The electroreduction of benzoic acid: voltammetric observation of adsorbed hydrogen at a platinum microelectrode in room temperature ionic liquids

The electrochemical reduction of benzoic acid in the presence and absence of hydrogen (H-2) has been investigated using a 10 mu m diameter platinum microelectrode in four different room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), namely [C(4)mim][NTf2], [C(4)mpyrr][NTf2], [C(4)mim][OTf] and [C(4)mim][BF4], versus Ag/Ag+. In all cases, reductive voltammetry is observed, and is suggested to occur via a CE mechanism in which dissociation of benzoic acid is followed by electron transfer to H+ ultimately forming adsorbed hydrogen. Furthermore, the adsorbed H atoms, formed from the reduction of benzoic acid, could be used to achieve the rapid hydrogenolysis of the organic compound (bis(benzyloxycarbonyl)-L-lysine) on the timescale of the voltammetric technique under moderate conditions (25 degrees C).

Evaluation of the ionic liquids 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as a solvent for the extraction of benzene from cyclohexane : ( Liquid + liquid ) equilibria

In the catalytic hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane, the separation of unreacted benzene from the product stream is inevitable and essential for an economically viable process. In order to evaluate the separation efficiency of ionic liquids (ILs) as a solvent in this extraction processes, the ternary (liquid + liquid) equilibrium of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [Cnmim][PF6] (n = 4, 5, 6), with benzene and cyclohexane was studied at T = 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The reliability of the experimentally determined tie-line data was confirmed by applying the Othmer–Tobias equation. The solute distribution coefficient and solvent selectivity for the systems studied were calculated and compared with literature data for other ILs and sulfolane. It turns out that the benzene distribution coefficient increases and solvent selectivity decreases as the length of the cation alkyl chain grows, and the ionic liquids [Cnmim][PF6] proved to be promising solvents for benzene–cyclohexane extractive separation. Finally, an NRTL model was applied to correlate and fit the experimental LLE data for the ternary systems studied.

Effect of temperature on salt-salt aqueous biphasic systems: manifestations of upper critical solution temperature

Water-miscible ionic liquids (ILs) may be salted out using kosmotropic salts such as potassium phosphate (K3PO4) to form salt-salt aqueous biphasic systems (ABS). The effect of temperature on these systems has been studied using phase diagrams and it is observed that the degree of binodal shift decreases (requiring lower IL and kosmotropic salt concentrations) with the increase of temperature following the trend [C(4)mim]Cl > [C(4)py]Cl > [C(4)mmim] Cl > [N-4444]Cl. This trend can be correlated with the decreasing hydrogen bonding abilities of each salt. The phase behavior was also interpreted on the basis of critical solution temperature behavior of pure aqueous ionic liquid solutions. Additionally, the distribution of alcohols in these systems was studied as a function of temperature and it was found that the distribution ratios did not change with changes in temperature. The Gibbs energy of transfer of a methylene group in these systems and correlation to tie-line length was also determined. It was concluded that while the miscibility of alcohols increases in the ILs with increasing temperature, phase divergence in the aqueous biphasic system decreases, and thus these competing forces tend to cancel each other out for small polar molecules. A comparison is provided for the response to temperature in the currently studied salt-salt systems and analogous ABS formed by the addition of hydrophilic polymers to kosmotropic salts (polymer-salt) or other polymers (polymer-polymer).

Novel polymer electrolytes based on gelatin and ionic liquids

This study describes the results of the characterization of polymer electrolytes using gelatin matrix doped with europium triflate and/or different ionic liquids. Samples of solvent-free electrolytes were prepared and characterized by ionic conductivity measurements, thermal analysis, electrochemical stability, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Electrolyte samples are thermally stable up to approximately 220 degrees C. All the materials synthesized are totally amorphous. The room temperature conductivity maximum of this electrolyte system is based on ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, (C(2)mim)(OAc) (1.18 x 10(-4) S cm(-1) at 30 degrees C). The electrochemical stability domain of all samples is about 2.0 V versus Li/Li+. This new series of materials represents a promising alternative in polymer electrolytes research field. The preliminary studies carried out with electrochromic devices (ECDs) incorporating optimized compositions have confirmed that these materials may perform as satisfactory multifunctional component layers in the field of "smart windows". This new materials, will open a land of promising applications in many areas: optics, energy, medicine for example as membranes and separation devices, ECD-based devices, sensors, etc. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

New catanionic surfactants based on 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium alkylsulfonates, [C(n)H(2n+1)mim][CmH2m+1SO3]: mesomorphism and aggregation

Anionic and cationic alkyl-chain effects on the self-aggregation of both neat and aqueous solutions of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium alkylsulfonate salts ([C(n)H(2n+ 1)mim][CmH2m+1SO3]; n = 8, 10 or 12; m = 1 and n = 4 or 8; m = 4 or 8) have been investigated. Some of these salts constitute a novel family of pure catanionic surfactants in aqueous solution. Examples of this class of materials are rare; they are distinct from both mixed cationic-anionic surfactants (obtained by mixing two salts) and gemini surfactants (with two or more amphiphilic groups bound by a covalent linker). Fluorescence spectroscopy and interfacial tension measurements have been used to determine critical micelle concentrations (CMCs), surface activity, and to compare the effects of the alkyl-substitution patterns in both the cation and anion on the surfactant properties of these salts. With relatively small methylsulfonate anions (n = 8, 10 and 12, m = 1), the salts behave as conventional single chain cationic surfactants, showing a decrease of the CMC upon increase of the alkyl chain length (n) in the cation. When the amphiphilic character is present in both the cation and anion (n = 4 and 8, m = 4 and 8), novel catanionic surfactants with CMC values lower than those of the corresponding cationic analogues, and which exhibited an unanticipated enhanced reduction of surface tension, were obtained. In addition, the thermotropic phase behaviour of [C(8)H(18)mim][C8H18SO3] (n = m = 8) was investigated using variable temperature X-ray scattering, polarising optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry; formation of a smectic liquid crystalline phase with a broad temperature range was observed.

Room Temperature-Processed TiO2 MIM Capacitors for DRAM Applications

We report the room temperature fabrication of Ta/TiO2/Ta metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors (mainly, for DRAM applications). The fabricated devices show high capacitance density (similar to 15 fF/mu m(2)), and low leakage current density of 6.4 X 10(-8) A/cm(2) (27 degrees C) and 3.3 x 10(-6) A/cm(2) (125 degrees C) at -1 V. We analyze the electrical and material characteristics of the fabricated capacitors, and compare the device performance of these capacitors with other TiO2 and TiO2-based MIM capacitors reported in recent literature.

Loss-of-function mutations in the cathepsin C gene result in periodontal disease and palmoplantar keratosis

Papillon-Lefevre syndrome, or keratosis palmoplantaris with periodontopathia (PLS, MIM 245000), is an autosomal recessive disorder that is mainly ascertained by dentists because of the severe periodontitis that afflicts patients(1,2). Both the deciduous and permanent dentitions are affected, resulting in premature tooth loss. Palmoplantar keratosis, varying from mild psoriasiform scaly skin to overt hyperkeratosis, typically develops within the first three years of life. Keratosis also affects other sites such as elbows and knees. Most PLS patients display both periodontitis and hyperkeratosis. some patients have only palmoplantar keratosis or periodontitis, and in rare individuals the periodontitis is mild and of late onset(3-6). The PLS locus has been mapped to chromosome 11q14-q21 (refs 7-9). Using homozygosity mapping in eight small consanguineous families, we have narrowed the candidate region to a 1.2-cM interval between D11S4082 and D11S931. The gene (CTSC) encoding the lysosomal protease cathepsin C (or dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I) lies within this interval. We defined the genomic structure of CTSC and found mutations in all eight families. In two of these families we used a functional assay to demonstrate an almost total loss of cathepsin C activity in PLS patients and reduced activity in obligate carriers.

Motivación y personalidad : Estudio experimental a partir del MIM y MMPI.

Estudiar los conceptos más importantes de la dinámica del comportamiento humano para conocer las relaciones entre motivación y personalidad. Para la aplicación del Método de Instrucción Motivacional (MIM) son 237 religiosas en período de formación y para aplicar el Inventario Multifásico de la Personalidad de Minnesota (MMPI) son 379 sujetos. El estudio de la correlación entre los dos cuestionarios utiliza a 216 sujetos. Analiza el concepto y los niveles de integración de la personalidad, explica las dimensiones y variables fundamentales de la misma y examina las teorías existentes. Después estudia el concepto y las teorías relativas a la motivación, y expone la utilidad y el significado de los instrumentos de la investigación. Posteriormente ofrece los resultados obtenidos con la aplicación de los instrumentos y examina la relación entre los mismos . El Método de Inducción Motivacional (MIM) y el Inventario Multifásico de la Personalidad de Minnesota (MMPI). El MIM es un método que utiliza unas categorías para clasificar el contenido motivacional, éstas son: Yo, Realización, Autorealización, Contacto, Exploración, Trascendencia, Posesión y Diversión. mientras que el MMPI tiene como objetivo proporcionar una evaluación objetiva de algunas de las más importantes dimensiones de la personalidad relacionadas con la adaptación personal y social del sujeto. 1) En el contenido motivacional, MIM: a) se diferencian dos zonas, una zona del yo, donde se integran las frecuencias más altas en las categorías del Yo, de la Realización y Autorealización.Y la otra es la zona del Contacto, que recoge las frecuencias significativas en las categorías del Contacto. Por lo cual, podemos hablar de una dirección egótica motivacional en la zona del yo. Resalta la dimensión estática y contemplativa y el aspecto de dinamismo interior; b) Un aspecto que hay que considerar es la dirección alternante referente a las motivaciones de Contacto, ya que la relación interpersonal puede tomar una dirección centrífuga y otra centrípeta. Además, existe otra dirección denominada intencional que pertenece a las motivaciones de trascendencia. Se podría afirmar que las motivaciones centrífugas, con tendencia a las relaciones con las personas, predominando un altruismo y una apertura al mundo y a las cosas, reflejan personalidades equilibradas, abiertas, maduras y sólidas. Sin embargo, las motivaciones centrífugas, que manifiestan cómo los individuos se quedan más en sí mismo, en su limitación, sin abrirse y salir hacia fuera, reflejan personalidades más inmaduras, menos ricas y menos comunicativas. El horizonte abierto a la comunicación en general con personas, ambientes, cosas y a la acción subraya ser más eficaz y constructivo. 2) En el MMPI, el perfil de los sujetos está definido por los tres factores encontrados en el análisis factorial: a) El factor I, que se define como personalidad problemática incontrolada, presenta un comportamiento problemático en la lima de desviación de la personalidad; b) El factor II está definido como introversión social y clínicamente representa la disposición psicológica de la personalidad; c) El factor III es el definido como depresión social que en límites clínicos se puede dar una introversión psicotécnica y esquizofrénica. 3) La interrelación de los dos instrumentos MMI y MMPI se da en dos direcciones: a) Se puede hablar de una estabilización del yo contra las desviaciones de personalidad, sugeridas por los extremos clínicos de las escalas del MMPI. Se pueden agrupar en el núcleo antipsicótico y antineurótico. Las escalas de motivaciones de estabilización del yo son Realización, Autorealización y Contacto centrífugo. b) Por otro lado, se puede hablar de una debilidad psicótica y neurótica, propia de las categorías con dimensión más egocéntrica y pasiva. Se manifiesta en las categorías Contacto centrípedo, Exploración y el yo según sus orientaciones estáticas y pasivas. 1) Se da convergencia de formas motivacionales y de estructura de personalidad. 2) El hecho de que los impulsos motivacionales vienen a dar una orientación determina el tipo de personalidad. Es decir, la personalidad queda expresada con sus características determinadas en los contenidos y en las formas motivacionales.

The (CH3OH)-C-13 optically pumped far-infrared laser: New lines and frequency measurements

We report 18 new laser lines from (CH3OH)-C-13 generated in an optically pumped far-infrared laser; the laser lines are in the range of 54.2-420 mu m and are all characterized in wavelength, polarization relative to the pumping CO2 radiation, and pump offset relative to the CO2 center frequency, the frequencies of seven of these new lines along with 10 previously reported lines were measured by an accurate heterodyne technique, mixing them in a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) point contact diode, with another laser line of known frequency.

A novel function for Myc: inhibition of C/EBP-dependent gene activation.

We have investigated the effect of the v-Myc oncoprotein on gene expression in myelomonocytic cells. We find that v-Myc dramatically down-regulates the expression of myelomonocytic-specific genes, such as the chicken mim-1 and lysozyme genes, both of which are known targets for C/EBP transcription factors. We present evidence that Myc downregulates these genes by inhibiting the function of C/EBP transcription factors. Detailed examination of the inhibitory mechanism shows that amino-terminal sequences of v-Myc, but not its DNA-binding domain, are required for the suppression of C/EBP-dependent transactivation. Our findings identify a new function for Myc and reveal a novel mechanism by which Myc affects the expression of other genes.

Organizational, direct support and general support maintenance repair parts and special tools list including depot maintenance repair parts and special tools : illustration supplement for guided missile system, air defense MIM-14B and MIM-14C, Improved Nike-Hercules Air Defense Guided Missile System.

Includes index.

Operator, organizational, direct and general support maintenance manual : intercept-aerial guided missile MIM-23B, MTM-23B, and M18E2 (improved HAWK air-defense guided missile system).

"September 1972."