindagens de bário. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar, pela primeira vez, uma manta plumbífera para proteção de mamas.Materiais e Métodos:Foram avaliadas a redução percentual da dose e a influência desta blindagem em parâmetros quantitativos da imagem. Medidas de dose foram feitas em um equipamento de TC com auxílio de fantomas específicos e detectores de radiação. Um software de processamento auxiliou na análise qualitativa, que consistiu em avaliar a variação no número médio de TC e do ruído nas imagens.Resultados:Uma redução de dose na entrada em até 30% e do CTDIvol em até 17% foi encontrada. Como previsto na literatura, a presença do algodão como objeto espaçador reduziu significativamente os artefatos presentes na imagem. Em todas as medidas realizadas foi constatado aumento do número médio de TC e do ruído das imagens na presença da manta.Conclusão:Como esperado, os dados encontrados para a blindagem com chumbo foram da mesma ordem daqueles encontrados na literatura para blindagem com bismuto.
Resumo:
The e phase of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) is the structural form most easily converted in the LiMn2O4 spinel used as cathode in lithium batteries. Thus, employing titanium as anode, a study of electrolysis parameters was carried out in order to determine the best conditions to produce an e-EMD suitable for that spinel preparation. The influence of solution temperature (65oC and 90oC) and current density (between 1 mA/cm2 and 17.5 mA/cm2) on the anode potential and the EMD properties was investigated using an aqueous 2.0 mol/L MnSO4 + 0.30 mol/L H2SO4 solution. In any of the electrolysis conditions tested only the e-EMD structure was obtained, but its specific surface area varied with the applied current density and temperature. Drying the e-EMD at temperatures between 60oC and 120oC did not cause any phase changes. To produce a suitable EMD at the highest current density possible without passivation of the titanium anode, the best electrolysis parameters were determined to be 90oC and 15 mA/cm2. The e-EMD thus obtained had a specific surface area (BET) of ca. 65 m2/g.
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An on-line electrodissolution procedure implemented in a flow injection system for determination of copper, zinc and lead in brasses alloys by ICP-AES is described. Sample dissolution procedure was carried out by using a PTFE chamber and a DC power supply with constant current. Solid sample was attached to chamber as anode and a gold tubing coupled in the chamber was used as cathode. An electrolytic solution flowing through the gold tubing closed the electric circuit with sample, in order to provide condition for electric dissolution when the DC power supply was switched on. The best results were achieved by using a 1.5 mol l-1 nitric acid solution as electrolyte and a 2.5 A current intensity. The procedure presented a good performance characterized by a relative standard deviation better than < 5% (n=5) and a sample throughput of 180 determinations per hour for Cu, Zn and Pb. Results were in agreement with those obtained by conventional acid dissolution (99% confidence level).
Resumo:
The aim of this work was to evaluate the availability of the toxic heavy metals: cadmium, lead and chromium, in soybean, from some fertilizers. Five fertilizers and soluble salts contend Cd, Pb and Cr were used. All the treatments were accomplished in vases of 2,5 L with application of two doses, 50 and 100 kg.ha-1 for the fertilizers and 25 and 50 kg.ha-1 for the salts.
Resumo:
Titanium dioxide was prepared by hydrolysis and polycondensation of titanium tetraisopropoxide. TiO2 films were obtained by spin coating of the precursor solution on ITO substractes (glass covered with indium doped tin oxide). Films were prepared using different temperatures and hydrochloric acid contents. The effect of the drying temperature of the films (100 or 400ºC) was also investigated. TiO2 films were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, ultraviolete-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractrometry.
Resumo:
The sequential extraction procedure proposed by Tessier and total digestion were applied for the analysis of sediment samples from Tubarão River. The recoveries were between 93.5 and 102.5% for Cu and 99.2 and 111% for Pb. The precision was tipically better than 6% for Cu and 3% for Pb. Comparison of the values obtained for the total digest with the sum of the extracted fractions showed that there were no significant losses in the extraction steps so that the method can be used for the monitoring availability and mobility of these analytes. According to ten points of sampling, was possible to determined the average of labiles phases (fractions 1 and 4) for Pb and Cu: 33.70% and 18.18%, respectively; and the inert phases (fraction 5- residual): 66.30% for Pb and 81.82% for Cu.
Resumo:
Simultaneous electrolytic deposition is proposed for minimization of Cu2+ and Pb2+ interferences on automated determination of Cd2+ by the Malachite Green-iodide reaction. During electrolysis of sample in a cell with two Pt electrodes and a medium adjusted to 5% (v/v) HNO3 + 0.1% (v/v) H2SO4 + 0.5 mol L-1 NaCl, Cu2+ is deposited as Cu on the cathode, Pb2+ is deposited as PbO2 on the anode while Cd2+ is kept in solution. With 60 s electrolysis time and 0.25 A current, Pb2+ and Cu2+ levels up to 50 and 250 mg L-1 respectively, can be tolerated without interference. With on-line extraction of Cd2+ in anionic resin minicolumn, calibration graph in the 5.00 - 50.0 µg Cd L-1 range is obtained, corresponding to twenty measurements per hour, 0.7 mg Malachite Green and 500 mg KI and 5 mL sample consumed per determination. Results of the determination of Cd in certified reference materials, vegetables and tap water were in agreement with certified values and with those obtained by GFAAS at 95% confidence level. The detection limit is 0.23 µg Cd L-1 and the RSD for typical samples containing 13.0 µg Cd L-1 was 3.85 % (n= 12).
Resumo:
An alternative analytical method for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in atmosphere was developed. The collection of NO2 is performed by a Sep-Pack C-18 cartridge impregnated with 11% (v/v) of triethanolamine plus 3,6 % (v/v) of ethylene glycol plus 25 % (v/v) of acetone combined solution. When the impregnating is used, NO2 is collected with good repeatibility (CV = 3,3 %). The NO2 absorbed in the sampler was stripped from the sorbent with a methanol 5% (v/v) aqueous solution and was determined by colorimetry as nitrite by using the Griess-Saltzman reagent. The detection limit of 1,4 ppb for 60 min sampling at 0,5 L min-1 flow rate was obtained. Preparation and conditioning procedures for TEA-C-18 cartridge, sampling flow rate, absorption capacity and interference of other species are discussed.
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The aim of this work was to compare the performances of the L'vov and integrated platforms in order to overcome the interferences found on lead determination in zidovudine by ET AAS. Pyrolysis and atomization temperatures found with integrated platform were 700 and 1400°C, respectively. The characteristic masses were 12.7 ± 1.2 pg with integrated platform and 11.1 ± 1.3 pg with grooved platform. The ratio between the slopes of zidovudine and aqueous curves shows a decrease in the interferences when the L'vov platform is used (bAZT/b aq = 0.97 ± 0.10) and the detection limit found was 0.03 µg.g-1. That ratio was 0.85 ± 0.07 with the integrated platform.
Resumo:
A method for determination of lead and cadmium in aqueous samples using solvent microextraction and dithizone as complexing agent with FAAS was developed. Solvent microextraction parameters were optimized. The effect of foreign ions on the extraction yields was studied. The extraction was carried out until the aqueous to organic phase ratio achieved a 250 fold preconcentration of metals. For preconcentration times of 4 min the 3sigma detection limits, relative standard deviations (n=7) and linear calibration ranges were 1.6 mug L-1, 5.8% and 10.0 -- 80.0 mug L-1 for lead and 11.1 ng L-1, 5.9% and 0.3 -- 3.0 mug L-1 for cadmium, respectively. The solvent microextraction procedure presented here was applied to the determination of lead and cadmium in natural waters.
Resumo:
High lead concentrations up to 5478 mg kg-1 were detected in dry atmospheric precipitations in Rio Grande city and adjacent area. Lead anomalies cover up to 30% of the study area. Lead concentration measurement in dry atmospheric precipitation and suspended particulate matter provides a possibility to detect concentrations above lead threshold in the air. The most impacted areas are fishermen's villages. The most possible source of lead in the air is uncontrolled sub industrial activity of local population
Resumo:
The carbon dioxide reforming of methane was carried out over nickel catalysts supported on the gamma-Al2O3/CeO2 system prepared by wet impregnation. With the increase of the CeO2 weight in the catalyst, a higher stability was observed in the catalytic activity, together with an excellent resistance to carbon deposition and a better Ni dispersion. The catalysts were characterized by means of surface area measurements, TPR, H2 chemisorption, XRD, SEM, EDX, XPS and TEM. An interaction between Ni and CeO2 was observed to the Ni/CeO2 sample after activation in a H2 atmosphere above 300 ºC. Such behavior has a significantly influence on the catalytic activity.