Neural patterns underlying social comparisons of personal performance

Humans often evaluate their abilities by comparing their personal performance with that of others. For this process, it is critical whether the comparison turns out in one's favor or against it. Here, we investigate how social comparisons of performance are encoded and integrated on the neural level. We collected functional magnetic resonance images while subjects answered questions in a knowledge quiz that was related to their profession. After each question, subjects received a feedback about their personal performance, followed by a feedback about the performance of a reference group who had been quizzed beforehand. Based on the subjects' personal performance, we divided trials in downward and upward comparisons. We found that upward comparisons correlated with activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior insula. Downward comparisons were associated with increased activation in the ventral striatum (VS), the medial orbitofrontal cortex and the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The extent to which subjects outperformed the reference group modulated the activity in the VS and in the dorsal ACC. We suggest that the co-activation of the VS and the dorsal ACC contributes to the integration of downward comparisons into the evaluation of personal performance.

Hippocampus is place of interaction between unconscious and conscious memories retrieval

Recent experiments suggest that humans can form and later retrieve new semantic relations unconsciously by way of hippocampus - the key structure thought to support conscious relational (episodic) memory. Given that the hippocampus subserves both conscious and unconscious relational encoding/retrieval, we expected the hippocampus to be place of unconscious-conscious interactions. This hypothesis was tested in an fMRI experiment on the interaction between the unconscious retrieval of face-associated occupations and the subsequent conscious retrieval of celebrities’ occupations. For subliminal encoding, masked combinations of an unfamiliar face and a written occupation (“actor” or “politician”) were subliminally presented. At test, we presented the former subliminal faces again, without occupations and masks, as conscious retrieval cues. We hypothesized that faces would trigger the unconscious reactivation of the associated occupation - actor or politician -, which in turn would facilitate or inhibit the subsequent conscious recollection of a celebrity’s occupation. Following the presentation of a former subliminal face, we presented the portrait of a celebrity that participants were required to sort according to “actor” or “politician”. Depending on whether the triggered unconscious occupation was congruent or incongruent with the celebrity’s occupation, we expected an expedited or retarded conscious retrieval process as reflected in reaction times. Conscious retrieval was expedited in the congruent condition, but there was no effect in the incongruent condition. fMRI data collected during subliminal relational encoding confirmed that the hippocampus was interacting with neocortical semantic storage sites. fMRI data collected at test indicated that the facilitated conscious retrieval of celebrity-associated occupations was related to deactivations in this same network spanning hippocampus and neocortical semantic storage sites. Hence, unconscious retrieval likely preactivated this network, which allowed for a sparing recruitment of additional neural resources to assist conscious retrieval. This finding supports the notion that consciously and unconsciously acquired relational memories are stored in a single, cohesive hippocampal-neocortical memory space.

Hippocampus Is Place of Interaction between Unconscious and Conscious Memories.

Recent evidence suggests that humans can form and later retrieve new semantic relations unconsciously by way of hippocampus-the key structure also recruited for conscious relational (episodic) memory. If the hippocampus subserves both conscious and unconscious relational encoding/retrieval, one would expect the hippocampus to be place of unconscious-conscious interactions during memory retrieval. We tested this hypothesis in an fMRI experiment probing the interaction between the unconscious and conscious retrieval of face-associated information. For the establishment of unconscious relational memories, we presented subliminal (masked) combinations of unfamiliar faces and written occupations ("actor" or "politician"). At test, we presented the former subliminal faces, but now supraliminally, as cues for the reactivation of the unconsciously associated occupations. We hypothesized that unconscious reactivation of the associated occupation-actor or politician-would facilitate or inhibit the subsequent conscious retrieval of a celebrity's occupation, which was also actor or politician. Depending on whether the reactivated unconscious occupation was congruent or incongruent to the celebrity's occupation, we expected either quicker or delayed conscious retrieval process. Conscious retrieval was quicker in the congruent relative to a neutral baseline condition but not delayed in the incongruent condition. fMRI data collected during subliminal face-occupation encoding confirmed previous evidence that the hippocampus was interacting with neocortical storage sites of semantic knowledge to support relational encoding. fMRI data collected at test revealed that the facilitated conscious retrieval was paralleled by deactivations in the hippocampus and neocortical storage sites of semantic knowledge. We assume that the unconscious reactivation has pre-activated overlapping relational representations in the hippocampus reducing the neural effort for conscious retrieval. This finding supports the notion of synergistic interactions between conscious and unconscious relational memories in a common, cohesive hippocampal-neocortical memory space.

Predictive validity of the personal background and preparation survey and effectiveness of targeted interventions among health science community college students

Existing data, collected from 1st-year students enrolled in a major Health Science Community College in the south central United States, for Fall 2010, Spring 2011, Fall 2011 and Spring 2012 semesters as part of the "Online Navigational Assessment Vehicle, Intervention Guidance, and Targeting of Risks (NAVIGATOR) for Undergraduate Minority Student Success" with CPHS approval number HSC-GEN-07-0158, was used for this thesis. The Personal Background and Preparation Survey (PBPS) and a two-question risk self-assessment subscale were administered to students during their 1st-year orientation. The PBPS total risk score, risk self-assessment total and overall scores, and Under Representative Minority Student (URMS) status were recorded. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and report the predictive validity of the indicators identified above for Adverse Academic Status Events (AASE) and Nonadvancement Adverse Academic Status Events (NAASE) as well as the effectiveness of interventions targeted using the PBPS among a diverse population of health science community college students. The predictive validity of the PBPS for AASE has previously been demonstrated among health science professions and graduate students (Johnson, Johnson, Kim, & McKee, 2009a; Johnson, Johnson, McKee, & Kim, 2009b). Data will be analyzed using binary logistic regression and correlation using SPSS 19 statistical package. Independent variables will include baseline- versus intervention-year treatments, PBPS, risk self-assessment, and URMS status. The dependent variables will be binary AASE and NAASE status. ^ The PBPS was the first reliable diagnostic and prescriptive instrument to establish documented predictive validity for student Adverse Academic Status Events (AASE) among students attending health science professional schools. These results extend the documented validity for the PBPS in predicting AASE to a health science community college student population. Results further demonstrated that interventions introduced using the PBPS were followed by approximately one-third reduction in the odds of Nonadvancement Adverse Academic Status Events (NAASE), controlling for URMS status and risk self-assessment scores. These results indicate interventions introduced using the PBPS may have potential to reduce AASE or attrition among URMS and nonURMS attending health science community colleges on a broader scale; positively impacting costs, shortages, and diversity of health science professionals.^

Información personal: la nueva moneda de la economía digital

Technological progress has profoundly changed the way personal data are collected, accessed and used. Those data make possible unprecedented customization of advertising which, in turn, is the business model adopted by many of the most successful Internet companies. Yet measuring the value being generated is still a complex task. This paper presents a review of the literature on this subject. It has been found that the economic analysis of personal information has been conducted up to now from a qualitative perspective mainly linked to privacy issues. A better understanding of a quantitative approach to this topic is urgently needed.

A personal data framework for exchanging knowledge about users in new financial services

Personal data is a key asset for many companies, since this is the essence in providing personalized services. Not all companies, and specifically new entrants to the markets, have the opportunity to access the data they need to run their business. In this paper, we describe a comprehensive personal data framework that allows service providers to share and exchange personal data and knowledge about users, while facilitating users to decide who can access which data and why. We analyze the challenges related to personal data collection, integration, retrieval, and identity and privacy management, and present the framework architecture that addresses them. We also include the validation of the framework in a banking scenario, where social and financial data is collected and properly combined to generate new socio-economic knowledge about users that is then used by a personal lending service.

GÊNERO, RAÇA, DISCRIMINAÇÃO: O TOM DA COR NA DIREÇÃO DA ESCOLA PÚBLICA.

BRUNELLI, Conceição Aparecida Garcia: Gênero, raça, discriminação: o tom da cor na direção da escola pública. Mestrado em Educação. Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo - SP. 1 v. 244 p. 2007. Esse trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a trajetória das mulheres negras diretoras de escola pública e o processo de construção de sua identidade social, cultural, de gênero e raça. De fato, as mulheres negras em questão constroem suas identidades nadando entre águas profundas e revoltas: a das relações de gênero e a das relações raciais. A pesquisa permitiu-nos desvendar o processo seletivo pelo qual passam essas mulheres que conseguiram romper o duplo bloqueio formado pelas relações de gênero e de raça e atingiram a posição profissional de diretoras de escola pública. A questão central que norteia essa pesquisa diz respeito à trajetória de vida da mulher negra que optou pela carreira do magistério, as intercorrências encontradas ao longo de sua trajetória pessoal, de formação acadêmica e profissional, suas experiências, frustrações, expectativas, preconceitos e discriminações sofridos na caminhada até chegar ao exercício de sua atividade pública, sua ascensão social, o ingresso na carreira pública e as relações de poder que perpassam as questões de gênero e raça. Aborda ainda como essas intercorrências incidem sobre o processo de construção da identidade dessas mulheres negras e de suas relações com seus colegas brancos, homens e mulheres. A coleta de dados empíricos foi realizada através da história oral representada pela memória dessas mulheres, baseada nos depoimentos escritos e em entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os depoimentos colhidos permitiram reunir material que foram interpretados segundo as relações de poder elaboradas por Foucault e que nos possibilitam a compreensão e uma reflexão do processo de construção das identidades individual e coletiva.

GÊNERO, RAÇA, DISCRIMINAÇÃO: O TOM DA COR NA DIREÇÃO DA ESCOLA PÚBLICA.

BRUNELLI, Conceição Aparecida Garcia: Gênero, raça, discriminação: o tom da cor na direção da escola pública. Mestrado em Educação. Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo - SP. 1 v. 244 p. 2007. Esse trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a trajetória das mulheres negras diretoras de escola pública e o processo de construção de sua identidade social, cultural, de gênero e raça. De fato, as mulheres negras em questão constroem suas identidades nadando entre águas profundas e revoltas: a das relações de gênero e a das relações raciais. A pesquisa permitiu-nos desvendar o processo seletivo pelo qual passam essas mulheres que conseguiram romper o duplo bloqueio formado pelas relações de gênero e de raça e atingiram a posição profissional de diretoras de escola pública. A questão central que norteia essa pesquisa diz respeito à trajetória de vida da mulher negra que optou pela carreira do magistério, as intercorrências encontradas ao longo de sua trajetória pessoal, de formação acadêmica e profissional, suas experiências, frustrações, expectativas, preconceitos e discriminações sofridos na caminhada até chegar ao exercício de sua atividade pública, sua ascensão social, o ingresso na carreira pública e as relações de poder que perpassam as questões de gênero e raça. Aborda ainda como essas intercorrências incidem sobre o processo de construção da identidade dessas mulheres negras e de suas relações com seus colegas brancos, homens e mulheres. A coleta de dados empíricos foi realizada através da história oral representada pela memória dessas mulheres, baseada nos depoimentos escritos e em entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os depoimentos colhidos permitiram reunir material que foram interpretados segundo as relações de poder elaboradas por Foucault e que nos possibilitam a compreensão e uma reflexão do processo de construção das identidades individual e coletiva.

GÊNERO, RAÇA, DISCRIMINAÇÃO: O TOM DA COR NA DIREÇÃO DA ESCOLA PÚBLICA.

Esse trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a trajetória das mulheres negras diretoras de escola pública e o processo de construção de sua identidade social, cultural, de gênero e raça. De fato, as mulheres negras em questão constroem suas identidades nadando entre águas profundas e revoltas: a das relações de gênero e a das relações raciais. A pesquisa permitiu-nos desvendar o processo seletivo pelo qual passam essas mulheres que conseguiram romper o duplo bloqueio formado pelas relações de gênero e de raça e atingiram a posição profissional de diretoras de escola pública. A questão central que norteia essa pesquisa diz respeito à trajetória de vida da mulher negra que optou pela carreira do magistério, as intercorrências encontradas ao longo de sua trajetória pessoal, de formação acadêmica e profissional, suas experiências, frustrações, expectativas, preconceitos e discriminações sofridos na caminhada até chegar ao exercício de sua atividade pública, sua ascensão social, o ingresso na carreira pública e as relações de poder que perpassam as questões de gênero e raça. Aborda ainda como essas intercorrências incidem sobre o processo de construção da identidade dessas mulheres negras e de suas relações com seus colegas brancos, homens e mulheres. A coleta de dados empíricos foi realizada através da história oral representada pela memória dessas mulheres, baseada nos depoimentos escritos e em entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os depoimentos colhidos permitiram reunir material que foram interpretados segundo as relações de poder elaboradas por Foucault e que nos possibilitam a compreensão e uma reflexão do processo de construção das identidades individual e coletiva.

GÊNERO, RAÇA, DISCRIMINAÇÃO: O TOM DA COR NA DIREÇÃO DA ESCOLA PÚBLICA.

Esse trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a trajetória das mulheres negras diretoras de escola pública e o processo de construção de sua identidade social, cultural, de gênero e raça. De fato, as mulheres negras em questão constroem suas identidades nadando entre águas profundas e revoltas: a das relações de gênero e a das relações raciais. A pesquisa permitiu-nos desvendar o processo seletivo pelo qual passam essas mulheres que conseguiram romper o duplo bloqueio formado pelas relações de gênero e de raça e atingiram a posição profissional de diretoras de escola pública. A questão central que norteia essa pesquisa diz respeito à trajetória de vida da mulher negra que optou pela carreira do magistério, as intercorrências encontradas ao longo de sua trajetória pessoal, de formação acadêmica e profissional, suas experiências, frustrações, expectativas, preconceitos e discriminações sofridos na caminhada até chegar ao exercício de sua atividade pública, sua ascensão social, o ingresso na carreira pública e as relações de poder que perpassam as questões de gênero e raça. Aborda ainda como essas intercorrências incidem sobre o processo de construção da identidade dessas mulheres negras e de suas relações com seus colegas brancos, homens e mulheres. A coleta de dados empíricos foi realizada através da história oral representada pela memória dessas mulheres, baseada nos depoimentos escritos e em entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os depoimentos colhidos permitiram reunir material que foram interpretados segundo as relações de poder elaboradas por Foucault e que nos possibilitam a compreensão e uma reflexão do processo de construção das identidades individual e coletiva.

What We Don't Know Can Hurt Us: Clinical Inference Bias and Constructed Memories of Sexual Abuse.

The false memory/recovered memory debate, research regarding the malleability of memory, and the current lack of methods for validating recovered memories all support the view that heightened care is required of therapists dealing with clients whom they suspect have been sexually abused. The judgmental heuristics that underlie the major clinical inference biases of confirmatory bias, biased covariation, base rate fallacies, and schematic processing errors are all relevant to the processes leading to therapist-client constructions of memories of sexual abuse. Suggestions for minimizing each of these biases are offered. Personal motivations of the client and client suggestibility are factors that may contribute to the construction of memories of sexual abuse, and suggestions for minimizing the impact of these motivations are offered. In conclusion, general suggestions for minimizing the impact of clinical inference biases within the sexual abuse treatment context are summarized.

Cómo reacciona el personal de hotel cuando observa un trato (in)justo hacia los huéspedes

Este artículo sugiere que el personal de hotel ante un trato (in)justo del hotel hacia los clientes atribuye tal trato a la responsabilidad del hotel y, dependiendo que éste sea justo o injusto, aumentaría o disminuiría sus conductas orientadas al cliente (COBs). Los datos fueron recogidos mediante cuestionarios pasados a 204 empleados de ocho hoteles de lujo en las Islas Canarias (España). Para examinar las hipótesis se utilizaron modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). No así en el caso de percepciones de justicia distributiva, los resultados muestran que cuanta más justicia procedimental e interpersonal hacia los huéspedes perciban los empleados, más se implican en conductas orientadas al cliente (COBs). Los hallazgos sugieren la necesidad de prevenir episodios de maltrato a los huéspedes por parte del hotel, haciendo especial hincapié en aquellos que son visibles para los empleados, para promover así conductas orientadas al cliente (COBs). Hasta donde nosotros sabemos, este es el primer estudio empírico en donde la justicia organizativa (distributiva, procedimental e interpersonal) dirigida hacia los clientes y las conductas orientadas al cliente (COBs) de los empleados son examinadas conjuntamente en un mismo modelo.

My maiden effort; being the personal confessions of well-known American authors as to their literary beginnings,

"Mary Austin": p. 12-16.

Job uncertainty and personal control during downsizing: A comparison of survivors and victims

This study developed and tested a model of job uncertainty for survivors and victims of downsizing. Data were collected from three samples of employees in a public hospital, each representing three phases of the downsizing process: immediately before the announcement of the redeployment of staff, during the implementation of the downsizing, and towards the end of the official change programme. As predicted, levels of job uncertainty and personal control had a direct relationship with emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction, In addition, there was evidence to suggest that personal control mediated the relationship between job uncertainty and employee adjustment, a pattern of results that varied across each of the three phases of the change event. From the perspective of the organization's overall climate, it was found that levels of job uncertainty, personal control and job satisfaction improved and/or stabilized over the downsizing process. During the implementation phase, survivors experienced higher levels of personal control than victims, but both groups of employees reported similar levels of job uncertainty. We discuss the implications of our results for strategically managing uncertainty during and after organizational change.

Examination of the influence of personal attributes on consumer use of m-services

The rapid uptake of mobile devices has created the capacity to provide services to consumers while they are on the move, and new mobile services (m-services) are constantly emerging. In past research, personal attributes have been found to be important in the adoption and use of information and communication technology. However, little research has been conducted in the area of m-services. To explore factors influencing the use of these services, this paper examines personal attributes in terms of motivational, attitudinal and demographic characteristics. Specifically, it investigates the influence of innovativeness, self- efficacy, involvement and impulsiveness, as well as age and gender on m-services use. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 250 respondents using an online survey and a modified snowball procedure. Age and gender were quite well balanced in the sample. The multiple regression model was significant and the hypotheses relating to the positive relationship between impulsiveness, involvement and gender and m-services were supported. Findings are discussed, further implications for managers are suggested and directions for future research are proposed.