Estudo toxicológico de extratos do coral alcionáceo Chromonephthea braziliensis (Alcyonacea, Nephtheidae)

Os recifes de corais são ecossistemas diversos com alta densidade de biodiversidade, o que leva a intensa competição entre as espécies. Estas espécies podem produzir substâncias desconhecidas, muitas com valor farmacológico. Chromonephthea braziliensis é um coral mole invasor, originário do Oceano Indo-Pacífico, que foi possivelmente transportado por plataformas de petróleo e cuja presença é uma ameaça para a biodiversidade da região de Arraial do Cabo (RJ). Esta espécie produz metabólitos secundários que são responsáveis pela indução de danos para o ecossistema local. A finalidade deste estudo é a busca de novas substâncias para quimioterapia geral com base na estrutura de compostos bioativos. Extratos desse coral foram preparados a partir de colônias liofilizadas (solventes: hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etila e metanol). Realizaram-se análises químicas para a caracterização dos extratos e avaliaram-se as atividades: mutagênicas e citotóxicas, usando o ensaio de mutação reversa bacteriana (Salmonella/microssoma) com as linhagens TA97, TA98, TA100 e TA102; genotóxicas, utilizando análise da quebra do DNA e formação de micronúcleos na linhagem RAW 264,7 de macrófagos e; tóxicas para náuplios de microcrustáceos Artemia salina. Observou-se citotoxicidade, na presença de S9 mix, dos extratos diclorometano para a linhagem TA102 na concentração de 20 g/100 L/placa e metanol para a TA97 com 5 e 20 g/100 L/placa. Os extratos diclorometano, acetato de etila e metanol apresentaram genotoxicidade no DNA plasmidial em concentrações elevadas (250 g/mL), mas nenhum dano ao DNA foi observado no ensaio de micronúcleo. Todos os extratos foram tóxicos para os náuplios de microcrustáceos em pelo menos uma das concentrações usadas (0,01 1000 g/mL), e a LC50 pode ser determinada apenas para os extratos hexano, diclorometano e acetato de etila.

Development and growth of hatchery-reared larval Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus)

Although the Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) is a prime candidate for aquaculture, the problematic production of juveniles remains a major impediment to commercial culture of this species. In order to improve the understanding of larval development and to refine hatchery production techniques, this study was conducted to characterize development and growth of Florida pompano from hatching through metamorphosis by using digital photography and image analysis. Newly hatched larvae were transparent and had a large, elongate yolk sac and single oil globule. The lower and upper jaws as well as the digestive tract were not fully developed at hatching. Rotifers were observed in the stomach of larvae at three days after hatching (DAH), and Artemia spp. were observed in the stomach of larvae at 14 DAH. Growth rates calculated from total length measurements were 0.22 ±0.04, 0.23 ±0.12, and 0.35 ±0.09 mm/d for each of the larval rearing trials. The mouth gape of larvae was 0.266 ±0.075 mm at first feeding and increased with a growth rate of 0.13 ± 0.04 mm/d. Predicted values for optimal prey sizes ranged from 80 to 130 μm at 3 DAH, 160 to 267 μm at 5 DAH, and 454 to 757 μm at 10 DAH. Based on the findings of this study, a refined feeding regime was developed to provide stage- and size-specific guidelines for feeding Florida pompano larvae reared under hatchery con

Estudo da atividade anti-inflamatória e toxicológica em extratos de corais do gênero Tubastraea

O ambiente marinho é um dos ecossistemas mais diversos e complexos em termos de biodiversidade. As condições químicas, físicas e biológicas desse ambiente favorecem a produção de uma variedade de substâncias pela biota, transformando os produtos naturais marinhos em um dos recursos promissores na pesquisa por novos compostos bioativos. O gênero Tubastraea (Scleractinia, Dendrophylliidae) inclui corais ahermatípicos que produzem compostos secundários bioativos em situações de competição. No estado do Rio de Janeiro são encontradas duas espécies invasoras desse gênero, Tubastraea coccinea e Tubastraea tagusensis. A primeira é amplamente distribuída nas águas tropicais do Atlântico e do Pacífico, e a segunda é nativa do leste do pacífico, ambas invasoras no Atlântico Sul. Este trabalho objetiva avaliar as atividades anti-inflamatória, antioxidante e toxicológica de extratos metanólicos de T. coccinea e T. tagusensis. As colônias de Tubastraea foram coletadas na Baía de Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro - Brasil e extraídas com metanol. A caracterização química foi realizada através da espectroscopia ultravioleta, visível e de infravermelho. Ação anti-inflamatória foi avaliada pelo modelo in vivo de edema em pata de camundongo induzido por carragenina. Atividade sequestrante de radicais livres foi avaliada pelo método do DPPH. Na avaliação toxicológica utilizamos o ensaio Salmonella/microssoma, na presença e ausência de ativação metabólica exógena, o teste in vitro de micronúcleo com células de macrófagos de rato e o teste de mortalidade com o microcrustáceo Artemia salina. Foi possível a distinção dos grupos químicos presentes nos extratos, com os resultados encontrados sendo corroborados com os presentes na literatura. Os extratos de ambas as espécies apresentaram inibição significativa no edema da pata nas doses testadas, em relação ao veículo. Ambos os extratos demonstraram capacidade pela captura do radical DPPH. Atividades citotóxica e mutagênica na ausência de metabolização exógena não foram observadas para as linhagens TA97, TA98 e TA102 nas duas espécies; para a TA100 o extrato de T. coccinea induziu citotoxidade na concentração de 50 g/placa. Os dois extratos induziram citotoxicidade na presença de metabolização exógena para a cepa TA98, tendo sido detectada também indução de mutagenicidade nesta linhagem para T. coccinea. Os extratos não foram capazes de induzir a formação de micronúcleos e não foram tóxicos para o microcrustáceo A. salina. A resposta inibitória do edema após 2 h da indução indica que os compostos presentes nos extratos atuam na segunda fase da inflamação, possivelmente pela inibição da produção de prostaglandinas. Os resultados sugerem que os extratos das espécies T. coccinea e T. tagusensis apresentam substâncias com potencial uso farmacológico, como agente anti-inflamatório e antioxidante.

Larval rearing of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) in artificial sea water

Larvae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii were successfully reared in artificial sea water prepared in fresh ground water. The water was circulated through a biological filter by means of air-lift pumps for a period of one week to remove the undissolved particles prior to use in the hatchery operation. The experiments were initiated during 1989 and the hatchery has been working on pilot scale since June, 1990. The larvae in all the experiments were fed with egg-custard, Mona and Artemia nauplii. The survival rate varied from 5 to 52% in the 12 experiments. These findings can add to the development of hatcheries in the inland areas which can further boost the popularization of giant freshwater prawn farming.

Post-larval production of Macrobrachium rosenbergii using mass-cultured live food organisms

Macrobrachium rosenbergii post-larvae were produced in 1992 and 1993 using Artemia nauplii and cultured zooplankton Brachionus plicatilis (rotifier), Apocyclops dengizicus (copepod) and Moina sp. (cladoceran) supplemented with chopped Tubifex worms. In 1992 (first trial) two experiments were carried out under water temperature range of 24.5 to 28°C and 26.0 to 28.5 °C respectively and corresponding post-larval production was 5.6% and 86.3%. The duration of experiments was 58 and 40 days. During second trial in 1993 water temperature varied between 25.0 to 27.0°C. At the end of 59 days the post-larvae were found to be 44% of the total number of larvae stocked on the first day.

Seed production and culture techniques of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus

Six treatments each with 12 replications designed to optimize the dose of inducing agent PG to achieve fertilization and hatching success of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus were tested. The females were given single injection of 7-12 mg PG/kg body weight and the males were given 4 mg PG/kg body weight. Fertilization and hatching rate varied from 67±4.55% to 66±3.0% and 59±4.88% to 57±6.21% for the doses of 10, 11 and 12 mg PG/kg of body weight, respectively. The hormone dose had significant (P<0.05) effect on fertilization and hatching. Six mini shallow cisterns (570 cm x 105 cm) were used to investigate the efficacy of zooplankton and Artemia nauplii as feed for spawn rearing. Three-day old spawns were stocked in six mini shallow cisterns at a stocking density of 100 individuals/L of water. Two treatments each with three replications were used to develop culture technique of the climbing perch. In case of treatment-1, the spawns were fed with Artemia nauplii three times daily, while in treatment-2, zooplankton were used as feed in the same manner as in treatment-1. After 14 days of rearing, mean final weight of the fry of treatments-1 and 2 were 95.55±6.71 and 57.69±5.40 mg, respectively. In treatment-1, spawn fed with Artemia nauplii showed significantly (P<0.05) higher mean weight than the spawn fed with zooplankton (treatment 2).

南极隐兆线粒体CO II基因序列及无翅类昆虫分子进化

测定了采自南极隐兆（Cryptopygus nanjiensis）的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基II（CO II）基因序列，并测定了拉提疣兆（Neanura latior）、梅坞格蚖（Gracilentulus maijiawensis）和韦氏鳞八（Lepidocampa weberi）的CO II基因序列，对序列的A + T含量、核苷酸取代和转换/颠换（TS/TV）频率进行了统计分析。计算了种间Tamura-Nei遗传距离，以甲壳类无甲目（Anostraca）的一种卤虫Artemia franciscana作为外群构建了分子系统树。对无翅类昆虫线粒体CO II基因序列A + T含量的进化倾向性、类群间的遗传分歧和系统进化关系进行了探讨。

Sequence of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase II in Cryptopygus nanjiensis and phylogeny of apterygota

The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II (Co II) from four different apterygotens Cryptopygus nanjiensis (Collembola), Neanura latior (Collembola), Gracilentulus maijiawensis (Protura) and Lepidocampa weberi (Diplura) were sequenced. Their A+T content, number of nucleotide substitutions, TV/TV ratio; and Tamura-Nei's distance were calculated. A series of phylogenetic trees were constructed by parsimony and distance methods using a crustacean Artemia franciscana as outgroup, Finally the evolutionary trend A+T content of CO II genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationship of apterygotan groups were discussed.

Ribosomal DNA gene and phylogenetic relationships of Diplura and lower Hexapods

The monophyly of Diplura and its phylogenetic relationship with other hexapods are important for understanding the phylogeny of Hexapoda. The complete 18SrRNA gene and partial 28SrRNA gene (D3-D5 region) from 2 dipluran species (Campodeidae and Japygidae), 2 proturan species, 3 collembolan species, and 1 locust species were sequenced. Combining related sequences in GenBank, phylogenetic trees of Hexapoda were constructed by MP method using a crustacean Artemia salina as an outgroup. The results indicated that: (i) the integrated data of 18SrDNA and 28SrDNA could provide better phylogenetic information, which well supported the monophyly of Diplura; (ii) Diplura had a close phylogenetic relationship to Protura with high bootstrap support.

The propagation of the mud crab Scylla serrata (F.) de Haan

The mud crab Scylla serrata is an important commercial species found in many brackish areas in the Philippines. During spawning and hatching, the berried females migrate to the sea. Seeds for pond stocking are obtained from the wild. Because of the unpredictability of seed supply, there is a need to propagate the species artificially. Thus, spawning, larval rearing, maturation, and rematuration of the species are being studied. The first attempts at hatching S. serrata were successful with rates varying between 75% and 90%. Two out of three trials on larval rearing yielded a few megalops. The first zoeal stages were fed diatoms, rotifers, Artemia salina, and bread yeast. Overfeeding programs were implemented during the critical premolting periods to prevent weakening of the larvae and lessen cannibalism. Larval weakening during the premolt makes them susceptible to attacks by fungi like Lagenidium and ciliates like Vorticella. S. serrata larvae survived salinity levels as low as 15 ppt until the 14th day of rearing. Other larvae were able to survive in salinities of 30-32 ppt for 8 to 13 days. Zoeal molting was hastened by lowering the salinity to 25-27 ppt. Artificial broodstocking of juveniles and adult crabs has been made possible using a simple refuge system made of three-compartmented hollow blocks. This system has been helpful in minimizing fighting among crabs. Remarkable growth rates have been observed with feeds like mussel meat and trash fish. Average growth increments of 11 mm carapace length and 20 . 35 g body weight have been observed every fortnight. A newly spent spawner could gain additional weight of 22 . 5 g in only 6 days. Feeding rates of juveniles and adult crabs have been established based on the average body weight from an experiment using mussel meat. Crabs feed more at night. In another experiment, eyestalk ablation was found to be effective in inducing growth and mating. Aside from hastening the molting process, copulation is induced even among the small crabs (average carapace length = 55 mm). Natural mating lasts about 26 hr. A copulation which lasted for seven days with a break in between was observed.

Relationship between diet composition and growth rate of the zoeal and mysis stages of Penaeus japonicus Bate

Diets containing Chaetoceros gracilis plus Artemia nauplii artificially prepared diet, Diet-B, and two commercial feeds Tapes and mysid meals, were fed to larvae of P. japonicus. Highest survival rate was obtained when larvae were fed with Diet-B. The results show that the early larval stages of P. japonicus can be reared on artificially prepared diets. Since the chemical composition of the diet is known, it can be used as supplemental data for larval feeding development and nutritional requirement studies for the early larval stages of Penaeus japonicus and/or other penaeids. Information is tabulated on feeds and feeding rates used, composition of the artificial diet, fatty acid composition of lipids of the different diets, and of the sterols of the different diets.

The use of decapsulated brine shrimp eggs as food for shrimp larvae

Decapsulated cysts of Artemia salina were experimentally fed to the larvae of Penaeus monodon, Metapenaeus ensis, M. endeavouri and Macrobrachium rosenbergii and were found to be comparable to freshly hatched brine shrimp nauplii.

Culture experiments on the copepod, Tisbintra elongata MORI, and evaluation of that species as food organism for milkfish larvae

Five types of food were used to culture T. elongata: rice bran, cow dung, bread, cow dung, bread yeast, fermented fish solubles and Spirulina. Bread yeast was found to give the highest densities. An evaluation was also made of the effectivity of rice bran and fermented fish solubles for the outdoor mass culture of T. elongata . A comparative study on the growth and survival rate of milkfish fry (Chanos chanos) fed with T. elongata and Artemia showed there to be no significant differences between the diets.

The study of the ergosan and vibromax effects on growth performances, survival rate and increase of the resistance to some of the environmental stresses in post larvae stage of the Indian white shrimp

In this study, which has been done in Hormoz larve Hatchery at Kohestak in Minab at 1385, the efficiency of Ergosen and Vibromax vaccine and the effect of them on growth factors such as total length, Carapase, dry weight and the number of upper mordents of rostrum and survival of the stages of larvae and post larvae of Indian white shrimp was studied. Thus in order to comparison the effects of Vibromax and Ergosen, each of them separately, in one treatment, and in another simultaneously with one control treatment was used. Vaccination against larvae shrimps was done through Artemia. This study used four treatments with three replicates in a completely randomized design and comparison of means was done through Duncan test. Breeding larvae and post larvae of Indian white shrimp from zoa I stage to PL 15 was done in 20 litter plastic buckets. Present results indicated that the highest amount of growth and survival factors in larvae stage (from zoa to PL1), and also in stages of PL5 and PL15, in the treatment of Ergoson effect + vaccine and it was with a little difference from that treatment of Ergoson effect which was in high significance difference in regard to control treatment at α<0.01 level and treatment of vaccine effect and control treatment at α<0.01 level often have no significant difference. This research used environmental stress tests to study the quality of post larvae under experiment. Studying in this field showed that feeding vaccine to larvae of Indian shrimps which was done through Artemia nauplii enrichment ,and ergosen , in treatment of ergosen vaccine lead to more resistance of post larvaes against salinity stress tests and formalin .This case was observed in every three stages ,so that in stress formalin test 100 parts per million and also 10 and 20 salinity parts in thousands the most survival was observed in treatment of Ergosan effect+vaccine and after that in treatment of Ergoson effect and with a little difference in treatment of vaccine effect. Of course this case, in treatment of Ergoson effect + vaccine due to the synergistic properties vaccine with Ergoson was more than to other treatments, while every three treatments, in most stages had significant difference toward control treatment at α<0.01 level and the control treatment because of not having Ergoson and nauplii artemia with vaccine, having the least survival rate in this stages.

The study of Indian shrimp larvae feeding by enriched rotifer with vitamin C and unsaturated fatty acid (epa, dha) and its effects on growth factors, survival rate and environmental stresses

In this experiment, the feeding of Indian white shrimp larvae by unenriched rotifers (treatment 1) and enriched with highly unsaturated fatty acid (treatment 2) and highly unsaturated fatty acid along with vitamin C (treatment 3) on the growth factors, survival and resistance against salinity and formalin stress tests were studied and their differences with control treatment including newly hatched Artemia nauplii is compared. In this the study four treatments in a completely randomized design with 3 replicates per treatment were used. Farming of shrimp larvae of Zoea II to postlarvae 5 was done in 20 liter plastic bucket. Present results indicated that growth factors and survival rate of stage Zoea II to postlarvae 1 in treatments 1, 2 and 3 improve rather than control in which this case was due to optimal size rotifer rather than Artemia nauplii. Also, treatments 2 and 3 feeding with oil liver cod emulsion enriched rotifer have the highest concentration of DHA (mg/g DW) and the ratio DHA/EPA in which due to have shown the highest growth factors and a significant difference (P<0.05) with treatments 1 and control. The highest survival at stage PL1 were observed in treatment 3 that was enriched with ascorbyl palmitate in which have to the synergistic properties of vitamin C rather than treatments 2, 1 and control and showed a significant difference (P<0.05). But in stage PL5 the highest amount of growth and survival rates were related to control treatment which showed a significant difference (P<0.05) with other treatments that control has higher size rather than treatments 1, 2 and 3. Also, among experiment treatments that the two treatments 2 and 3 due to enrichment had higher growth and survival rates compared with treatment 1 in which their differences have also been significant (P<0.05). In the case of stress tests, results indicated that the highest survival rate has been reported when specimens were offered a diet containing high levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids with vitamin C. So that in stage PL1 in the salinity stress tests 10 and 20 ppt the highest survival rate was observed in treatment 3. As for the second, treatment 2 showed a significant difference (P<0.05) with treatment 3. It is worth mentioning that treatment 3 showed a higher survival rate compared to treatment 2 due to the synergistic properties of vitamin C. The difference between these two treatments with treatment 1 and control was also significant. No significant difference was observed in formalin stress test 100 ppm in this stage between treatments 3 and 2 which shows the highest survival rate. But their difference with treatments 1 and control was significant (P<0.05). Also, in stage PL5 in the salinity stress tests 10 and 20 ppt the highest survival rate was observed in treatment 3 which showed no significant difference (P<0.05) with control treatment. While their difference in the amount of survival rate with treatment 1 and 2 was significant (P<0.05). In this stage, the highest observed survival rate in formalin stress test 100 ppm included treatments control, 3 and 2 among which there were no significant differences (P<0.05). While the difference between these three treatments with treatment 1 was significant.