Graphene-MoS2 hybrid structures for multifunctional photoresponsive memory devices

Combining the electronic properties of graphene(1,2) and molybdenum disulphide (MoS2)(3-6) in hybrid heterostructures offers the possibility to create devices with various functionalities. Electronic logic and memory devices have already been constructed from graphene-MoS2 hybrids(7,8), but they do not make use of the photosensitivity of MoS2, which arises from its optical-range bandgap(9). Here, we demonstrate that graphene-on-MoS2 binary heterostructures display remarkable dual optoelectronic functionality, including highly sensitive photodetection and gate-tunable persistent photoconductivity. The responsivity of the hybrids was found to be nearly 1 x 10(10) A W-1 at 130 K and 5 x 10(8) A W-1 at room temperature, making them the most sensitive graphene-based photodetectors. When subjected to time-dependent photoillumination, the hybrids could also function as a rewritable optoelectronic switch or memory, where the persistent state shows almost no relaxation or decay within experimental timescales, indicating near-perfect charge retention. These effects can be quantitatively explained by gate-tunable charge exchange between the graphene and MoS2 layers, and may lead to new graphene-based optoelectronic devices that are naturally scalable for large-area applications at room temperature.

An Efficient Probe for Rapid Detection of Cyanide in Water at Parts per Billion Levels and Naked-Eye Detection of Endogenous Cyanide

A new molecular probe based on an oxidized bis-indolyl skeleton has been developed for rapid and sensitive visual detection of cyanide ions in water and also for the detection of endogenously bound cyanide. The probe allows the naked-eye detection of cyanide ions in water with a visual color change from red to yellow ((max)=80nm) with the immediate addition of the probe. It shows high selectivity towards the cyanide ion without any interference from other anions. The detection of cyanide by the probe is ratiometric, thus making the detection quantitative. A Michael-type addition reaction of the probe with the cyanide ion takes place during this chemodosimetric process. In water, the detection limit was found to be at the parts per million level, which improved drastically when a neutral micellar medium was employed, and it showed a parts-per-billion-level detection, which is even 25-fold lower than the permitted limits of cyanide in water. The probe could also efficiently detect the endogenously bound cyanide in cassava (a staple food) with a clear visual color change without requiring any sample pretreatment and/or any special reaction conditions such as pH or temperature. Thus the probe could serve as a practical naked-eye probe for in-field experiments without requiring any sophisticated instruments.

Synthesis of novel beta-aryl-beta-(methylthio)acroleins via Vilsmeier-Haack protocol as potential 1,3-dielectrophilic three-carbon building blocks

A new general route for the synthesis of novel beta-aryl-beta-(methylthio)acroleins, a class of stable potential 1,3-dielectrophilic synthons, has been reported. The overall protocol involves treatment of either beta-chloroacroleins or their precursor iminium salts (generated in situ from the corresponding active methylene ketones under Vilsmeier-Haack reaction conditions) with S,S-dimethyldithiocarbonates (DDC)/aqueous KOH in either a one-pot or two-step process. The dimethyldithiocarbonate (DDC)/30% aqueous KOH has been shown to be an excellent source of methylthiolate anion. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comportamiento productivo de cerdos alimentados con desperdicios de cocina y residuos de galleta en la dieta, bajo distintos porcentajes de inclusión

El presente estudio se realizó en la granja porcina de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (U.N.A), ubicada en el Km. 13 a los 86°. 09' 36" longitud oeste y los 12° 08'15" latitud norte de la comunidad de Sabana Grande, Municipio de Managua con un elevación de 56 m sobre el nivel del mar (INETER, 1987). La fase de campo fue realizada de Julio a Octubre de 1999, con el objetivo de evaluar el comportamiento productivo de cerdos en crecimiento, desarrollo y engorde alimentados con tres raciones diferentes: (T1) Desperdicio de Galleta 100%, (T2) Desperdicio de Galleta 75% + Desperdicio de cocina 25%, (T3) Desperdicio de cocina 100%. Se utilizaron 18 cerdos comerciales de ambos sexos, con peso promedio de inicio de 54.86 kg, que fueron distribuidos en tres tratamientos con seis repeticiones con los datos levantados de pesaje de los diferentes tratamientos, se efectúo el análisis estadístico correspondiente al diseño experimental completamente al Azar (DCA) y su correspondiente análisis para las variables en estudio, G.M D. y C.A. Los cerdos que presentaron una ganancia de peso más alta, fueron los que se alimentaron con la ración l00 % de desperdicio de cocina teniendo una ganancia media diaria de 0.758 kg. los cerdos alimentados 75 % DDG, + 25 % DDC, alcanzaron una ganancia de peso promedio de 0.578 kg. mientras que el tratamiento 100% DDG alcanzo una ganancia media de peso promedio de 0.17 kg. El análisis de la ganancia media diaria se demostró con una alfa de 5 %. El análisis estadístico mostró que las diferencias en conversión alimenticia fueron significativas entre tratamientos con un Alfa al 5 %. Al comparar las utilidades generadas entre el T t y T2, estos resultaron financieramente aceptables, de forma similar se comportaron el T1 y T3., no obstante, desde el punto de vista nutricional, estos no cumplieron los requerimientos de la categoría, por lo que el T2, se presentó finalmente como el más aceptable nutricionalmente.

Simulation-based optimal sensor scheduling with application to observer trajectory planning

The sensor scheduling problem can be formulated as a controlled hidden Markov model and this paper solves the problem when the state, observation and action spaces are continuous. This general case is important as it is the natural framework for many applications. The aim is to minimise the variance of the estimation error of the hidden state w.r.t. the action sequence. We present a novel simulation-based method that uses a stochastic gradient algorithm to find optimal actions. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluación del efecto de la suplementación de tres niveles de urea en novillos de finalización en la finca de la Asociación de Ganaderos, comarca Coyanchigue, Camoapa Boaco, 2014

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la suplementación de tres niveles de urea en novillos de finalización en la finca de la ASOGACAM ubicado en la Comarca Coyanchigue, Camoapa Boaco, comprendido de Agosto-Octubre del 2013. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar, con una población de 20 animales divididos en 4 grupos. Los tratamientos evaluados consistieron en el suministro de urea al 3%, 5%, 7% y 0% equivalente a 100, 130, 150 y 0 gramos respectivamente. Se realizó un análisis de varianza, encontrando una diferencia mínima significativa de 94%, aplicando la técnica de separación de media según Duncan al 5% identificando grupos con promedios de peso a través de programa estadístico SPSS v 17. Al aplicar la prueba de Duncan se logró comparar los tratamientos con una probabilidad de 95 % con una diferencia significativa mostrando que el mayor promedio obtenido fue urea al 7% con un peso promedio final de 441.20 kg con una ganancia media diaria de peso de 1020.0 g, seguido del tratamiento urea al 5% con un peso promedio final de 429.60 kg con una ganancia media diaria de peso de 840.0 g, tratamiento urea al 3% con un peso promedio final 420 kg, y una ganancia media diaria de 770.0 g, tratamiento urea al 0% con peso promedio final de 419.40 kg y una ganancia media diaria de 830.0 g. El análisis de la relación beneficio costo durante los 36 días del experimento indican que el mejor tratamiento es urea al 7% donde por cada córdoba invertido se genera 1.54 córdobas.

表面粗糙度变化对近地层大气的影响——(Ⅰ)—风速和剪应力变异

本文系统地分析了任意分布的表面粗糙度变化,对三维和二维大气边界层近地风速和剪应力的影响,提出了一个四层结构的线性理论.由该理论得到的解与已有的结果符合得很好.

A documentação de Paul Otlet : uma proposta para a organização racional da produção intelectual do homem

A pesquisa procura identificar e analisar as circunstâncias e motivações teóricas que levaram ao surgimento, no final do século XIX, da área de estudo denominada Documentação. Apresenta informações biográficas sobre os principais artífices deste projeto, os advogados e bibliógrafos belgas, Paul Otlet e Henri La Fontaine, que visaram ampliar a compreensão sobre o meio social e cultural em que atuaram. Procura ampliar a discussão sobre os fatores que motivaram em 1895 a proposta de organização racional de toda a produção intelectual do homem. Apresenta em linhas gerais a visão abrangente e integradora da Documentação que eliminando barreiras físicas, acessava acervos arquivísticos, bibliográficos e museológicos para o registro integral dos assuntos pesquisados. Discute a utilização da Classificação Decimal de Dewey (CDD) na criação do Repertório Bibliográfico Universal e analisa o processo que levou ao surgimento da Classificação Decimal Universal (CDU). Conclui sugerindo a inclusão desta visão extensiva e integradora da documentação ao referencial teórico da Ciência da Informação. Sugere que o resgate deste aporte teórico poderá contribuir para um melhor enfrentamento dos problemas da gestão do conhecimento registrado, produzido e acumulado até os dias atuais, nos mais diversos formatos, suportes e repositórios.

A comparison of animal abundance and distribution in similar habitats in Rookery Bay, Marco Island and Fakahatchee on the southwest coast of Florida, 1971 - 1972

The three areas in Rookery Bay, near Marco Island and Fakahatchee Bay were sampled from July 1971 through July 1972, and 1,006,640 individual animals were collected, of which the majority (55%) came from the Marco area. The large disparity between the catches at Marco and the remaining study areas was due mainly to the appearance of high numbers of species of polychaetes and echinoderms that were of very minor importance or absent from the catches in Rookery Bay and Fakahatchee Bay. When only the major classes of animals in the catch are considered (i.e., crustaceans, fish and mollusks) the total counts for Fakahatchee (298,830) and Marco (275,075) are quite comparable but both exceed Rookery Bay (119,388) by a considerable margin. The effects of the red tide outbreak in the summer of 1971 were apparently restricted to the Rookery Bay Sanctuary and may account for some of the observed differences. For the purposes of making controlled comparisons between the study areas, three common habitats were selected in each area so that a mud bottom habitat, a sand-shell bottom habitat and a vegetated bottom habitat were located in each of the study areas. Total catches by habitat types for crustaceans, fish and mollusks and certain of the more abundant species show clearly the overwhelming importance of the vegetated bottom as a habitat for animals. By habitat the vegetated areas had the most "indicator species" with five, the mud habitat was next with three and the sand-shell habitat third with two. Thus the vegetated habitat would be the best choice if a single habitat were to be used to detect environmental changes between study areas. (PDF contains 137 pages)

A quantitative analysis of the phytoplankton of the Gulf of Panama: I. Results of the regional phytoplankton surveys during July and November 1957 and March 1958

ENGLISH: 1. Quantitative phytoplankton samples were collected by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission at the surface and ten meters in the Gulf of Panama, as follows: a) 18-21 March, 1958 (31 stations)-during the height of the upwelling season, b) 10-12 July, 1957 (10 stations)-during the transition to the rainy season at a time when mild upwelling winds reappear, c) 7-8 November, 1957 (15 stations)-during the height of the rainy season. 2. Maximum phytoplankton populations occurred during the upwelling season, followed by a considerable decline during July, and a further Subsidence during November. 3. A remarkable regional uniformity in species composition was observed during the surveys despite regional differences in growth conditions. Diatoms overwhelmingly dominated the communities. 4. During all surveys, the innermost regions, generally north of 8°30'N, were the most productive. The least productive areas were in the offing of San Miguel Bay and Parita Bay, suggesting that nutrient accretion via runoff is inadequate to sustain sizeable autotrophic plant populations in those regions. 5. During all surveys, phytoplankton growth appeared to be limited by nutrient availability. 6. During all surveys, phytoplankton growth appeared to be related to depth of the water column. 7. Although below average rainfall contributed to unusually favorable growth conditions (reduced stability, increased transparency and, presumably, nutrient reserves) during the November survey relative to November 1955 and 1956 at 8°45'N, 79°23'W, the anticipated heightened phytoplankton response was not observed. 8. During the November survey, the local diatom responses and their regional fluctuations could be satisfactorily related to the accompanying surface salinity conditions. However, this correspondence is undoubtedly attributable to factors associated with the observed salinity levels, probably nutrients, rather than salinity directly. 9. Unusually warm conditions occurred during the March survey, attributable to considerably weaker upwelling winds than normally occurring then, which contributed to a considerably lower standing crop and a retardation in succession of three to five weeks relative to that observed during 1955-1957 at 8°45'N, 79°23'W in the Gulf of Panama. 10. During the March survey, a well defined inverse relationship existed between mean temperature and mean diatom abundance in the upper ten meters, and between transparency and mean diatom abundance. A direct relationship occurred between surface salinity and mean diatom abundance in the upper ten meters. These relationships are interpreted to indicate that diatom abundance primarily reflected the nutrient concentrations associated with a given upwelling intensity, rather than describing casual relationships. 11. The survey results indicate that the phytoplankton dynamics observed at 8°45'N, 79°23'W from November, 1954 through May, 1957 are generally representative of the Gulf of Panama. 12. The following new forms, to be described in a later publication, were observed during the surveys: Actinoptychus undulatus f. catenata n.f., Asterionella japonica f. tropicum n.f., Leptocylindrus maximus n. sp., Skeletonema costatum f. tropicum n.f. SPANISH: 1. La Comisión Interamericana del Atun Tropical recolectó en el Golfo de Panama muestras cuantitativas de fitoplancton en la superficie y a los diez metros, como sigue: a) Del 18 al 21 de marzo de 1958 (31 estaciones)-durante el maximum de la estación de afloramiento. b) Del 10 al 12 de julio de 1957 (10 estaciones)-durante la epóca de transición a la estación lluviosa cuando reaparecen los vientos ligeros que causan el afloramiento. c) Del 7 al 8 de noviembre de 1957 (15 estaciones)-durante el maximum de la estación lluviosa. 2. Las poblaciones maximas de fitoplancton aparecieron durante la estación de afloramiento, seguido por una considerable disminución durante el mes de julio y una calma durante noviembre. 3. Durante la investigación se observó una remarcable uniformidad regional en la composición de las especies a pesar de las diferencias regionales en las condiciones de crecimiento. Las diatomeas predominaban en gran numero en las comunidades. 4. Durante todas las investigaciones, las regiones mas cerca de la costa, generalmente al norte de los 8°30'N, eran las mas productivas. Las areas menos productivas fueron las mar afuera de las Bahias de San Miguel y Parita, lo que sugiere que el aumento en las sales nutritivas causado por las escorrentias es inadecuado para sostener poblaciones grandes de plantas autotróficas en estas regiones. 5. Durante todas las investigaciones, el crecimiento del fitoplancton parecio estar limitado por la disponibilidad de las. sales nutritivas. 6. Durante todas las investigaciones el crecimiento del fitoplancton parecio estar relacionado con la profundidad de la columna de agua. 7. Aunque las precipitacion por debajo del promedio normal contribuyo a condiciones desusadamente favorables de crecimiento (estabilidad reducida, aumento de la transparencia y, presumiblemente, de la reserva de sales nutritivas) durante la investigación de noviembre en relación a noviembre de 1955 y de 1956 en los 8°45'N, 79°23'W, no se observo-la alta reacción de fitoplancton que se esperaba. 8. Durante la investigación de noviembre, las reacciones locales de las diatomeas y sus fluctuaciones regionales pudieron relacionarse en forma satisfactoria con condiciones asociadas con la salinidad de la superficie. Sin embargo, esta correspondencia puede atribuirse sin duda a factores asociados con los niveles observados de salinidad, probablemente con las sales nutritivas, en lugar de directamente con la salinidad. 9. Condiciones calurosas no comunes ocurrieron durante la investigación de marzo, las que pueden atribuirse a que los vientos que ocasionan el afloramiento fueran mas debiles que los normales, lo que contribuyó a que la cosecha estable fuera considerablemente mas baja y a la demora de tres a cinco semanas en la sucecion relativa a la que se observó durante 1955-1957 en los 8°45'N, 8°23'W, en el Golfo de Panama. 10. Durante la investigación de marzo, existió una relación inversa bien definida entre la temperatura y la abundancia media de las diatomeas en los diez metros superiores, y entre la transparencia y la abundancia media de las diatomeas. Una relación directa ocurrio entre la salinidad de superficie y la abundancia media de las diatomeas en los diez metros superiores. Estas relaciones se interpretan como indicadoras de que la abundancia de diatomeas refleja primeramente las concentraciones de las sales nutritivas asociadas con una intensidad de afloramiento dada, en lugar de describir relaciones causales. 11. Los resultados de la investigacion indican que la dinamica del fitoplancton observada en los 8°45'N, 79°23'W, desde noviembre de 1954 a mayo de 1957, es generalmente representativa del Golfo de Panama. 12. Durante las investigaciones se observaron las siguientes formas nuevas, las que seran descritas en una publicación posterior: Actinoptychus undulatus f. catenata n.f., Asterionella japonica f. tropicum n.f., Leptocylindrus maximus n. sp., Skeletonema costatum f. tropicum n.f.

Improved utilization and increased availability of fishery products as an effective control of aggravated animal protein deficiency - induced malnutrition in Nigeria

The estimated potential of Nigerian fish resources is 1,830,994 tonnes(t) whereas the demand based on per capita consumption of 12.0kg and a population of 88.5 million is 1.085 million tonnes. Supply is presently less than 500,000 tons. The gap between demand and supply have to be met through improved utilization and increased availability of fish and fishery products. The role of fish in nutrition is recognized, since it supplies a good balance of protein, vitamins and minerals and a relatively low caloric content. This paper appraises the consumption and utilisation pattern of fish in Nigeria, the spoilage of fish and prevention of losses as a means of increasing the availability of fish for human consumption and consequent control of aggravated animal protein deficiency - induced malnutrition. The paper further highlights the point that without increased landings, increased supply of fish can be achieved through reduction of postharvest loss of what is presently caught. The use of newly designed smoke - drying equipment to achieve such goal is highlighted. The paper also emphasises the need to put into human food chain those non-conventional fishery resources and by-catch of shrimp and demersal trawl fishes by conversion into high value protein products like fish cakes, fish pies and salted dried cakes

Reflection and refraction of light at the interface of a uniaxial bicrystal

This paper deals with a theoretical analysis of the reflection and refraction of light at the interface of a bicrystal by use of Maxwell's equations. For a general case, the formulas of Snell's Law and the four Fresnel coefficients for the reflection and refraction of extraordinary light at the interface of a uniaxial bicrystal are derived for the first time, as well as the Brewster angle value. The condition for total reflection is presented and the electromagnetic fields distributions at both sides of a bicrystal are presented when total reflection occurs.