Captura de mais valias urbanas em São Paulo através do binômio solo criado/ outorga onerosa: análise do impacto do coeficiente de aproveitamento único como instrumento do plano diretor de 2002

Os dois objetivos de nossa pesquisa, quais sejam a) verificar quantos projetos foram aprovados, e quanto em contrapartidas econômicas aportaram para os cofres públicos depois da aprovação do Plano Diretor Estratégico de 2002 do Município de São Paulo e, b) a redução dos coeficientes de aproveitamento teria influenciado os preços dos terrenos afetados? Embora o primeiro objetivo tenha sido alcançado de forma indireta, pois não foi possível encontrar informação sobre cada projeto, conseguimos determinar quanto em contrapartidas econômicas foi obtido, e em que distritos o estoque de direitos adicionais de construção já se esgotou ou está prestes a se esgotar. Em relação à segunda questão verificamos que a redução dos coeficientes de aproveitamento não provocou nenhum efeito sobre os preços dos terrenos afetados. Nosso estudo também mostrou que é possível afirmar que depois da aprovação do Plano Diretor Estratégico do Município de São Paulo (2002) em todo o seu território se aplica o princípio da outorga onerosa e do solo criado. Se uma edificação ultrapassa o coeficiente de aproveitamento básico e deseja edificar até um máximo de 4 deverá pagar uma contrapartida financeira ao poder público.

Análise e avaliação dos elementos de penetração no solo de equipamentos rodoviários após revestimento

The main objective is to analyze the abrasive wear resistance to the low stress of the elements that make up the organs of road machinery that are exposed directly to contact with abrasives. These samples were analyzed after these elements are coated superficially by the process of welding electrode coated with (SAER) and the manual process of coating type LVOF thermal spraying. As well, is to provide suggestions for a better recovery and return of these elements, which are reducing costs and avoiding downtime in the fronts of service. The samples were made from a substrate of carbon ABNT 1045 tempered steel, following the same specifications and composition of metals and alloys of constituents was followed the standard governing the dimensions of these samples and in accordance with the corresponding size. The results were evaluated by testing the hardness, abrasion resistance to wear by the low stress and the loss of volume involving the microstructure of coatings analyzed

Análise espacial dos fatores da equação universal de perda de solo em área de nascentes

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a perda de solo de área de nascentes da Microbacia do Córrego do Tijuco, SP. Foi utilizada a análise espacial dos fatores da equação universal da perda de solo (EUPS), em integração com análise de componentes principais e geoestatística. A perda de solo média, estimada para a área, foi de 118,5 Mg ha‑1 por ano, considerada alta. Próximo à zona urbana, houve alta interação dos fatores erosividade da chuva e práticas conservacionistas, o que evidencia grande perda de solo, em razão da concentração da água proveniente da camada impermeabilizada urbana, com alta velocidade de escoamento. Nos divisores de águas, a atuação da erodibilidade foi proeminente, em contraste com o fator topográfico. Foram observadas áreas com atuação conjunta destes fatores, inclusive em locais de inclinação suave, porém com alto potencial natural de erosão. A interação das análises multivariadas e geoestatística permite a estratificação da área, identifica locais com propriedades específicas quanto à perda de solo, e espacializa os fatores do processo erosivo e suas interações ao longo do relevo.

Uso do solo e análise temporal da ocorrência de vegetação natural na fazenda experimental Edgardia, em Botucatu-SP

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Análise do uso e ocupação do solo das margens de um reservatório e a sua influência na qualidade da água

The building of water reservoirs has become a solution for water scarcity of the semiarid regions, however, the land use and occupation near the margins of the reservoirs have been causing serious damage to water quality, harming their use. This paper aims to analyze the land use and occupation in the margins of the Northeast reservoir and evaluate their influence on the water quality, to identify the areas and activities that represent an higher risk of contamination to the reservoir. The study was conducted at the reservoir Dourado, located in the city of Currais Novos - RN, during the period from August 2012 to February 2013. Were defined six areas regarding the land use and occupation, then, Water samples were collected from the margins in these areas for the characterization of water quality. The results showed that almost all Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA) from the reservoir is degraded, increasing the susceptibility of large input of nutrients and contaminants loads. The water reservoir showed low quality, being with strong evidence of eutrophication due to the nutrient accumulation arising from the activities surrounding the reservoir, mainly from agriculture and Livestock. The Areas 1 and 2 are the areas that present a greater risk of reservoir degradation, because are the possible major sources of nutrients (phosphorus total, orthophosphate and nitrate), however, due to the small size of the reservoir, any compound that reaches its margins ultimately affects the water quality of the same

Análise de uso e cobertura do solo no município de Parelhas/RN

The human interference in the semiarid region of Seridó Potiguar has promoted the increase of degraded areas. The economic dynamic that was established in the Seridó territory, especially after the fall of the trinomial cattle-cotton-mining in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century as pillars of the regional economy, resulted in an accelerated process of erosion of natural resources. The municipalities of the Seridó region have been spatially reordered by this new economic dynamic, marked by the growth of existing enterprises, and the development of new agricultural practices. One of the municipalities in the region that restructured its territorial space with the emergence of new agro-industrial activities was the town of Parelhas. With the demise of the trinomial cattle-cotton-mining in the 1980s, other productive activities were intensified from the 1990s, amongst them, pottery, responsible for the vegetal extraction for use as energy source. This recent economic and spatial restructuring in the region, reflected in the Parelhense municipal territory, required new productive ingredients responsible for the modification of past production relations that were based on cattle, cotton and mining. By that a process of exploring the environment was unleashed, especially the native vegetation, in an uncontrolled manner. In this context, the objective of this study was to survey and detect deforestation in the areas of Caatinga vegetation, used indiscriminately as energy supply for new agricultural practices, using remote sensing techniques based on the quantification of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index / NDVI, Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index / SAVI, surface temperature and rainfall data in the years 1990 and 2010. The results indicated that SAVI values above 0.2 in 1990 and 2010 represent the areas with the highest density of vegetation that occur exclusively along the major drainages in the town and areas of higher elevations. The areas between the ranges of values from 0.5 to 0.15 SAVI are areas with poor vegetation. On the other hand the highest values of temperature are distributed in the western and southeastern parts of the township, usually in places where the soil is exposed or there is sparse vegetation. The areas of bare soil decreased in extension in 2010 at 11, 6% when related to 1990, this was caused by a higher rainfall intensity in the first half of 2010, but no regeneration of vegetation occurred in some places in the western and southeastern areas of the municipality today, due to the extraction of firewood to fuel the furnaces of industries in town

Análise da incerteza na representação de classes de cobertura do solo urbano resultantes da aplicação de uma rede neural artificial

The great diversity of materials that characterizes the urban environment determines a structure of mixed classes in a classification of multiespectral images. In that sense, it is important to define an appropriate classification system using a non parametric classifier, that allows incorporating non spectral (such as texture) data to the process. They also allow analyzing the uncertainty associated to each class from the output alues of the network calculated in relation to each class. Considering these properties, an experiment was carried out. This experiment consisted in the application of an Artificial Neural Network aiming at the classification of the urban land cover of Presidente Prudente and the analysis of the uncertainty in the representation of the mapped thematic classes. The results showed that it is possible to discriminate the variations in the urban land cover through the application of an Artificial Neural Network. It was also possible to visualize the spatial variation of the uncertainty in the attribution of classes of urban land cover from the generated representations. The class characterized by a defined pattern as intermediary related to the impermeability of the urban soil presented larger ambiguity degree and, therefore, larger mixture.

Análise das condições hidrológicas em bacias hidrográficas com differentes uso e ocupação do solo

The analysis of the physical medium in hydrographic basins requires knowledge of the processes involved and characteristics of variables at different geographic scales. Considering the principle that the micro-basins can be categorized, they are then considered territorial units of ideal work for the analysis of hydrologic conditions. The objective of this work was to compare water resources of four hydrographic basins' with different land use and occupation. Five sampling points along the drainage network of hydrographic basins of first order of magnitude and a sampling point in the river mouth of M1 and M4 micro-basins were established. The water collections occurred at monthly intervals from August, 2006 to August, 2007. Temperature (°C), turbidity (NTU), odor, pH, electric conductivity (μS cm-1), dissolved oxygen (mg/L), total dissolved solids (ppm) and total phosphorous (mg/L) were the variables evaluated in the study. The highest variability of the parameters was found in hydrographic basins M2 and M3. The characterization of the hydrologic conditions of the hydrographic micro-basins indicated that agricultural activities, including cultural practices of anthropic activities affect water resources.

Análise temporal do uso e ocupação do solo na microbacia hidrográfica do córrego da Fazenda Glória, Município de Taquaritinga, SP

The role of environmental concern is important due to the disorganized land occupation and intense exploitation of natural resources which lead to the degradation and exhaustion of the environment. Remonte sensing techniques allow identifying, recognizing and mapping areas modifiers besides estimating the extension of alterations made by man. Thus, the objective of this study was to map land use and occupation in order to evaluate the development of the Gloria Farm Stream watershed in Taquaritinga, SP, Brazil, from 1983 to 2000. The drainage network and agricultural and natural vegetation areas were identified by stereoscopic analyses of 2000 aerial photographs and by data analyses of the field and cartographic documents. The results verified that sugarcane became predominat in 2000 and it is distributed in relatively large areas with detriment to citrus orchards and other crops. The presence of dams, which is not noted in 1983 data, and the increase of forest and natural vegetal fragment areas in the analyzed period was observed. Recovered areas dur to reforestation with native species were identified along the streams and springs of Jabuticabal Mountain Range.

Índice de Qualidade da Água (IQA) do reservatório Tanque Grande, Guarulhos (SP): Análise sazonal e efeitos do uso e ocupação do solo

The Tanque Grande Reservoir is located at the Serra da Cantereira, Guarulhos (SP), and provides 3% of the municipal drinking water. In the last years, the urban zone has expanded towards the reservoir and has significantly altered the land use. In this work, water samples from three stations were monitored from August/2007 up to July/2008 in terms of the Water Quality Index (IQA) adopted by CETESB. The waters were usually classified in the band Good during the study period. Nevertheless, termotolerants coliforms, BOD and total phosphorus have exceeded the legal limits several times. Such occurrences may be related to the economical activities at the sub-watersheds in addition to changes in the land use of the surroundings of the reservoir.

Análise multivariada de microbacias em relação ao tipo de solo

The objective of this work was to study the dimensional parameters of the drainage net using 12 third-order ramification hydrological watersheds: 4 watersheds per soil unit (LVA, RL and RQ). The soil distinction was realized using ''t'' test to verify the orthogonal contrast among three soil averages and the grouping analysis and mean components. The results showed that the multivariance analysis was not able to discriminate three soils using the dimensional analysis. The t test of this isolated variable allowed discriminating RQ soil from LVA and RL soil units; but it was not sensitive to discriminate the LVA soil and RL unit.

Análise temporal do uso do solo e comparação entre os índices de vegetação ndvi e savi no município de Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo - SP usando imagens landsat-5

This work aims to analyze the land use evolution in the city of Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo - SP through supervised classification of Landsat-5 TM satellite images according to the maximum likelihood (Maxlike), as well as verifying the mapping accuracy through Kappa index, comparing NDVI and SAVI vegetation indexes in different adjustment factors for the canopy substrate and determining the vegetal coverage percentage in all methods used on 2007, May 26 th; 2009, January 7 th and 2009, April 29 th. The Maxlike classification showed several spatial changes in land use over the study period. The most appropriated vegetation indexes were NDVI and SAVI - 0,25 factor, which showed similar values of vegetal coverage percentage, but discrepant from the inferred value for Maxlike classification.

Análise da compacidade do solo na área urbana de Bauru/ Estado de São Paulo utilizando Ensaios de Penetração Padronizado e sísmica de refração

This study was done to determine compactness of soil strata in the urban area of Bauru, central São Paulo State using standard penetration test (SPT) and seismic refraction methods. Frequency distribution within boreholes was measured every meter to a depth of 30 meters. The geometric mean of standard penetration test values was computed every meter. A biplot graph showing the relationship of SPT with depth indicates soil stratification. In addition, five sections of seismic refraction values, which also indicate the compactness of soil strata, were obtained. A comparison of the two methods shows significant correlation between the results obtained from each.

Análise das tensões de água no solo cultivado com morangueiro sob poda

Strawberry yield and quality was evaluated after drastic pruning (second cycle), under different soil water tensions, drip irrigation. The experiment was conducted on beds at a greenhouse, located at Engineering Department, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), from April to December of 2010. An experimental design was in randomized blocks with three replicates. The treatments were composed of six different soil water tension, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 e 70 kPa. Results obtained allowed to verify that to higher values of: total and commercial fresh weight of fruits per plant, total and commercial number fruits per plant and total and commercial yield, it is necessary to irrigate when soil water tension gets approximately to 15 kPa, at 0.15 m deep. Commercial average fruit mass and noncommercial fresh weight of fruits per plant, were not reduced under different soil water tensions applied.

Perda de solo em área de nascentes caracterizada por análise multivariada e modelos de geoestatística

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)