970 resultados para compensação inversa
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[ES] La obtención de agua potable mediante técnicas de desalinización está muy extendida en canarias, para ello se requieren elevados consumos de energía que pueden disminuirse incorporando un recuperador de energía. En este trabajo se ha estudiado el comportamiento de un sistema de recuperación de energía, tipo PX, bajo condiciones variables de energía para una planta de o.I. de 115m3/día, de esta manera se podrá profundizar en el comportamiento de estos sistemas en régimen variable. El concepto nuevo que se introduce en este proyecto es el diseño de sistemas de desalinización que puedan funcionar eficientemente con suministro de potencia variable. Esto implica la integración directa de la energía renovable y la ósmosis inversa sin dispositivo alguno para el almacenamiento de energía.
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[ES] La O.I. es una técnica de separación por membranas ampliamente utilizada hoy en día y se emplea principalmente para la producción de agua desalada a partir de agua salobre o de mar. Actualmente, uno de los objetivos más importantes para disminuir los gastos de explotación en las plantas desaladoras, es optimizar la demanda de energía requerida por el proceso de O.I. En ese sentido, las últimas innovaciones tecnológicas aplicadas, como por ejemplo, los sistemas intercambiadores de presión y los sistemas de recuperación de energía con turbina, se han empleado tanto en las plantas desaladoras de agua salobre como de agua de mar con la finalidad exclusiva de mejorar el consumo de energía eléctrica y hacer un uso eficiente de la misma. En el presente trabajo, se analiza el comportamiento del motor eléctrico asíncrono acoplado a una bomba de alta presión, que normalmente se utilizan en cualquiera de las plantas desaladoras de agua de mar (en adelante IDAM), buscando algunas relaciones con la optimización del consumo de energía demandado. Los resultados obtenidos y las conclusiones se contrastan con un programa de simulación informático de motores asíncronos.
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Programa de doctorado: Tecnología industrial
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Programa de doctorado: Tecnología Industrial
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Programa de doctorado: Ingeniería Ambiental y Desalinización
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Lo sviluppo di questa tesi è nato dalla mia volontà di intraprendere un cammino nel campo dell’animazione computerizzata e della grafica in generale. La tesi tratta in generale della nascita dell’animazione, del suo sviluppo, delle principali tecniche e ne applica i principi nella realizzazione di un’animazione. Il progetto consiste nella modellazione di un personaggio di un cartone animato attraverso il programma Autodesk Maya, e nella sua successiva animazione, ossia nel rendere il movimento del personaggio in una scena realizzata sempre con gli strumenti di Maya. Nel primo capitolo viene presentata una breve storia della computer grafica, come e dove è nata e i ricercatori che hanno contribuito a svilupparla. Si parla del suo sviluppo, di cortometraggi e film d’animazione che hanno reso possibile il suo sviluppo sia nel cinema, sia in altri settori. In breve vengono descritte anche alcune applicazioni e uno schema che racchiude i rami della grafica. Nel secondo capitolo viene messa in rilievo una differenza tra animazione tradizionale e animazione computerizzata. Inoltre vengono elencati i principi cardini dell’animazione, particolare rilievo viene dato alle figure articolate e alle principali articolazioni importanti per l’animazione. Viene trattata la cinematica che permette lo studio del moto del corpo e viene descritta la differenza tra cinematica diretta e inversa, i tre approcci per utilizzarla e un confronto finale tra le due. Infine viene fatta una breve descrizione dell’animazione interattiva, della dinamica dei corpi e dell’animazione automatizzata. Il terzo capitolo tratta del software utilizzato per la realizzazione del progetto Autodesk Maya. È stata inserita una breve guida base sugli strumenti di Maya. Nel quarto capitolo vengono esposti i passi seguiti per la realizzazione del progetto. Il personaggio che è stato modellato è Olaf, il pupazzo di neve del film d’animazione Frozen. In questo capitolo vengono presentati anche i passi per lo sviluppo della scena, e le tecniche utilizzate per animare il personaggio.
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BACKGROUND: Acne inversa (hidradenitis suppurativa) is a chronic inflammatory and cicatricial disorder that affects skin areas rich in apocrine glands and terminal hairs, such as perineum and axillae. The exact pathogenesis of the disease is not well understood and the mechanisms by which bacterial superinfection contributes to the disease progression are not clear. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed by inflammatory cells play a crucial role in the innate immune response to bacteria. OBJECTIVES: We sought to investigate the role of TLR2 in the pathogenesis of acne inversa. METHODS: We investigated the expression of TLR2 using real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunohistochemical stainings of tissue samples from patients with acne inversa. Furthermore, we phenotypically characterized the infiltrating cells and their expression of TLR2. RESULTS: Compared with normal skin, a highly increased in situ expression of TLR2 in acne inversa skin lesions was found at both the mRNA and the protein level. The most abundant cells in the dermal infiltrate of acne inversa were CD68+ macrophages, CD209+ dendritic cells (DCs) and CD3+ T cells. CD19+ B cells and CD56+ natural killer cells were found only in small numbers. Double staining with fluorescence-labelled antibodies showed that TLR2 was expressed by infiltrating macrophages (CD68+) and DCs (CD209+). Flow cytometric analysis of isolated infiltrating cells further confirmed surface expression of TLR2 by macrophages and DCs. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that the enhanced expression of TLR2 by infiltrating macrophages and DCs may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory lesions of acne inversa.
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BACKGROUND: Acne inversa is a chronic inflammatory disorder of apocrine gland-bearing skin. The role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of the disease is controversial. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the expression of antimicrobial peptide/proteins in acne inversa. METHODS: Tissue samples were obtained from patients with acne inversa and compared with normal-appearing skin. The expression of psoriasin and human beta-defensin (hBD)-2 on messenger RNA and protein level was analyzed. RESULTS: Both messenger RNA and protein levels of psoriasin and hBD-2 were significantly increased in acne inversa. Macrophages expressing hBD-2 were found in the dermis. LIMITATIONS: Small sample size is a limitation. CONCLUSIONS: Antimicrobial peptide/proteins are overexpressed in acne inversa lesions as compared with normal-appearing skin. The site of the major expression depends on the particular antimicrobial peptide/protein. Psoriasin is overexpressed in epidermal keratinocytes whereas hBD-2 is produced mainly by dermal macrophages, leaving a relative deficiency of hBD-2 in the epidermis of acne inversa lesions.
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Hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory, recurrent, debilitating skin disease of the hair follicle that usually presents after puberty with painful, deep-seated, inflamed lesions in the apocrine gland-bearing areas of the body, most commonly the axillae, inguinal and anogenital regions. A mean disease incidence of 6.0 per 100,000 person-years and an average prevalence of 1% has been reported in Europe. HS has the highest impact on patients' quality of life among all assessed dermatological diseases. HS is associated with a variety of concomitant and secondary diseases, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, e.g. Crohn's disease, spondyloarthropathy, follicular occlusion syndrome and other hyperergic diseases. The central pathogenic event in HS is believed to be the occlusion of the upper part of the hair follicle leading to a perifollicular lympho-histiocytic inflammation. A highly significant association between the prevalence of HS and current smoking (Odds ratio 12.55) and overweight (Odds ratio 1.1 for each body mass index unit) has been documented. The European S1 HS guideline suggests that the disease should be treated based on its individual subjective impact and objective severity. Locally recurring lesions can be treated by classical surgery or LASER techniques, whereas medical treatment either as monotherapy or in combination with radical surgery is more appropriate for widely spread lesions. Medical therapy may include antibiotics (clindamycin plus rifampicine, tetracyclines), acitretin and biologics (adalimumab, infliximab). A Hurley severity grade-relevant treatment of HS is recommended by the expert group following a treatment algorithm. Adjuvant measurements, such as pain management, treatment of superinfections, weight loss and tobacco abstinence have to be considered.