Reversible major histocompatibility complex I-peptide multimers containing Ni(2+)-nitrilotriacetic acid peptides and histidine tags improve analysis and sorting of CD8(+) T cells.

MHC-peptide multimers containing biotinylated MHC-peptide complexes bound to phycoerythrin (PE) streptavidin (SA) are widely used for analyzing and sorting antigen-specific T cells. Here we describe alternative T cell-staining reagents that are superior to conventional reagents. They are built on reversible chelate complexes of Ni(2+)-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) with oligohistidines. We synthesized biotinylated linear mono-, di-, and tetra-NTA compounds using conventional solid phase peptide chemistry and studied their interaction with HLA-A*0201-peptide complexes containing a His(6), His(12), or 2×His(6) tag by surface plasmon resonance on SA-coated sensor chips and equilibrium dialysis. The binding avidity increased in the order His(6) < His(12) < 2×His(6) and NTA(1) < NTA(2) < NTA(4), respectively, depending on the configuration of the NTA moieties and increased to picomolar K(D) for the combination of a 2×His(6) tag and a 2×Ni(2+)-NTA(2). We demonstrate that HLA-A2-2×His(6)-peptide multimers containing either Ni(2+)-NTA(4)-biotin and PE-SA- or PE-NTA(4)-stained influenza and Melan A-specific CD8+ T cells equal or better than conventional multimers. Although these complexes were highly stable, they very rapidly dissociated in the presence of imidazole, which allowed sorting of bona fide antigen-specific CD8+ T cells without inducing T cell death as well as assessment of HLA-A2-peptide monomer dissociation kinetics on CD8+ T cells.

1,2-Dimethylindole-3-sulfonyl (MIS) as protecting group for the side chain of arginine

The protection of arginine (Arg) side chains is a crucial issue in peptide chemistry because of the propensity of the basic guanidinium group to produce side reactions. Currently, sulfonyl-type protecting groups, such as 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman (Pmc) and 2,2,4,6,7-pentamethyldihydrobenzofurane (Pbf), are the most widely used for this purpose. Nevertheless, Arg side chain protection remains problematic as a result of the acid stability of these two compounds. This issue is even more relevant in Arg-rich sequences, acid-sensitive peptides and large-scale syntheses. The 1,2-dimethylindole-3-sulfonyl (MIS) group is more acid-labile than Pmc and Pbf and can therefore be a better option for Arg side chain protection. In addition, MIS is compatible with tryptophan-containing peptides.

Liver-specific loss of lipin-1-mediated phosphatidic acid phosphatase activity does not mitigate intrahepatic TG accumulation in mice.

Lipin proteins (lipin 1, 2, and 3) regulate glycerolipid homeostasis by acting as phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase (PAP) enzymes in the TG synthesis pathway and by regulating DNA-bound transcription factors to control gene transcription. Hepatic PAP activity could contribute to hepatic fat accumulation in response to physiological and pathophysiological stimuli. To examine the role of lipin 1 in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, we generated mice that are deficient in lipin-1-encoded PAP activity in a liver-specific manner (Alb-Lpin1(-/-) mice). This allele of lipin 1 was still able to transcriptionally regulate the expression of its target genes encoding fatty acid oxidation enzymes, and the expression of these genes was not affected in Alb-Lpin1(-/-) mouse liver. Hepatic PAP activity was significantly reduced in mice with liver-specific lipin 1 deficiency. However, hepatocytes from Alb-Lpin1(-/-) mice had normal rates of TG synthesis, and steady-state hepatic TG levels were unaffected under fed and fasted conditions. Furthermore, Alb-Lpin1(-/-) mice were not protected from intrahepatic accumulation of diacylglyerol and TG after chronic feeding of a diet rich in fat and fructose. Collectively, these data demonstrate that marked deficits in hepatic PAP activity do not impair TG synthesis and accumulation under acute or chronic conditions of lipid overload.

Anti-trypanosomal activity of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β -D-glucose isolated from Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae)

MeOH extract from the leaves of Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae), showed in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity. The bioassay-guided fractionation resulted in the isolation of a gallic acid derivative, identified as 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (PGG), after thorough NMR and MS spectral analysis. Finally, this compound was tested against trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi and displayed an EC50 value of 67 µM, at least 6.6-fold more effective than the standard drug benznidazole. This is the first occurrence of PGG in the Plectranthus genus and the first anti-parasitic activity described for PGG in the literature.

Solid phase extraction of zinc with octadecyl silica membrane disks modified by N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-phenylendiamine and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A procedure for separation and preconcentration of trace amounts of Zn(II) from aqueous media is proposed. The procedure is based on the adsorption of Zn2+ on octadecyl bonded silica membrane disk modified with N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-phenylendiamine at pH 7. The retained zinc ions were then stripped from the disk with a minimal amount of 1.5 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid solution as eluent, and determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Maximum capacity of the membrane disk modified with 5 mg of the ligand was found to be 226 µg Zn2+. The relative standard deviation of zinc for ten replicate extraction of 10 µg zinc from 1000 mL samples was 1.2%. The limit of detection of the proposed method was 14 ng of Zn2+ per 1000 mL. The method was successfully applied to the determination of zinc in natural water samples and accuracy was examined by recovery experiments and independent analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS).

Inhibition of in vitro CO2 production and lipid synthesis by 2-hydroxybutyric acid in rat brain

2-Hydroxybutyric acid appears at high concentrations in situations related to deficient energy metabolism (e.g., birth asphyxia) and also in inherited metabolic diseases affecting the central nervous system during neonatal development, such as "cerebral" lactic acidosis, glutaric aciduria type II, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) deficiency, and propionic acidemia. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of 2-hydroxybutyric acid at various concentrations (1-10 mM) on CO2 production and lipid synthesis from labeled substrates in cerebral cortex of 30-day-old Wistar rats in vitro. CO2 production was significantly inhibited (30-70%) by 2-hydroxybutyric acid in cerebral cortex prisms, in total homogenates and in the mitochondrial fraction. We also demonstrated a significant inhibition of lipid synthesis (20-45%) in cerebral cortex prisms and total homogenates in the presence of 2-hydroxybutyric acid. However, no inhibition of lipid synthesis occurred in homogenates free of nuclei and mitochondria. The results indicate an impairment of mitochondrial energy metabolism caused by 2-hydroxybutyric acid, a fact that may secondarily lead to reduction of lipid synthesis. It is possible that these findings may be associated with the neuropathophysiology of the situations where 2-hydroxybutyric acid is accumulated.

Fish oil ingestion reduces the number of aberrant crypt foci and adenoma in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in rats

We determined the effect of fish oil (FO) ingestion on colonic carcinogenesis in rats. Male Wistar rats received 4 subcutaneous injections (40 mg/kg body weight each) of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) at 3-day intervals and were fed a diet containing 18% by weight FO (N = 10) or soybean oil (SO, N = 10) for 36 weeks. At sacrifice, the colon was removed, aberrant crypt foci were counted and the fatty acid profile was determined. Intestinal tumors were removed and classified as adenoma or carcinoma. Liver and feces were collected and analyzed for fatty acid profile. FO reduced the mean (± SEM) number of aberrant crypt foci compared to SO (113.55 ± 6.97 vs 214.60 ± 18.61; P < 0.05) and the incidence of adenoma (FO: 20% vs SO: 100%), but carcinoma occurred equally in FO and SO rats (2 animals per group). The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) profile of the colon was affected by diet (P < 0.05): total ω-3 (FO: 8.18 ± 0.97 vs SO: 1.71 ± 0.54%) and total ω-6 (FO: 3.83 ± 0.59 vs SO: 10.43 ± 1.28%). The same occurred in the liver (P < 0.05): total ω-3 (FO: 34.41 ± 2.6 vs SO: 6.46 ± 0.59%) and total ω-6 (FO: 8.73 ± 1.37 vs SO: 42.12 ± 2.33%). The PUFA profile of the feces and liver polyamine levels did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, our findings indicate that chronic FO ingestion protected against the DMH-induced preneoplastic colon lesions and adenoma development, but not against carcinoma in rats.

Determination of trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) in royal jelly from São Paulo State, Brazil

The 10-HDA content in Brazilian samples (São Paulo State) of royal jelly (RJ) was analyzed using an HPLC method based on the work by BLOODWORTH et al. [2]. The chromatographic conditions were: isocratic system, reversed phase C18-H column, auto sampler, diode array UV-VIS detector adjusted to 225nm, mobile phase composed by methanol/water (45:55) at pH= 2.5 adjusted with phosphoric acid; a-naphtol was used as internal standard, and the running time was 30min. By statistical analysis of the results, the 10-HDA contents of the samples analyzed seem to have two ranges: 1.8% and 3% (w/w), that would be useful to qualify the RJ. This is the first data regarding 10-HDA content of Brazilian RJ.

Synthèse diastéréosélective et énantiosélective de dérivés cyclopropaniques 1,2,3-substitués à l’aide de carbénoïdes gem-dizinciques

Les dérivés cyclopropaniques 1,2,3-substitutés sont des composés intéressants dans de nombreux domaines de la chimie. Au cours de cet ouvrage, nous nous sommes intéressés à la synthèse, tout d’abord diastéréosélective puis énantiosélective de ces composés. Nous nous sommes en particulier intéressés à l’utilisation de la zinciocyclopropanation pour l’obtention de ces dérivés cyclopropaniques 1,2,3-substitutés. Cette méthode consiste en l’utilisation d’un carbénoïde gem-dizincique pour effectuer une réaction de type Simmons-Smith. Cette stratégie a l’avantage d’être diastéréosélective favorisant la formation du zinciocyclopropane dont l’atome de zinc est dans une configuration cis avec le groupement directeur qu’est l’oxygène allylique basique. Lors de cette réaction, l’existence d’une réaction compétitive avec un réactif monozincique diminuait l’utilité de la zinciocyclopropanation. L’issue de la réaction s’est avérée dépendre fortement de la nature du carbénoïde utilisé, de la température réactionnelle et de la présence de ZnI2 dans le milieu. L’étude par GCMS de nombreuses conditions pour la formation des différents carbénoïdes a permis d’identifier les paramètres clés conduisant à la zinciocyclopropanation. Ces découvertes ont notamment permis d’étendre la réaction de zinciocyclopropanation aux alcools allyliques portant un seul groupement directeur (ie. non dérivé du 1,4-buténediol). Dans ces conditions, la réaction s’est avérée extrêmement diastéréosélective favorisant la formation du zinciocyclopropane dont l’atome de zinc est dans une configuration cis avec le groupement directeur. Afin de fonctionnaliser les zinciocyclopropanes ainsi obtenus, plusieurs réactions de fonctionnalisation in situ ont été développées. Chacune de ces méthodes a montré une conservation totale de la diastéréosélectivité obtenue lors de la réaction de zinciocyclopropanation. La versatilité de la zinciocyclopropanation a donc été démontrée. Avec une méthode diastéréosélective efficace pour la formation de zinciocyclopropanes à partir d’alcools allyliques ne portant qu’un seul groupement directeur, il est devenu possible d’envisager le développement énantiosélectif de la réaction. L’utilisation d’un dioxaborolane énantiopur a permis la zinciocyclopropanation avec de très bons excès énantiomères de divers alcools allyliques chiraux. La présence sur la même molécule d’un lien C–Zn nucléophile est d’un atome de bore électrophile a conduit à un échange bore-zinc in situ, formant un cyclopropylborinate énantioenrichi. La formation de ce composé bicyclique a permis d’obtenir une diastéréosélectivité parfaite. De nombreux alcools allyliques ont pu ainsi être convertis en cyclopropylborinates. Une réaction de Suzuki subséquente a permis la formation de dérivés cyclopropaniques 1,2,3-trisubstitués avec de très bons excès énantiomères et une excellente diastéréosélectivité. Les cyclopropylborinates obtenus à l’issue de la zinciocyclopropanation énantiosélective se sont avérés être des unités très versatiles puisque de nombreuses méthodes ont pu être développés pour leur fonctionnalisation.

Activation de la voie oncogénique mTOR par les formes mutées de l'isocitrate déshydrogénase 1/2 retrouvées chez les gliomes

Une des caractéristiques principales des cellules cancéreuses est la reprogrammation de leur métabolisme énergétique. Des mutations d’enzymes impliquées dans différentes voies métaboliques sont récurrentes chez plusieurs tumeurs, contribuant ainsi à la dérégulation de ces cellules et à l’oncogénèse. C’est le cas de l’isocitrate déshydrogénase 1 (IDH1) et 2 (IDH2), responsables de la conversion de l’isocitrate en α-kétoglutarate dans le cycle de l’acide citrique. Ces enzymes sont fréquemment mutées chez les gliomes, acquérant ainsi la capacité de convertir l’α-kétoglutarate en 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), un oncométabolite inhibant les oxygénases α-kétoglutarate dépendantes parmi lesquelles figure notamment KDM4A, une déméthylase de lysines. À la recherche de nouvelles voies oncogéniques potentiellement régulées par les formes mutées de IDH1/2, nous avons initialement observé que les mutations de ces deux enzymes et de PTEN, un régulateur négatif de la voie mTOR, étaient mutuellement exclusives chez les gliomes. Ceci suggère que les mutations de IDH1/2 reproduiraient certains effets engendrés par les mutations de PTEN, créant ainsi un environnement oncogénique similaire. Nous avons observé que les formes mutées de IDH1/2 stimulent l’activation de mTOR grâce à la production et l’accumulation de 2HG. Cette activation repose en partie sur l’inhibition de KDM4A par cet oncométabolite. KDM4A est impliqué dans la stabilisation de DEPTOR, un inhibiteur de mTOR. Ainsi, l’inhibition de KDM4A par le 2HG entraîne la déstabilisation de DEPTOR et, par conséquent, l’activation de mTOR. Nos travaux ont donc permis l’identification d’un nouveau mécanisme oncogénique régulé par les formes mutées de IDH1/2 retrouvées chez les gliomes, soit l’activation de mTOR.

Aproximacions sintètiques per a la preparació estereoselectiva de noves quinolil i pirazolilglicines i per a la preparació en fase sòlida de llibreries de benzotiazoles, 1,2,4-triazines i benzimidazoles

El treball experimental que ha permès redactar la present Tesi Doctoral ha estat dividit en dues parts. A la primera part es presenten els resultats referents a la síntesi estereocontrolada de noves heteroarilglicines (quinolil i pirazolilglicines) a partir de cetones acetilèniques, substrats quirals que permeten accedir a l'esquelet de diferents heterocicles (quinolines i pirazoles), la posterior obtenció dels corresponents quinolil i pirazolil--aminoalcohols i les diferents metodologies d'oxidació per tal d'accedir a les corresponents quinolil i priazolilglicines objectiu. A la segona part d'aquesta memòria s'ha estudiat, en dissolució, l'habilitat del grup alquilsulfona com a grup sortint eficaç en reaccions d'ipso-substitució nucleofilica. El desenvolupament d'aquesta reacció ha servit de punt de partida per a la creació de llibreries d'heterocicles amb alta diversitat molecular i potencial interès biològic sobre fase sòlida.

An investigation into the extraction of americium(III), lanthanides and D-block metals by 6,6 '-bis-(5,6-dipentyl-[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl)-[2,2 ']bipyridinyl(C-5-BTBP)

The tetradentate ligand (C-5-BTBP) was able to extract americium(III) selectively from nitric acid. In octanol/kerosene the distribution ratios suggest that stripping will be possible. C-5-BTBP has unusual properties and potentially offers a means of separating metals, which otherwise are difficult to separate. For example C-5-BTBP has the potential to separate paliadium(II) from a mixture containing rhodium(III) and ruthenium(H) nitrosyl. In addition, C-5-BTBP has the potential to remove traces of cadmium from effluent or from solutions of other metals contaminated with cadmium. C-5-BTBP has potential as a reagent for the separation of americium(III) from solutions contaminated with iron(III) and nickel(II), hence offering a means of concentrating americium(III) for analytical purposes from nitric acid solutions containing high concentrations of iron(III) or nickel(II).

6,6 '-bis (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl) [2,2 ']bipyridine, an effective extracting agent for the separation of americium(III) and curium(III) from the lanthanides

The extraction of americium(III), curium(III), and the lanthanides(III) from nitric acid by 6,6'- bis (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl)-[2,2'] bipyridine (CyMe4-BTBP) has been studied. Since the extraction kinetics were slow, N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dioctyl-2-(2-hexyloxy-ethyl)malonamide (DMDOHEMA) was added as a phase transfer reagent. With a mixture of 0.01 M CyMe4-BTBP + 0.25 M DMDOHEMA in n -octanol, extraction equilibrium was reached within 5 min of mixing. At a nitric acid concentration of 1 M, an americium(III) distribution ratio of approx. 10 was achieved. Americium(III)/lanthanide(III) separation factors between 50 (dysprosium) and 1500 (lanthanum) were obtained. Whereas americium(III) and curium(III) were extracted as disolvates, the stoichiometries of the lanthanide(III) complexes were not identified unambiguously, owing to the presence of DMDOHEMA. In the absence of DMDOHEMA, both americium(III) and europium(III) were extracted as disolvates. Back-extraction with 0.1 M nitric acid was thermodynamically possible but rather slow. Using a buffered glycolate solution of pH=4, an americium(III) distribution ratio of 0.01 was obtained within 5 min of mixing. There was no evidence of degradation of the extractant, for example, the extraction performance of CyMe4-BTBP during hydrolylsis with 1 M nitric acid did not change over a two month contact.

Synthesis and catalytic epoxidation potentiality of oxodiperoxo molybdenum(VI) complexes with pyridine-2-carboxaldoxime and pyridine-2-carboxylate: the crystal structure of PMePh3[MoO(O-2)(2)(PyCO)]

[MoO(O-2)(2)(PyCOXH)(H2O)] and PMePh3[MoO(O-2)(2)(PyCO)] (PyCOXH = Pyridine-2-carboxaldoxime and PyCOH = Pyridine-2-carboxylic acid) have been synthesized. Both complexes have been characterized by physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods; in addition, the carboxylate complex has been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The carboxylate complex is a more efficient catalyst than the oxime complex for epoxidation of olefins and shows excellent catalytic activity for the substrates: cyclooctene, cinnamyl alcohol, allyl alcohol and 1-hexene.

Intercalation of diiodine molecules in cis-Ru(bpy)(2)Cl-2

Reaction of diiodine with cis-Ru(bpy)(2)Cl-2 in methanol at room temperature yields a thermally stable intercalate cis-Ru(bpy)(2)Cl-2 center dot 1.7I(2) (1) which has been characterised by X-ray crystallography. Iodine is leeched from 1 as it reacts with acetone at room temperature. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.