Oxygen isotope composition of bivalve seasonal growth increments and ambient water in the rivers Rhine and Meuse

The application of oxygen isotope ratios ({delta}18O) from freshwater bivalves as a proxy for river discharge conditions in the Rhine and Meuse rivers is investigated. We compared a dataset of water temperature and water {delta}18O values with a selection of recent shell {delta}18O records for two species of the genus Unio in order to establish: (1) whether differences between the rivers in water {delta}18O values, reflecting river discharge conditions, are recorded in unionid shells; and (2) to what extent ecological parameters influence the accuracy of bivalve shell {delta}18O values as proxies of seasonal, water oxygen isotope conditions in these rivers. The results show that shells from the two rivers differ significantly in {delta}18O values, reflecting different source waters for these two rivers. The seasonal shell {delta}18O records show truncated sinusoidal patterns with narrow peaks and wide troughs, caused by temperature fractionation and winter growth cessation. Interannual growth rate reconstructions show an ontogenetic growth rate decrease. Growth lines in the shell often, but not always, coincide with winter growth cessations in the {delta}18O record, suggesting that growth cessations in the shell {delta}18O records are a better age estimator than counting internal growth lines. Seasonal predicted and measured {delta}18O values correspond well, supporting the hypothesis that these unionids precipitate their shells in oxygen isotopic equilibrium. This means that (sub-) fossil unionids can be used to reconstruct spring-summer river discharge conditions, such as Meuse low-discharge events caused by droughts and Rhine meltwater-influx events caused by melting of snow in the Alps.

Avaliação da densidade e crescimento populacional do mexilhào dourado Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) em suas diferentes fases de vida no Lago Guaíba, município de Porto Alegre, RS, como subsídios ao controle do bivalve invasor

Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857), conhecido vulgarmente como mexilhão dourado é proveniente do sudeste asiático. Foi, provavelmente, introduzido nos nossos mananciais, não intencionalmente, através da água de lastro, com os primeiros registros na América do Sul, em 1991,no Rio da Prata, nas proximidades de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Foi visto pela primeira vez na área do Delta do Jacuí, em frente ao porto de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, no ano de 1998. Sua população vem se expandindo em superfície e densidades que ultrapassam 100.000 i/m2 e, desde o ano de 2000, vem causando problemas de entupimentos em indústrias e todas as captadoras de água no município de Porto Alegre, entorno do lago Guaíba e do baixo Rio Jacuí. A espécie vem causando uma série de danos à fauna bentônica nativa e à vegetação ripária, desencadeando a diminuição das mesmas. A carência de dados sobre o ciclo de vida e a dinâmica populacional da espécie na bacia do Guaíba, motivaram o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. As coletas foram realizadas no lago Guaíba, Praia do Veludo, ao sul do município de Porto Alegre, quinzenalmente, ao longo de 16 meses (setembro 2002 a dezembro de 2003), acompanhadas das análises físicas e químicas da água. As larvas foram coletadas com rede de plâncton, com abertura de malha equivalente a 36 µm, filtrando-se a quantidade de 30 litros de água. A incidência de pós-larvas, foi verificada através de amostradores artificiais dispostos em seis suportes de ferro, cada um contendo quatro amostradores (tijolos vazados) colocados entre os juncais, a uma altura de 20 cm do fundo. Em cada suporte, os tijolos foram trocados: um em quinze dias, um a cada mês, outro semestralmente e o último, que permaneceu até completar um ano, foi considerado o controle do experimento. A coleta de exemplares adultos de L. fortunei efetivou-se sobre ramos submersos do “sarandi”, Cephhalanthus glabratus (Spreng.) K. Schum, onde foram extraídos cilindros com aproximadamente quatro centímetros de diâmetro e 10 centímetros de comprimento. Os resultados foram reunidos em dois capítulos sob a forma de artigos científicos. O primeiro reúne informações, com a descrição, medidas e ilustrações de cada fase larval de Limnoperna fortunei desde a fase larval ciliada, a larva trocófora com quatro estágios diferenciados e os estágios valvados, com as larvas “D”, veliger de charneira reta, veliger umbonado, pediveliger, até a pós-larva ou plantígrada. O segundo capítulo contém os dados ambientais correlacionados às densidades de larvas, pós-larvas e adultos e o resultado de uma série de análises multivariadas da quantidade dos indivíduos nas diferentes fases de vida e época do ano e das medidas dos indivíduos adultos com as datas de coleta Através dos testes quantitativos registrou-se que: a quantidade de larvas variou de 0 a 23 indivíduos por litro; as larvas estiveram presentes em todos os meses do ano, com picos de densidade alta na primavera no mês de outubro, tanto no ano de 2002 como 2003, e densidades menores sob temperaturas abaixo de 15º C. A quantidade média de pós-larvas variou de 1 a 7545 indivíduos por amostrador (tijolo). As pós-larvas estiveram presentes em todos os meses do ano, com picos de densidade na primavera, particularmente no mês de novembro 2003, seguindo-se ao pico larval do mesmo ano. Os adultos atingiram o tamanho máximo de 38mm. A densidade populacional de adultos agregados calculada por i/m2 variou de 15.700 i/m2 a 99.700 i/m2 em fevereiro de 2003. As análises de ordenação e agrupamento separaram a população em geral, em quatro grupos conforme a densidade de cada fase em diferentes épocas do ano. Os adultos foram ordenados em três diferentes grupos conforme as classes de comprimento que aqui denominase de recrutas, adultos menores e adultos maiores. Estes três grupos estão também relacionados às diferenças de comportamentos quanto à habilidade de locomoção e capacidade de fixação. Considerando os adultos conforme suas classes de comprimento, constatou-se a predominância dos recrutas (5 a 7mm de comprimento), presentes durante todos os meses amostrados. Seguiu-se aos picos de pós-larvas um recrutamento que se tornou mais intenso, em fevereiro de 2003 e se prolongou até agosto do mesmo ano. Os amostradores controle com medidas das populações submersas durante os meses mais frios apresentaram populações com comprimento médio menor que as do verão. Apesar de não ter-se encontrado correlação entre a quantidade de larvas e os picos de temperatura, houve uma diminuição da quantidade de larvas nos picos de temperaturas mais baixas e uma coincidência entre os picos de densidade larval e as oscilações bruscas na temperatura que ocorreram nos meses menos frios. Vendavais e tempestades ocorridas na primavera de 2002 seriam as causas prováveis da baixa densidade de pós-larvas após o pico larval no início da primavera de 2002. Os dados apresentados referentes ao ciclo de vida de Limnoperna fortunei são básicos à elaboração de projetos de pesquisa que objetivem a gestão e o controle do animal. Os resultados do presente trabalho, de um modo geral, também poderiam subsidiar métodos de controle do mexilhão dourado adequados e com isto minimizar prejuízos financeiros e impactos ambientais maiores do que o do próprio animal, advindos da aplicação de técnicas indevidas de gestão.

Uso do bivalve límnico Anodontites tenebricosus (LEA, 1834) no biomonitoramento de metais do Rio Ribeira de Iguape

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Permian stromatolites associated with bivalve coquina beds-Angatuba, SP, Brazil (Teresina Formation, Parana Basin)

Silicified stromatolites have been described in the Permian Teresina Formation, Passa Dois Group, of the Parana Basin. These stromatolites occur as blocks in the Fazenda Monte Alegre area at the headwaters of the creek known as Corrego Catanduva in the municipality of Angatuba. These blocks originate from the Serra de Angatuba region and were recognized in a road that was cut in the midst of sandstones and siltites. The stromatolites are isolated bioherms that are domed to subspherical with a flat base in profile and a rounded to lenticular shape in plan view. The stromatolites exhibit a reddish coloration and are composed of microcrystalline quartz. Lamination is continuous, non-columnar, and anastomosed, showing parallel to divergent growth; however, divergent columns also occur, especially at the tops of the bioherms. The lamination is fine and well preserved, with alternating light and dark laminas. Microfossils of filamentous cyanobacteria are preserved and were related to the genera Microcoleus and Rivularia. Silicified bivalves occur in association with the stromatolites and are preserved in the form of coquina beds and rare isolated specimens within the bioherms. The described specimens belong to the Pinzonella illusa biozone, with representatives of the species Pinzonella illusa, Angatubia cowperesioides, and Houldausiella elongata. The formation environment of these stromatolites is associated with tidal plains of shallow, brackish, relatively calm, warm waters of good luminosity with the presence of weak currents. There was likely a low level of predation, and the environment may have been hypersaline. The coquina beds associated with the stromatolites indicate a probable proximal tempestite, i.e., they were formed near the coastline. The stromatolites were originally composed of carbonates, although these were replaced by silica during early diagenesis.

Determinação da composição química do molusco Anadara notabilis encontrado em Galinhos no Rio Grande do Norte

Given the large existing biodiversity in the Brazilian coast, where many species are still little known, even under the nutritional aspect, and considering that bivalve molluscs are constituted by a natural resource of well accepted by the population, chose the bivalve Anadara notabilis, it was not found in the literature any nutritional or toxicological information about it and because its size is much larger than other species of mollusks commonly found in this region. Were studied moisture, ash, protein, macro and micro minerals, and metal ions of toxicological significance. All analytical determinations followed the standards of the Institute Adolfo Lutz. The protein determination was performed by the Kjeldahl method. All metal ions were determined by optical emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) method described by USEPA 6010C. The results showed that Anadara notabilis can be introduced into food for human beings, in view of its mineral wealth. Noteworthy among the macronutrients phosphorus and magnesium showed that their values in mg / kg 918.7 and 586.7. With regard to micronutrients stand out with this iron 586.7 mg / kg and zinc with 12.31 mg / kg. Was not found high content of metal contaminants to this mollusc, which would prevent their use, only this chromium 0.7 mg / kg above the value established by Brazilian legislation. The results will certainly be very useful in future studies of nutrition and to build a table of chemical composition of Brazilian foods

Quantitative comparisons and models of time-averaging in bivalve and brachiopod shell accumulations

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

TAXONOMIC POSITION of GUIRATINGIA MENDESI (MEGADESMIDAE) and THE EVOLUTION of PERMIAN ENDEMIC BIVALVE FAUNA of THE PARANA BASIN, BRAZIL

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Permian bivalve molluscs from the Gai-As Formation, northern Namibia: systematics, taphonomy and biostratigraphy

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Venomous mollusks: the risks of human accidents by conus snails (gastropoda: conidae) in Brazil

Os moluscos do gênero Conus apresentam um aparato venenoso composto de uma rádula quitinosa ligada a glândulas de peçonha, causando envenenamentos humanos graves e mesmo óbitos pela ação neurotóxica indutora do bloqueio de vários receptores e paralisia muscular. Não há casos descritos de envenenamento no país, mas determinadas populações correm risco de acidentes.

Aspartic acid racemization dating of Holocene brachiopods and bivalves from the southern Brazilian shelf, South Atlantic

The extent of racemization of aspartic acid (Asp) has been used to estimate the ages of 9 shells of the epifaunal calcitic brachiopod Bouchardia rosea and 9 shells of the infaunal aragonitic bivalve Semele casali. Both taxa were collected concurrently from the same sites at depths of 10 m and 30 m off the coast of Brazil. Asp D/L values show an excellent correlation with radiocarbon age at both sites and for both taxa (r(Site)(2) (9) (B. rosea) = 0.97 r(Site)(2) (1) (B.) (rosea) = 0.997, r(Site)(2) (9) (S.) (casali) = 0.9998, r(2) (Site) (1) (S.casali) = 0.93). The Asp ratios plotted against reservoir-corrected AMS radiocarbon ages over the time span of multiple millennia can thus be used to develop reliable and precise geochronologies not only for aragonitic mollusks (widely used for dating previously), but also for calcitic brachiopods. At each collection site, Bouchardia specimens display consistently higher D/L values than specimens of Semele. Thermal differences between sites are also notable and in agreement with theoretical expectations, as extents of racemization for both taxa are greater at the warmer, shallower site than at the cooler, deeper one. In late Holocene marine settings, concurrent time series of aragonitic and calcitic shells can be assembled using Asp racemization dating, and parallel multi-centennial to multi-millennial records can be developed simultaneously for multiple biomineral systems. (c) 2006 University of Washington. All rights reserved.

Fidelity of molluscan assemblages from the touro passo formation (pleistocene-holocene), southern brazil: taphonomy as a tool for discovering natural baselines for freshwater communities

This study is the first assessment of mollusk fossil assemblages relative to the compositional fidelity of modern mollusk living and death assemblages. It also shows that the sedimentary record can provide information on the original, non-human-impacted, freshwater malacofauna biodiversity, based on Late Pleistocene shells. The fossil mollusk assemblage from the Touro Passo Formation (Pleistocene-Holocene) was compared to living and death assemblages of the Touro Passo River, southern Brazil, revealing little resemblance between fossil and live-dead species composition. Although the living and death assemblages agree closely in richness, species composition, and species relative abundances (both proportional and rank), the fossil assemblage differs significantly from both modern assemblages in most of these measures. The fossil assemblage is dominated by the native endemic corbiculid bivalve Cyanocyclas limosa and the gastropod Heleobia aff. bertoniana. These are absent in the living assemblages, and both living and death assemblages are dominated by the alien Asiatic corbiculid C. fluminea, which is absent in the fossil assemblage. The fossil assemblage also contains, overall, a higher proportional abundance of relatively thick-shelled species, suggesting a genuine bias against the thinner- and smaller-shelled species. Our results suggest that contemporary environmental changes, such as the introduction of some alien freshwater mollusk species, together with post-burial taphonomic processes, are the main factors leading to the poor fidelity of the fossil assemblage studied. Hence, the taxonomic composition of the Late Pleistocene mollusks from the Touro Passo Formation probably would show greater similarity to present-day assemblages wherever the mollusk biodiversity is not disturbed by human activities.

Morphological and Histochemical Characterization of Gill Filaments of the Brazilian Endemic Bivalve Diplodon expansus (Kuster, 1856) (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hyriidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A new permian bivalve (Megadesmidae, Plesiocyprinellinae) from the Serrinha member, Rio do Rasto Formation, Paraná Basin, Brazil

During a recent inspection in the Paleontological Collection of the Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, we have identifi ed some specimens of undescribed mollusk bivalves. These called our attention for the following reasons: a) all specimens are internal molds of conjugated and closed articulated valves, some of them presenting fragments of silicifi ed shells; b) all internal molds have similar general shape and internal characters, representing specimens of the same taxon; c) the internal molds and silicifi ed valves are well preserved, including fragile structures, which are hardly preserved, such as the internal mold of the external ligament and muscle scars; d) and equally important, according to the labels of all specimens, they were collected from rocks of the Passa Dois Group (Permian), Serrinha Member of the Rio do Rasto Formation. Although who collected the shells and the precise geographic location of the specimens are still unknown, the detailed study of these fossils brings us to the conclusion that they are morphologically distinct from any heretofore published genus of the endemic fauna of bivalves from Passa Dois Group. Based in its general shape, hinge structure and muscles scars, the new form can be classifi ed under the Family Megadesmidae Vokes, 1967, the most diverse group of Permian bivalves of the Paraná Basin. The specimens are referred as Beurlenella elongatella new gen. and sp. The shell shape and taphonomy indicate that this bivalve was a shallow, rapid, active burrower, suspension feeder, probably preserved in situ, in event deposits.

Caracterização morfológica das brânquias do bivalve endêmico Diplodon expansus antes e após exposição ao herbicida atrazina

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Significant genetic differentiation among populations of Anomalocardia brasiliana (Gmelin, 1791): a bivalve with planktonic larval dispersion

Four Brazilian populations of Anomalocardia brasiliana were tested for mutual genetic homogeneity, using data from 123 sequences of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene. A total of 36 haplotypes were identified, those shared being H3 (Canela Island, Prainha and Acupe) and both H5 and H9 (Prainha and Acupe). Haplotype diversity values were high, except for the Camurupim population, whereas nucleotide values were low in all the populations, except for that of Acupe. Only the Prainha population showed a deviation from neutrality and the SSD test did not reject the demographic expansion hypothesis. Fst values showed that the Prainha and Acupe populations represent a single stock, whereas in both the Canela Island and Camurupim stocks, population structures are different and independent. The observed structure at Canela Island may be due to the geographic distance between this population and the remainder. The Camurupim population does not share any haplotype with the remaining populations in northeastern Brazil. The apparent isolation could be due to the rocky barrier located facing the mouth of the Mamanguape River. The results highlight the importance of wide-scale studies to identify and conserve local genetic diversity, especially where migration is restricted.