Evaluación de productos botánicos y químicos para el manejo del acaro blanco (Poliphagotarsonemus latus, Bank) y otras plagas claves en el cultivo de chiltoma (Capsicum annuum L.) y su efecto en los enemigos naturales en Tisma, Masaya

El ácaro blanco ( Poliphagotarsonemus latus , Bank), es uno de los problemas fitosanitarios más severos para los productores de chiltoma ( Capsicum annuum , L.) en el municipio de Tisma, Masaya. Esta plaga ha ocasionado importantes pérdidas económicas, ya que reduce los rendimientos, disminuyendo así la calidad de los frutos y aumenta los costos de producción. En vista de este problema en el municipio de Tisma, se realizó un estudio con en el objetivo de evaluar productos botánicos y químicos para el manejo del ácaro blanco en chiltoma en el período comprendido entre los meses de Julio a Octubre del año 2009, donde se evaluaron algunos productos botánicos y químicos para el manejo del ácaro blanco. Los productos evaluados fueron: Chile + Jabón, Oberón, Neem, Vertimec, Ajo + jabón en comparación con el Testigo. Las variables evaluadas fueron: Fluctuación poblacional del ácaro blanco , Incidencia y Severidad de daño de ácaro por planta, rendimiento (Kg/ha-1) y fluctuación poblacional de organismos plagas y benéficos asociados al cultivo de la chiltoma como: Mosca blanca ( Bemisia tabaci), Áfidos (Aphis gossypii ), Minador de la hoja ( Liriomyza sp ), Mariquitas ( Coccinella sp ), Hormigas ( Atta sp ) y Arañas. Los resultados obtenidos en el estudio indican que el tratamiento Oberón presento la menor fluctuación poblacional de ácaro blanco seguido por los tratamientos Vertimec y Chile + jabón, el tratamiento Oberón fue el tratamiento con menor incidencia y severidad del daño de ácaro. El análisis económico realizado en este estudio determinó que el tratamiento Oberón fue el que presentó el mayor rendimiento y obtuvo el mayor beneficio neto, por el contrario el tratamiento que presentó los mayores costos variables fue el tratamiento Vertimec, seguido por el Neem. Además en este estudio se muestrearon las fluctuaciones poblacionales de otros organismos plagas y benéficos relacionados al cultivo de la chiltoma, donde resultados de este estudio demuestran que los productos utilizados para el manejo del ácaro blanco no tienen ningún efecto en las poblaciones de estos insectos.

Plaguicidas botánicos y químicos para el control del ácaro blanco (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Bank) (Acarina: Tarsonemidae) en chiltoma (Capsicum annuum L.), Tisma, Masaya

El ácaro blanco (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Bank), es uno de los problemas fitosanitarios más severos para los productores de chiltoma (Capsicum annuum L.) en el municipio de Tisma, Masaya.Esta plaga ha ocasionado importantes pérdidas económicas, ya que reduce los rendimientos, disminuye la calidad de los frutos y aumenta los costos de producción. Por esta razón, en el municipio de Tisma, se realizó este estudio con en el objetivo de evaluar productos botánicos y químicos para el manejo del ácaro blanco en el cultivo de chiltoma durante el período de julio a octubre del año 2009. Los productos evaluados fueron: Chile + Jabón, Oberón, Neem, Vertimec, Ajo + jabón en comparación con el testigo. Las variables evaluadas fueron: fluctuación poblacional del ácaro blanco, incidencia y severidad de daño de ácaro por planta, y rendimiento en kg ha-1. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el tratamiento Oberón presentó la menor fluctuación poblacional de ácaro blanco, seguido por los tratamientos Vertimec y Chile + jabón, el tratamiento Oberón fue el tratamiento con menor incidencia y severidad del daño causado por el ácaro. El análisis económico realizado en este estudio determinó que el tratamiento Oberón fue el que presentó mayor rendimiento y beneficio neto, por el contrario el tratamiento que presentó los mayores costos variables fue el tratamiento Vertimec, seguido por el Neem.

Manejo del complejo plagas raspadores chupadores ácaro blanco (Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Bank) y trips (Frankliniella occidentalis, Pergande.) en chiltoma (Capsicum annum L.) en campo abierto, Managua, Nicaragua 2014

El ácaro blanco ( Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Bank ) y Trips ( Frankliniella occidentalis , Pergande ) se han convertido en problemas fitosanitarios importantes en el cultivo de Chiltoma ( Capsicum annuum , L.), e stas plagas han provocado importantes pérdidas e conómicas, disminuyendo así la calidad de los frutos y aumentando los costos de producción. Se realizó un e studio entre los meses de octubre del 2014 y enero del 2015 en la finca el plantel de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, con el propósito de encontrar alternativas que den solución al problema. Se utilizó un diseño bifactorial en parcelas divididas con un arreglo en BCA. El factor cobertura plástica mulch con dos niveles (con y sin cobert ura) y el factor tipo de manejo con cuatro niveles (Químico sintético, Entomopatógenos , Químico sintético + Entomopatógenos y testigo) para un total de ocho tratamientos con tres repeticiones. Se evaluó el uso de plástico mulch en la parcela grande y el tipo de manejo en la parcela pequeña. El tipo de manejo Químico sintético (Spiromesifen, Imidacloprid, Spinosad, Muralla delt a y Abamectina), manejo Entomopatógenos ( Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium anisopliae ) y un manejo con productos Químico sintético + Entomopatógenos . Los resultados demostraron diferencias significativas en la interacción de los tratamientos para la variab le número de ácaros por planta . De acuerdo a la prueba de Tuckey aplicada para el factor manejo , los tratamientos evaluados se ubican en la misma categoría estadística a excepción del testigo . Los mismos factores y sus respectivos niveles evaluados , no t uvieron efecto sobre la variable número de Trips por planta. En el análisis de rendimiento mostró diferencias significativas en el factor cobertura ( α= 0.00013336 ) ; el uso de plástico mulch obtuvo mayor rendimiento con 7,405 kg/ha . Segú n la tasa de retorno marginal , el tratamiento más rentable fue con cobertura testigo ya que presentó una ta sa de retorno marginal de 743.82 %

Cruise Report: Summer 2008 Ecological Assessment of Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary NOAA Ship NANCY FOSTER NF-08-09-CCEHBR (June 14-June 21, 2008)

Summary: This cruise report is a summary of a field survey conducted within the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS), located between Cape Cod and Cape Ann at the mouth of Massachusetts Bay. The survey was conducted June 14 – June 21, 2008 on NOAA Ship NANCY FOSTER Cruise NF-08-09-CCEHBR. Multiple indicators of ecological condition and human dimensions were sampled synoptically at each of 30 stations throughout SBNMS using a random probabilistic sampling design. Samples were collected for the analysis of benthic community structure and composition; concentrations of chemical contaminants (metals, pesticides, PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs) in sediments and target demersal biota; nutrient and chlorophyll levels in the water column; and other basic habitat characteristics such as depth, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH, sediment grain size, and organic carbon content. In addition to the fish samples that were collected for analysis of chemical contaminants relative to human-health consumption limits, other human-dimension indicators were sampled as well including presence or absence of fishing gear, vessels, surface trash, marine mammals, and noxious sediment odors. The overall purpose of the survey was to collect data to assess the status of ecosystem condition and potential stressor impacts throughout SBNMS, based on these various indicators and corresponding management thresholds, and to provide this information as a baseline for determining how such conditions may be changing with time. While sample analysis is still ongoing a few preliminary results and observations are reported here. A final report will be completed once all data have been processed. The results are anticipated to be of value in supporting goals of the SBNMS and National Marine Sanctuary Program aimed at the characterization, protection, and management of sanctuary resources (pursuant to the National Marine Sanctuary Reauthorization Act) as well as a new priority of NCCOS and NOAA to apply Ecosystem Based approaches to the Management of coastal resources (EBM) through Integrated Ecosystem Assessments (IEAs) conducted in various coastal regions of the U.S. including the Northeast Atlantic continental shelf. This was a multi-disciplinary partnership effort made possible by scientists from the following organizations:  NOAA, National Ocean Service (NOS), National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research (CCEHBR), Charleston, SC.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Atlantic Ecology Division (GED), Narragansett, RI.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Gulf Ecology Division (GED), Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), National Wetlands Research Center, Gulf Breeze Project Office, Gulf Breeze, FL.  NOAA, Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO), NOAA ship Nancy Foster. (31pp) (PDF contains 58 pages)

A Biogeographic Assessment off North/Central California: To Support the Joint Management Plan Review for Cordell Bank, Gulf of the Farallones, and Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuaries: Phase I - Marine Fishes, Birds and Mammals.

In the spring of 2001, NOAA’s National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) and National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), in consultation with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), launched a 24-month effort to define and assess biogeographic patterns of selected marine species found within and adjacent to the boundaries of three west coast National Marine Sanctuaries. These sanctuaries, Monterey Bay, Gulf of the Farallones, and Cordell Bank are conducting a joint review process to update sanctuary management plans. The management plans for these sanctuaries have not been updated for over ten years and the status of the natural resources and their management issues in and around the sanctuaries may have changed. In addition, significant accomplishments in research and resource assessments have been made within the region. Thus, it is important to incorporate new and expanding knowledge into the revised management plans for these Sanctuaries.

Noise levels and sources in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary and the St. Lawrence River Estuary

Although ambient (background) noise in the ocean is a topic that has been widely studied since pre-World War II, the effects of noise on marine organisms has only been a focus of concern for the last 25 years. The main point of concern has been the potential of noise to affect the health and behavior of marine mammals. The Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS) is a site where the degradation of habitat due to increasing noise levels is a concern because it is a feeding ground and summer haven for numerous species of marine mammals. Ambient noise in the ocean is defined as “the part of the total noise background observed with an omnidirectional hydrophone.” It is an inherent characteristic of the medium having no specific point source. Ambient noise is comprised of a number of components that contribute to the “noise level” in varying degrees depending on where the noise is being measured. This report describes the current understanding of ambient noise and existing levels in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. (PDF contains 32 pages.)

Feeding Ecology of Humpback Whales in Continental Shelf Waters near Cordell Bank, California

Daytime feeding behavior of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Gulf of the Farallones, California, and adjacent waters was observed during autumn of 1988 to 1990. Bodega Canyon, Cordell Bank, and the Farallon Islands were the primary sites of feeding activity. Fecal samples of whales and zooplankton tows contained euphausiids exclusively, dominated by Thysanoessa spinifera (79%), with lesser amounts of Euphausia pacifica (14%), Nyctiphanes simplex (4%), and Nematoscelis difficilis (3%). In 1988 and 1990, whales also were infrequently observed feeding on small schooling fish, presumably Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and juvenile rockfish (Sebastes spp.). Feeding was the most common behavior observed (52%), and less frequently traveling (23%), milling (21 %), and resting (4%). Whales used different methods to consume euphausiid prey at the surface (0-10 m), in shallow water (11-60 m), and deep water (61-140 m). Humpback whales fed at the surface 56% of time in 1988 and 32% of time in 1990, using primarily lateral lunges to capture swarms of euphausiids. In 1989, no surface feeding was observed; however, deep, long-duration dives were followed by extended surface intervals with many respirations. These 1989 observations coincided with increased prey depth as indicated by depth sounder records of diving whales and prey scattering layers. In 1989, increased prey depth and associated feeding behaviors were strongly associated with unusually high surface temperatures, calm seas, and changes in water circulation. Environmental conditions in 1989 triggered the most intense and wide-spread occurrence of red tide in this region since 1980. Red tide samples collected throughout this period contained Alexandrium (=Gonyaulax) catenella and Noctiluca scintillans. Surface feeding was observed only in 1988 and 1990, when surface prey were available and red tides were very limited in extent, duration, and intensity. Annual variations in humpback whale feeding behavior were related to prey availability which is affected by corresponding environmental conditions. (PDF contains 94 pages)

Nutrient distributions for Georges Bank and adjacent waters in 1979

In this report we describe the temporal and spatial distributions of inorganic nutrients over Georges Bank and in adjacent waters and discuss major features with respect to tbe nutrient environments of pbytoplankton. Nitrate and orthophosphorus were rapidly depleted from the surface layer of much of the study area in spring, but major differences were found between the shallow areas on Georges Bank and the surrounding stratified waters. In the "well-mixed" area of Georges Bank, the depletion encompassed the entire water column and ammonium became the dominant form of inorganic nitrogen throughout. Dissolved silicon was depleted slowly over central Georges Bank, reaching a minimum concentration in September while orthophosphorus gradually increased during the summer. The nutrient environment of phytoplankton over central Georges Bank may be described as vertically uniform but temporally changing in the relative availability of the various nutrients. In areas that undergo stratification (e.g., the central Gulf of Maine), a quasi-steady state was established as the surface water layer formed, consisting of declining nutrient gradients from below the euphotic layer to the top of the water column. These intergrading nutrient environments are relatively stable through time. Destratification reintroduced nutrients to depleted areas beginning in October; however, dissolved silicon was again depleted over shallow Georges Bank in late autumn though nitrate remained abundant. Slope water has been found to enter the bottom layer of the Gulf of Maine via the Northeast Channel. High nutrient concentrations observed in the bottom water of the Northeast Channel are consistent with this mechanism being the nutrient source for the Gulf of Maine. (PDF file contains 40 pages.)

Impact of Nigerian Agricultural Cooperative and Rural Development Bank (NACRDB) loan to artisanal fishermen in Lake Kainji

This study was conducted to assess the impact of Nigerian Agricultural, Co-operative and Rural Development Bank Loan on beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries fishermen in Lake Kainji. A total of fifty fishermen (25 beneficiaries and 25 non-beneficiaries) were randomly selected from five fishing villages along the lake basin. Data collected were scored and the percentages of the parameters were calculated appropriately. The types of loans disbursed to beneficiaries revealed that 52% was cash and 48% was in kind. The credit package ranged between N5, 000 to N150, 000 only. Only 48% of the loans granted were paid while the rest remained unpaid. The results obtained from the membership of fishermen Cooperative showed that 64% of beneficiaries were members while 36% were non-members. Also 36% of non-beneficiaries were members while 64% were not. The Common fishing gears used by the two categories of fishermen include gillnets longline, castnet and driftnets. Sixty percent of beneficiaries and 8% of non-beneficiaries fishermen were using canoe with outboard engines while the rest used canoes with paddles. Beneficiaries earned a higher income (N1, 000 to N9, 000) daily than non-beneficiaries (N1, 000 to N6, 000) daily from sales of fish caught. Major contrainsts to increased catch and income identified include inadequate capital, non- availability of fishing inputs, stealing of fishing gears, lack of access to credit facilities and menace of stump and water hyacinth in the lake. Lastly, recommendation were made for the bank management, government and other lending institutions on how to improve the livelihood of the Artisanal fishermen by increasing the loan usually granted

Internationale Jungheringsuntersuchungen auf der Georges-Bank 204

86. Reise FFS "Anton Dohrn", 13. Februar - 9. April 1978